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Measuring Population Health > Measuring Cognition and Dementia > Flashcards

Measuring Cognition and Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

List the two things that impact an ageing population.

A

Systems and the Government

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2
Q

How do systems impact an ageing population?

A
  • Health care systems
  • Economies
  • Environments
  • Societies/ communities/ cultures
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3
Q

How does the government impact an ageing population?

A
  • Long-term plans
  • New laws/ policies
  • Better infrastructure
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4
Q

Give a statistic about dementia.

A

Every 20 years the number of people living with dementia is expected to double.

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5
Q

What is the estimated cost on dementia for 2030?

A

1 trillion USD rising to 2 trillion USD by 2030

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6
Q

Define cognition.

A

The mental processes that take place in the brain.

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7
Q

List the 2 cognitive abilities.

A

Fluid and crystallised.

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8
Q

What is fluid ability?

A

Earlier cognitive decline.

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9
Q

What is crystallised ability?

A

Stable into later life.

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10
Q

What is the importance of the brain?

A

Control centre of our thinking, planning, organising, problem-solving, and language abilities.

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11
Q

How is the brain affected by age?

A

With age, physical changes can cause changes to cognitive ability.

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12
Q

Define dementia.

A

A syndrome (a group of related symptoms) associated with an ongoing decline of brain functioning.

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13
Q

What is dementia characterised by?

A

Severe deficits in cognitive abilities, which worsen and affect more domains as the disease progresses.

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14
Q

Is there a cure for dementia?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the cause of dementia?

A

Causes remain unclear

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16
Q

List 4 sub-types of dementia.

A
  • Alzheimers
  • Parkinson’s
  • Vascular dementia
  • Frontotemporal dementia
17
Q

How is the frontal lobe of the brain affected by dementia?

A

Affected by frontal temporal dementia (FTD). Resulting in personality changes and inappropriate behaviour.

18
Q

How is the temporal lobe of the brain affected by dementia?

A

Temporal lobe involves memory, language and understanding. Affected by Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

19
Q

How is the occipital lobe of the brain affected by dementia?

A

Involved in visual processing, determining shapes, colour and movement. Affected by a rare form of Alzheimer’s disease called Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA).

20
Q

How is the parietal lobe of the brain affected by dementia?

A

Affected by Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA).

21
Q

How is the motor and sensory cortex of the brain affected by dementia?

A

Affected by dementia with Lewy body (DLB). Causing hallucinations and fluctuation in consciousness. Also affected in Vascular dementia (VaD).

22
Q

What are the challenges with measuring dementia?

A
  • Different types of dementia tend to target particular parts of the brain, but clinical symptoms do not strictly reflect a specific aetiology
  • Ageing is associated with many chronic diseases, some that affect the brain and influence cognition
23
Q

What is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?

A

Transitional stage between normal ageing and early dementia.

24
Q

Is MCI recognised as a separate clinical condition?

A

Yes

25
Q

Does all MCI convert to dementia?

A

No

26
Q

How does the clinical dementia diagnosis work?

A
  • Impairment compromising functions of everyday (comprehensive assessment)
  • Severe deficits mainly within the fluid cognitive abilities, worsen and affect more domains
  • Decline in memory, ability to judge, think, plan and organise, or a significant change in behaviour
27
Q

List the two main diagnostic classification systems for clinical diagnosis.

A
  • WHO - International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11)
  • APA - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5-TR)
28
Q

How is cognitive function measured clinically?

A
  • Assessment of mental abilities (such as memory, language and concentration)
  • Tests to exclude causes of symptoms that can be confused with dementia
  • Brain scans can be used for diagnosing dementia once the simpler tests have ruled out other problems (not essential)
29
Q

Define ‘dementia prevalence’.

A

The number of people with dementia at a given point in time.

30
Q

Define ‘dementia incidence’.

A

The number of new cases of dementia diagnosed over a specified time period.

31
Q

What is the criteria for dementia?

A
  • Decline in ≥ 2 cognitive domains (including memory),
  • Interference with social or occupational functioning
  • Absence of an alternative explanation (i.e. depression/delirium)

Measuring Population Health (20 decks)

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