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Animal Phys > Mechanics of Breathing > Flashcards

Mechanics of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration?

A

the exchange of oxygen and co2 w the external environment.

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2
Q

Respiration requires what both systems?

A

cardiovascular and respiratory systems

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3
Q

the respiratory system consists of those structures that move air into and out of the body. What are the systems called?

A

upper airways, conducting zone, and respiratory zone

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4
Q

what do the upper airways include?

A

nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx

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5
Q

what does the conducting zone include?

A

trachea, primary bronchi, and bronchi and bronchioles within the lungs

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6
Q

what does the respiratory zone include?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs (all within the lungs)

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7
Q

how do the systems function?

A

the upper airways and conducting zone function to transport air to and from the respiratory zone

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8
Q

in which system does gas exchange occur?

A

within the respiratory zone

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9
Q

gas exchange occurs in tiny, thin-walled sacs called

A

alveoli

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10
Q

how is the wall of an alveolus structured? what do they consist of?

A

very thin, consist of a single layer of flat cells called type I cells.

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11
Q

what else also makes up the alveolar wall? besides type I cells.

A

type II cells are interspersed among the type I cells

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12
Q

what do type II cells produce? what else do they do?

A

pulmonary surfactant; are also stem cells that produce new type I and II cells

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13
Q

what does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

prevents collapse of the alveolar wall

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14
Q

what are the outer surfaces of the alveoli covered by?

A

pulmonary capillaries

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15
Q

what separates the capillary walls from the alveolar walls? what does it consist of?

A

thin interstitial space; ISF and loose connective tissue

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16
Q

what makes up the respiratory membrane?

A

alveolar wall, interstitial space, and capillary wall

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17
Q

what occurs across the respiratory membrane? what is the total distance bw the air and plasma?

A

gas exchange; (very thin) 0.2 micrometers

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18
Q

what is the chest? what is located here?

A

a closed compartment separated from the neck and abdomen by bone, connective tissue, and muscle; the lungs

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19
Q

each lung is surrounded by what?

A

a double-walled pleural sac

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20
Q

what is the outer wall of the pleural sac called? what is it attached to?

A

parietal pleura; attached by connective tissue to the chest and diaphragm muscle

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21
Q

what is the inner wall of the pleural sac called? what is it attached to?

A

visceral pleura; attached to outer surface of the lung

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22
Q

what are the two pleura layers separated by? what is the hydrostatic pressure of this fluid called?

A

thin layer of intrapleural fluid; intrapleural pressure

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23
Q

what pressure is important in the process of ventilation?

A

intrapleural pressure

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24
Q

the exchange of air bw the atmosphere and the alveoli

A

ventilation

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25
Q

what are the two phases of ventilation?

A

inspiration and expiration

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26
Q

movement of air from the atmosphere to the alveoli

A

inspiration

27
Q

movement of air from the alveoli to the atmosphere

A

expiration

28
Q

what does ventilation depend on?

A

the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

29
Q

ventilation occurs by what? and what is it?

A

bulk flow; movement down a pressure gradient higher to lower pressure

30
Q

because pressures in the chest are set relative to the atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure is set at???

A

0mmHg

31
Q

what does a negative value for alveolar pressure mean?

A

that the pressure is lower than atm pressure

32
Q

what does a positive value for alveolar pressure mean?

A

the alv pressure is higher than atm pressure

33
Q

occurs when alveolar pressure is negative

A

inspiration

34
Q

occurs when alveolar pressure is positive

A

expiration

35
Q

how is airflow calculated?

A

F= (Palv-Patm)/R

36
Q

created by changes in the dimensions of the chest wall and lungs

A

pressure differences

37
Q

how are alveolar pressure and lung vol related?

A

inversely related (lung vol increases alv press decreases)

38
Q

how are pressure changes created?

A

contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

39
Q

what is the most important respiratory muscle at rest? what does it look like at rest?

A

diaphragm; dome shape

40
Q

what happens to the diaphragm when it contracts? what does it do to chest vol and alv press?

A

flattens the muscle, compressing the abdomen, expands the rib cage up and out; increasing the vol of the chest cavity and lungs, decreasing alveolar pressure.

41
Q

what happens to the diaphragm when it relaxes? what does it do to chest vol and alv press?

A

allows the abdomen to expand, compresses the rib cage down and in; decreases the vol of chest cavity and lungs, increases alveolar pressure.

42
Q

what connects the lungs to the chest wall?

A

pleural sac

43
Q

what does the magnitude of vol change depend on?

A

transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) and lung compliance

44
Q

the pressure difference bw the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure. what is the formula?

A

transpulmonary pressure; Ptp= Palv-Pip

45
Q

transpulmonary pressure is a what kind of pressure? what does that mean?

A

transmural press; is acts across a barrier (wall of lung and pleural sac)

46
Q

driving force for expansion or recoil of the lungs? what does an increase in this cause? decrease?

A

transpulmonary pressure; inc press causes lungs to expand; dec press causes lungs to recoil

47
Q

measure of the stretchability of the lungs. the higher the more stretch, the higher this value is.

A

compliance

48
Q

compliance affects how much ____________ will change with ______________________ changes. what is the formula?

A

volume; transpulmonary pressure; change in vol= C x change in Ptp

49
Q

for any given change in transpulmonary pressure, ___________ compliance will cause a _____________ change in vol

A

higher; greater

50
Q

which lungs will expand more, the lungs with higher or lower compliance?

A

higher

51
Q

what are the two determinants of lung compliance?

A

stretchability and surface tension

52
Q

what does stretchability depend on?

A

amount of elastic connective tissue present

53
Q

what is surface tension referring to?

A

the air-water interfaces within the alveoli; surface tension of water resists stretching, making it harder to stretch

54
Q

how does pulmonary surfactant produced by type II cells affect surface tension?

A

reduces surface tension, increases compliance, reducing energy needed to expand the lungs

55
Q

how is airflow affected by resistance?

A

increases in resistance decreases airflow, decreases in resistance increase airflow

56
Q

what is the formula for airflow?

A

F= change in P/R

57
Q

what is resistance influenced by? what is the formula for it?

A

length, radius, and viscosity. R=8Ln/pi r^4

58
Q

what is the most important resistance factor in the lungs? how does it produce change?

A

radius; small changes in radius produce large effects on resistance

59
Q

normally, resistance in the airways is low, but it can be affected by what?

A

chemical signaling

60
Q

where do chemical signals primarily act on?

A

smooth muscle in the bronchiole wall

61
Q

decreases radius and increases resistance

A

bronchoconstriction

62
Q

increases radius and decreases resistance

A

bronchodilation

63
Q

examples of bronchoconstrictors?

A

parasympathetic stimulation and paracrine histamine

64
Q

examples of bronchodilators?

A

increased sympathetic stimulation and carbon dioxide

Animal Phys (16 decks)

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