Mechanism of Evolution

Question 1

all living organisms have a common ancestor, but because of millions of years of evolution, each of the organisms became what they are today

Answer 1

theory of evolution

Question 2

acts to encourage traits and behaviors that increase the likelihood of an organism’s CHANCE FOR SURVIVAL and reproduction while eradicating those traits and behaviors that are disadvantageous to the organisms

Answer 2

natural selection

Question 3

that nature (the environment) selects individuals which use resources most efficiently

Answer 3

natural selection

Question 4

fuel the process of evolution by PROVIDING NEW GENES in the gene pool of a species

Answer 4

mutations

Question 5

refers to MUCH BIGGER EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES that result in new species

Answer 5

macroevolution

Question 6

agents of revolutionary change

Answer 6

genetic drift
gene flow
mutations
nonrandom mating
artificial selection
recombination

Question 7

changes in allele frequencies due to CHANCE ALONE

Answer 7

genetic drift

Question 8

when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

Answer 8

founder effect

Question 9

happens when some catastrophe , like an earthquake or tsunami, kills off most of a population at random and leaves only a handful of survivors

Answer 9

bottleneck effect

Question 10

TRANSFER of alleles INTO OR OUT OF A POPULATION due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

Answer 10

gene flow

Question 11

introduces new genetic variation to populations in different geological locations and habitats

Answer 11

gene flow

Question 12

CHANGES in an organism’s DNA, driving diversity in populations and contributing to evolution

Answer 12

mutation

Question 13

random; they cannot decide

Answer 13

mutations

Question 14

atl some individuals are MORE OR LESS LIKELY TO MATE WITH INDIVIDUALS OF A PARTICULAR GENOTYPE THAN WITH INDIVIDUALS OF OTHER GENOTYPES

Answer 14

nonrandom mating

Question 15

preference for similar genotypes/phenotypes

Answer 15

assortative mating

Question 16

preference for different genotypes/phenotypes

Answer 16

disassortative mating

Question 17

this mechanism is due to human intervention

Answer 17

artificial selection

Question 18

humans select which phenotypes of organisms will be beneficial

Answer 18

artificial selection

Question 19

genetic diversity can also arise from _____ of the DNA from 2 diff cells via ___, ____, ____

Answer 19

recombination; transformation, transduction, conjugation

Question 20

by transferring advantageous alleles, such as one for ____ ____, genetic recombination can promote adaptive evolution in prokaryotic populations

Answer 20

recombination; antibiotic resistance

Question 21

provides a framework for understanding how populations evolve

Answer 21

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Question 22

describes populations that are not evolving

Answer 22

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Question 23

conditions for hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Answer 23

no mutations
random mating
no natural selection
extremely large population size
no gene flow

Question 24

gene pool is modified if mutations occur or if entire genes are duplicated or deleted

Answer 24

no mutations

Question 25

if individuals mate within a subset of the population, such as near neighbors or close relatives (___), random mixing of gametes does not occur and genotype frequencies change

Answer 25

random mating; inbreeding

Question 26

allele frequencies change when individuals with different genotypes show consistent differences in their survival or reproductive success

Answer 26

no natural selection

Question 27

in small populations, allele frequencies fluctuate by change over time (___)

Answer 27

extremely large population size; genetic drift

Question 28

by moving alleles into or out of populations, __ __ can alter allele frequences

Answer 28

gene flow

Question 29

Population in which allelic frequency does NOT change over generations

Answer 29

genetic equilibrium

Question 30

population is NOT evolving

Answer 30

genetic equilibrium

Question 31

He didn’t know how heredity worked

Answer 31

darwin’s handicap

Question 32

2 gaps in darwin’s thinking

Answer 32

didn’t know how traits were inherited

variation in heritable traits was central to his theory, but he had no idea how that variation appeared

Question 33

2 main sources of genetic variation

Answer 33

mutations
gene shuffling

Question 34

caused by mistakes during replication or environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals

Answer 34

mutations

Question 35

source of new phenotypes

Answer 35

mutation

Question 36

mixing of genes during the production of gametes in meiosis

Answer 36

gene shuffling

Question 37

the exchange of genetic material during prophase I

Answer 37

crossing over

Question 38

change in a population’s allele frequencies over short time periods

Answer 38

microevolution

Question 39

branch of biology that studies the genetic variation within populations and how this variation changes over time and geographical space

Answer 39

population genetics

Question 40

provides insights into microevolutionary processes such as mutation, selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.

Answer 40

population genetics

Question 41

entire collection of all the alleles in a population

Answer 41

gene pool

Question 42

number of times an allele appears in the gene pool

Answer 42

allelic frequency

Question 43

can only select or choose traits that are favorable and cannot create new ones

Answer 43

natural selection

Question 44

key mechanism of evolution that leads to speciation

Answer 44

natural selection

Question 45

change in allele frequencies in a population

Answer 45

evolution