MECHANISM OF METASTASIS/ PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER Flashcards
> most common form of
metastasis penetrating by
invasion.
tumor emboli enters
lymphatic channels via
interstitial fluids and lodge to
lymph nodes or pass by
lymphatic or venous
circulations.
LYMPHATIC SPREAD
> growth of new capillaries
from host tissue by release of
growth factors and enzymes
(VEGF)
vascular endothelial growth
factor
ANGIOGENESIS
> dissemination via the blood
stream directly related to the
vascularity of the tumor
Hematogenous Spread
Cell seems normal but is predisposed to proliferation excessively
First mutation
Cell begins to proliferate too much but is otherwise normal
Second mutation
Cell proliferates more rapidly; it also undergoes structural changes
Third mutation
Cells grows uncontrollably and looks obviously deranged
Fourth or Later mutation
Mutation of genes resulting in hyperactivity of
growth-related gene products such genes are
called
ONCOGENES
Mutation of genes resulting in loss or inactivity of
gene products that normally would inhibit growth
such genes are called
TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
Mutation of genes resulting in overexpression of
products that prevent normal cell death or
______, thus allowing continued growth of
tumors.
APOPTOSIS
Recognizes foreign on antigen on cell
membrane of cancer cells.
Normal Immune Response
kills, damage
malignant cells
LYMPHOKINES
which has anti
viral/tumor growth
INTERFERONS
directly destroy, produce
lymphokines and enzyme for cancer
destruction.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK CELLS)
WHAT ARE THE 4 PROCESS OF CARCINOGENSIS?
> INITIATION
PROMOTION
TRANSFORMATION
PROGRESSION
occurs when a carcinogen damage
DNA. Carcinogens cause changes in the structure
and function of the cell at the genetic or
molecular level. This damage may be reversible
or may lead to genetic mutations if not repaired;
however, the mutation may not lead immediately
to cancer.
INITIATION
occurs with additional assaults
to the cells, resulting in further genetic
damage.
PROMOTION
the cells are increasingly
malignant in appearance and behavior
and develop into an invasive cancer with
metastses to distant body parts.
PROGRESSION
UNDER NI SYA KA PREVENTION
•Knowledge and skills
to educate
•Avoidance of known
carcinogens
•Dietary and lifestyle
changes
•Teaching and
counseling skills for
patient
to participate in
cancer prevention
program
PRIMARY PREVENTION
UNDER NI SYA KA PREVENTION:
❖Screening methods
❖Individualized
education
❖Surveillance and
care in high risk
population
SECONDARY PREVENTION
UNDER NI SYA KA PREVENTION:
Focus on monitoring
for and preventing recurrence
of the primary cancer as well as
well as screening for the
development of second
malignancies in cancer
survivors.
TERTIARY PREVENTION
in young children is an
inherited cancer
RETINOBLASTOMA
