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12 Q3rd Quarter > History of Life > Flashcards

History of Life Flashcards

1
Q

6 theories of the origin of earth

A
  1. gaseous mass hypothesis of kant
  2. nebular theory of laplace
  3. planetesimal hypothesis of chamberlain & moulton
  4. tidal collision hypothesis of jeans & jeffreys
  5. electromagnetic theory of dr. hannes alfven
  6. inter-stellar dust hypothesis of otto schmidt
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2
Q

age of earth

A

4.54 billion

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3
Q

Earth formed when gravity pulled (1) and (2) in to become the (3) from the Sun. Like its fellow terrestrial planets, Earth has a (4), a (5), and a (6).

A

swirling gas and dust; third planet; central core; rocky mantle; solid crust

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4
Q

Modern humans first appeared (1) years ago

A

100-150K

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5
Q

pieces of evidence of organisms that lived in the past

A

fossils

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6
Q

actual remains like bones, teeth, shells, leaves, seeds, spores, or traces of past activities such as animal burrows, nests, and dinosaur footprints, or even the ripples created on a prehistoric shore

A

fossils

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7
Q

types of fossils

A

preserved remains
trace fossil
cast fossil
mold fossil
petrified fossil
carbon film

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8
Q

impression made in a substance = negative image of an organism

A

molds

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9
Q

example of molds

A

shells

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10
Q

when a mold is filled in

A

casts

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11
Q

examples of casts

A

bones & teeth

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12
Q

organic material is converted into stone

A

petrified

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13
Q

example of petrified

A

Petrified trees;
Coal balls

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14
Q

Preserved wooly (frozen in ice, trapped in tar pits, dried/desiccated inside caves in arid regions or encased in amber/ fossilized resin)

A

original remains

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15
Q

example of original remains

A

Wooly mammoth;
Amber

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16
Q

Carbon impression in sedimentary rocks

A

carbon film

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17
Q

example of carbon film

A

leaf impression on the rock

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18
Q

Record the movement and behaviors of the organism

A

trace

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19
Q

examples of trace

A

Trackways, tooth marks, gizzard rocks, coprolites (fossilized dungs), burrows and nest

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20
Q

six ways of fossilization

A

unaltered preservation
permineralization/petrification
replacement
carbonization/coalification
recrystallization
authigenic preservation

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21
Q

small organism or part trapped in amber, hardened plant sap

A

unaltered preservation

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22
Q

organic contents of bone and wood are replaced with silica, calcite or pyrite, forming a rock-like fossil

A

permineralization/petrification

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23
Q

hard parts are dissolved and replaced by other minerals, like calcite, silica, pyrite, or iron

A

replacement

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24
Q

other elements are removed and only the carbon remained

A

carbonization/coalification

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25
Q

hard parts are converted to more stable minerals or small crystal turn into larger crystals

A

recrystallization

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26
Q

molds and casts are formed after most of the organism have been destroyed or dissolved

A

authigenic preservation

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27
Q

helps a scientist establish its position in the geologic time scale and find its relationship with the other fossils

A

dating

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28
Q

based upon the study of layers of rocks

A

relative dating

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29
Q

does not tell the exact age

A

relative dating

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30
Q

rules of relative dating

A
  1. law of superposition
  2. law of original horizontality
  3. law of cross-cutting relationships
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31
Q

when sedimentary rock layers are deposited, younger layers are on top of older deposits

A

law of superposition

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32
Q

sedimentary rock layers are deposited horizontally. If they are tilted, folded, or broken, it happened later

A

law of original horizontality

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33
Q

if an igneous intrusions or a fault cuts through existing rocks, the intrusion/ fault is YOUNGER than the rock it cuts through

A

law of cross-cutting relationships

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34
Q

determines the actual age of the fossil

A

absolute dating

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35
Q

uses radioactive isotopes like (1) and (2)

A

absolute dating; carbon-14; potassium-40

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36
Q

considers the half-life

A

absolute dating

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37
Q

the largest division of the geologic time scale; spans hundreds to thousands of millions of years ago (mya)

A

eon

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38
Q

division in an (1) that spans time periods of tens to hundreds of millions of years

