ALTERATIONS IN CARDIAC FUNCTIONS Flashcards
The heart is a muscular four-chambered
organ whose primary purpose is to pump
blood throughout the body. It is located
slightly to the left of the sternum in the space
between the two pleural cavities, called the
MEDIASTINUM
WHAT ARE THE 4 LAYERS OF THE HEART?
ENDOCARDIUM
MYOCARDIUM
EPICARDIUM
PERICARDIUM
WHAT LAYER OF THE HEART IS THIS?
inner layer and made up of endothelial tissues
ENDOCARDIUM
WHAT LAYER OF THE HEART IS THIS?
muscular tissue
MYOCARDIUM
WHAT LAYER OF THE HEART IS THIS?
the outer layer or also known as the visceral pericardium
EPICARDIUM
WHAT LAYER OF THE HEART IS THIS?
OUTERMOST LAYER
PERICARDIUM
IT HAS 2 UPPER CHAMBERS
ATRIA
IT HAS 2 BOTTOM CHAMBERS
VENTRICLES
divides the right
and the left atrium
ATRIAL SEPTUM
divides the
right and the left ventricles
VENTRICULAR SEPTUM
4 valves (main function is to prevent backflow of blood.
• Tricuspid valve
• mitral valve
• Pulmonic valve
• Aortic valve
are anatomic abnormalities present at birth that result in abnormal cardiac function.
can be a single defect in the septum, a heart valve, or the arteries and veins, but it is often a combination of defects in one or more of these areas.
CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
measures the electrical activity of the heart displayed in graphic form and provides information on heart rate and rhythm, abnormal rhythms or conduction, ischemic changes, and other information
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)
is one of the most frequently used
procedures for detecting cardiac dysfunction in children.
Echocardiography involves the use of ultra-high-frequency
sound waves to produce an image of the heart’s structure. A
transducer placed directly on the chest wall delivers repetitive
pulses of ultrasound and processes the returned signals
(echoes
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
is an invasive diagnostic procedure, in
which a radiopaque catheter is
inserted through a peripheral
blood vessel into the heart. It is
usually combined with angiography
(angiocardiography), in which a
radiopaque contrast material is
injected through the catheter and
into the circulation.
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
It is an abnormal opening between
the right and left atria that causes
an increased flow of oxygenated
blood into the right side of the
heart.
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD)
Patent ductus arteriosus is failure of the fetal ductus
arteriosus (shunt connecting the aorta and the
pulmonary artery) to close within the first week of life.
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA)
a prostaglandin inhibitor, may be administered to close a
patent ductus in premature infants and some newborns.
INDOMETHACIN
Surgical division or ligation of the patent
vessel is performed via a left thoracotomy. In video-assisted
thoracoscopic surgery, a thoracoscope and instruments are
inserted through three small incisions on the left side of the chest
to place a clip on the ductus. The surgical approach are dependent
on the size and age of the patient.
SURGICAL TREATMENT
Blood exiting a portion of the heart meets an area of anatomical narrowing
STENOSIS
➢Blood pressure is higher in the upper extremities than
in the lower extremities; bounding pulses in the arms,
weak or absent femoral pulses, and cool lower
extremities may be presen
COARCTATION OF AORTA
IF MAY COARCTATION OF AORTA MATABO ANO NGA MANAGEMENT OF DEFECT MAY BE DONE VIA?
BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY
IF MAY COARCTATION OF AORTA, ADMINISTER WHAT MEDICATION?
DIGOXIN & ACE INHIBITORS
is a narrowing or stricture of the aortic valve, causing resistance to
blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, resulting in decreased cardiac output,
left ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular congestion.
AORTIC STENOSIS
the most common type, is usually caused by malformed cusps that
result in a bicuspid rather than tricuspid valve or fusion of the cusps.
VALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS
is a stricture caused by a fibrous ring below a normal
valve;
SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS
Tetralogy of Fallot includes four defect:
VSD
pulmonary stenosis
overriding aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy.
IN TETRALOGY OF FALLOT / Acute episodes of cyanosis and hypoxia CALLED _____occur when the infant’s oxygen
requirements exceed the blood supply, such
as during periods of crying, feeding, or
defecating
BLUE SPELLS OR TET SPELLS
