ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT Flashcards
refers to the classification of tumor cells
➢seeks to define the type of tissue from which the tumor originated & the
degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional & histologic
characteristic of tissue of origin.
GRADING
determines the size of tumor & existence of
metastasis
STAGING
is the surgical
excision of small piece
of tissue for
microscopic
examination
BIOPSY
identifies abnormalities by creating sectional
(tomographic images of the body without the use of ionizing radiation.
Magnetic Resonance IMAGING (MRI)
is an x-ray technique that produces sequential cross sectional body images at progressive depths
CT SCAN
• Treatment with antineoplastic drugs may
induce tumor or regression and prevent or
delay metastasis.
• Useful for controlling residual disease or as
an adjunct to surgery or radiation therapy.
• As palliative treatment, it aims to improve
the patient’s quality of life by relieving pain
and other symptoms.
• Different drugs act on tumor cells in
different stages of the cell growth cycle
Chemotherapy
What are the 2 classification of chemotherapy
Cell cycle specific and Cell cycle non specific
medications are
effectively by dividing
cells only during certain
phases of the cell cycle
CELL CYCLE SPECIFIC
medications act during
all phases of the cell
cycle.
CELL CYCLE NON - SPECIFIC
changes the DNA
component of a cell’s nucleus and prevents
replication; the cell is not able to replicate
DNA material which inhibits further cell
division and growth.
RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation is delivered to
the tumor in three primary ways:
• External beam radiation
• Brachytherapy
• Stereotactic radiosurgery
Radiation has both ______ and ______
immediate effects
Systemic & localized
a child is often
prescribed an ______ before each radiation
treatment.
antiemetic
Skin reactions, such as ____ and ______.
Maintaining good skin hygiene and use of mild
soaps or moisturizers (non- fragrant) may help
preserve skin integrity.
erythema & tenderness
is a procedure that allows the doctor to examine the
inside of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. A thin,
flexible, lighted tube, called an endoscope, is guided into
the mouth and throat, then into the esophagus, stomach,
and duodenum.
EGD- esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an exam used to look for
changes — such as swollen, irritated tissues,
polyps or cancer — in the large intestine (colon)
and rectum
COLONOSCOPY
procedure that lets doctors
look at your lungs and air passages
BRONCHOSCOPY
is the most important examination
of the vagina. With the help of the camera and a
microscope, changes in the mucous membrane of
the vagina are recognized on the cervix.
COLPOSCOPY
Before we insert the tube, we apply ____ because it is
painful
Lidocaine
the most widely employed method of cancer therapy the
goal is to remove all of the tumor.
CURATIVE SURGERY
attempts to relieve the complications of cancer, it has
three fundamental objectives.
✓ To reduce pain
✓ To retard the growth of the tumor
✓ To decrease the size existing tumor
PALLIATIVE SURGERY
the purpose of which is to either confirm or rule out
possible diagnosis of malignancy. It establishes the type,
extent, and classification of tumor. Tissues sample may be
obtained for diagnosis by incisional, excisional or needle
biopsies.
DIAGNOSTIC SURGERY
an attempt is made to remove the tissue or organ at risk,
thus prevent development of CA.
PREVENTIVE/PROPHYLACTIC SURGERY
to improve the person’s quality of life by restoring
maximal function and appearance.
RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY
spitting out of blood
Hemoptysis
puking of blood
Hematemesis
presence of blood in the urine
Hematuria
blacky stool or pt took iron medication
or there is presence of blood
Hematochezia
TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS:
foster cancer cell death by interfering with cellular
metabolic process.
ANTIMETABOLITES (CCS)
TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS:
act with DNA to hinder cell growth and division.
ALKYLATING AGENTS (CCNS)
TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
obtained from the periwinkle plant; makes the
host’s body a less favorable environment for
growth of cancer cells.
PLANT ALKALOIDS (CCS)
TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS:
affect RNA to make the environment less favorable
for cancer growth.
ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS (CCNS)
TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS:
after the endocrine environment to make it less
conducive to growth of cancer cells.
STEROIDS AND SEX HORMONES (CCNS)
are types of chemotherapy treatments
that are very similar to normal substances within the
cell. When the cells incorporate these substances into
the cellular metabolism, they are unable to divide.
Antimetabolites
are chemotherapy treatments derived
made from certain types of plants
Plant alkaloids
are
made from the periwinkle plant (catharanthus rosea)
vinca alkaloids
are made from the bark of the Pacific Yew tree
(taxus).
taxanes
DOXORUBICIN – side effects is
ALOPECIA
are chemo treatments made from
natural products produced by species of the soil fungus
Streptomyces.
Antitumor antibiotics
bind to estrogen receptor site on cancer
cells thus blocking estrogen from going into the cancer cell.
This interferes with cell growth and eventually leads to cell
death.
Antiestrogens
if the IV is dislodged, there’s swelling
& redness but in cancel medicines, it can burn the cells.
Extravasation
either u aspired or remove CF or
administer spinal anesthesia
Lumbar puncture
What lumbar number u should puncture
L4/L5 ; L3/L4
aspirate blood cells from
bone marrow
Bone marrow aspiration
hyperuricemia
ALOPURINOL
What are the2 types of radiation therapy
External therapy (teletherapy) &
Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy)
administered through high energy X-ray of gamma X-ray
machine from outside of the body into the tumor.
External Therapy (Teletherapy)
delivers radiation via implants directly into the tumor site
or into the systemic circulation.
Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy)
What are the types of implant
Sealed & unsealed source
the radioactive material is enclosed
in a sealed container. It is placed in needles, beads, seeds,
ribbons, or catheters which are then implanted directly into
the tumor.
Sealed source
the radioisotopes may be
administered intravenously, orally or by instillation directly
into the body cavity
Unsealed source
circulates through the client’s
body.
Radioisotope