A

era

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39
Q

division of geologic history that spans no more than one hundred million years

A

period

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40
Q

smallest division of the geologic time scale characterized by distinct organisms

A

epoch

41
Q

geologic time scale sequence

A

eon, era, period, epoch

42
Q

4.5 billion years & about 88% of the Earth’s history

A

precambrian

43
Q

Earth coalesced from a cloud of dust into a planet, formation of Earth, high temperature, ball of gasses

A

hadean

44
Q
  • Molten rocks cooled down
  • Gasses provided cooler atmosphere
  • It was early in the Archaean that life first appeared on Earth.
  • Our oldest fossils date to roughly 3.5 billion years ago, and consist of bacteria microfossils.
  • Colonies of photosynthetic bacteria which have been found as fossils in Early Archaean rocks of South Africa and Western Australia.
  • Stromatolites are layers of calcium carbonate that form in warm, shallow seas by the activities of photosynthetic bacteria.
A

archean

45
Q
  • Temperatures cooled down significantly
  • Cyanobacteria existed (w/o oxygen) and oxygenated the Earth
  • (1): oldest fossils of larger, multicellular, soft-bodied marine animals.
A

proterozoic; Ediacara fauna

46
Q
  • approximately 541.0 million years ago.
  • Five major extinction events The reasons for the extinctions vary but all reasons tend to cause shifts in Earth’s environmental conditions, making it difficult for some species to survive.
A

phanerozoic

47
Q
  • Started more than 540 mya
  • First surge of life, from the first fish to the evolution of land-dwelling organisms.
A

paleozoic

48
Q
  • burst of diversity
  • Hard external skeletons protected trilobites, clams, snails, and sea urchins from predators.
A

cambrian explosion

49
Q
  • Invertebrates filled the oceans
  • Straight-shelled cephalopods, trilobites, snails, brachiopods, and corals in a shallow inland sea.
  • Plants colonized the land for the first time was the “Golden Age” of cephalopods and brachiopods (a clam-like shellfish).
A

ordovician period

50
Q
  • This was the “Golden Age” of cephalopods and brachiopods (a clam-like shellfish).
  • The first land plants developed, and the first arthropods (scorpion-like invertebrates) ventured onto land.
A

silurian period

51
Q
  • (1) - the naked-seed plants - developed. Gymnosperms like Glossopteris developed.
  • (2) are long-lived relics of the ancient family of naked-seed plants, so are conifers.
A

devonian period; first seed plants; ginkgos

52
Q

Reptiles evolved and they were the first animals that could reproduce on dry land

A

carboniferous period

53
Q

peat swamps common, with scale trees, seed ferns, scouring rushes, and large dragonflies

A

pennsylvanian

54
Q

amphibious tetrapods multiply wildly; many grow enormous in the high humidity and oxygen Giant insects and myriapods flourish in the high humidity and oxygen

A

MISSISSIPPIAN

55
Q
  • (1), a carnivorous amphibian
  • Pangaea is formed
  • Temperature were extreme, and the climates was dry
  • Plants and animals evolved adaptations to dryness such as waxy leaves or leathery skin
  • Ended with mass extinction
A

permian period; eryops

56
Q

“Middle life”
Started more than 280 mya
“Age of Reptiles”
“Era of Dinosaurs”
High C and O; smaller mammals

A

mesozoic era

57
Q
  • First dinosaurs and mammals;
  • Huge seed ferns and conifers dominated the forest.
  • Pangaea broke into two new continents Laurasia and Gondwanaland
A

triassic period

58
Q
  • Golden Age for Dinosaurs
  • Earliest birds evolved from reptiles
  • Intense volcanic activity
A

jurassic period

59
Q
  • Plesiosaurs infested the beaches
  • Cretaceous -Tertiary Boundary
  • Many species and genera, including the dinosaurs, died out at end of Cretaceous
  • One hypothesis: Earth was hit by a meteorite - at Chixulub, in the Yucatan area of Mexico
A

cretaceous period

60
Q
  • Started 65 mya and continues to the present
  • “Age of Mammals”
A

cenozoic era

61
Q

Dating tertiary period The Earth’s climate was warmer than today, but cooler and drier than the epochs immediately preceding and following it. Europe and North America were connected, as were Asia and North America at times.

A

paleocene

62
Q

Early in the (1), the global climate remains warm. As the continents move ever closer to their present-day positions, this plate activity alters ocean and air circulation patterns. By the end of the (1), temperatures cool considerably and a drying period commences.

A

eocene

63
Q

horses, antelopes, cats, oreodonts

A

oligocene

64
Q

horses, rhinoceri, and elephants.

A

miocene

65
Q

a time of global cooling after the warmer Miocene. The cooling and drying of the global environment may have contributed to the enormous spread of grasslands and savannas during

A

pliocene

66
Q
  • mammals successfully colonized all environments
  • 4.4-0 m.y.a.: Hominids diverged from an early ape-like family.
A

pleistocene

67
Q

4.4 (bipedal, erect forest dweller)

A

Ardipithecus ramidus

68
Q

4.2-3.9 (bipedal, apelike skull)

A

Ardipithecus anamensis

69
Q

(“Lucy”) - 3.9-2.8 (bipedal, apelike face with sloping forehead, human-like bodies

A

Australopithecus afarensis

70
Q

2.2-1.6 m.y.a. (used stone tools, so may be related to Homo sapiens, but skull is like australopithecines)

A

homo habilis

71
Q

1.8-0.4 m.y. (Peking man, Java man: developed large brains, tools, weapons, fire, and learned to cook food.)

A

homo erectus

72
Q

500-200 t.y.a.

A

Homo sapiens archaic

73
Q

200-30 t.y.a (teeth and brain similar to ours, but DNA different, burial sites suggest they practiced some form of religion.

A

Homo sapiens neandertalensis

74
Q

Homo sapiens sapiens - 12,000- present

A

holocene

75
Q

boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras (96%)

A

permian

76
Q

reasons for mass extinction

A
  1. Extreme volcanism producing enough Co2 to cause global warming
  2. Ocean acidification
  3. Eruptions added Phosphorous – stimulated bacterial growth (bacteria uses oxygen, Oxygen levels drop
77
Q

fallout from a huge cloud of debris that billowed into the atmosphere when an asteroid collided with Earth

A

iridium

78
Q

how did the first living cells appear

A
  1. The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
  3. The packaging of these molecules intro protocells
  4. The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
79
Q

small organic molecules

A

amino acids and nitrogenous bases

80
Q

macromolecules

A

proteins and nucleic acids

81
Q

droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings

A

protocells

82
Q
  1. Earth’s early atmosphere was a reducing (electron-adding) environment
  2. Energy used came from lightning and UV radiation
A

alexander oparin & john burdon sanserson haldane (1920s)

83
Q

“primitive soup”

A

haldane

84
Q
  • Tested the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
  • Simulated early Earth conditions.
  • His apparatus yielded a variety of amino acids found in organisms today, along with other organic compounds.
A

stanley miller & harold urey (1953)

85
Q

areas on the seafloor where heated water and minerals gush from Earth’s interior into the ocean. Some of these vents, known as “(1)” release water so hot (300–400°C) that organic compounds formed there may have been unstable.

A

hydrothermal vents; black smokers

86
Q

other deep-sea vents, called (1), release water that has a high pH (9–11) and is warm (40–90°C) rather than hot, an environment that may have been more suitable for the origin of life

A

alkaline vents

87
Q

presence of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, is not sufficient for the emergence of life as we know it

A

Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules

88
Q

All organisms must be able to carry out both reproduction and energy processing (metabolism)

A

protocell

89
Q

major constituent of the fossil record of the first forms of life on earth. They are layered rocks that were formed from certain activities of certain prokaryotes

A

stromatolites

90
Q

blue-green algae, were the main photosynthetic organism for a billion of years and remain one of the most important organisms today

A

cyanobacteria

91
Q

unofficial unit of geologic time, used to describe the most recent period in Earth’s history when human activity started to have a significant impact on the planet’s climate and ecosystems

A

anthropocene epoch

92
Q

occurs when the nuclei of unstable atoms break down, changing the original atoms into atoms of another element

A

radioactive decay (half-life)

93
Q

the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms of a substance to decay into another element.

A

half-life

94
Q

Used for dating biological remains.
Decay occurs upon death.

A

carbon-14

95
Q

half-life of carbon-14

A

5,730 yrs

96
Q

Used for dating rocks

A

uranium-238

97
Q

half-life of uranium-238

A

4,500,000,000 years

98
Q

characteristics of early life

A

self-replication
nutrition

12 Q3rd Quarter (9 decks)

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