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Measuring Population Health > Diabetes and Brain Health > Flashcards

Diabetes and Brain Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A group of chronic diseases which are characterised by having too much blood glucose (sugar) - hyperglycaemia

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2
Q

List a few symptoms of diabetes.

A
  • Excessive thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Extreme fatigue
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3
Q

Why is diabetes important?

A
  • Without treatment, high blood sugar over time can lead to serious damage to blood vessels.
  • Costly to health systems
  • 1 in 10 adults have it
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4
Q

What can microvascular (small blood vessel) disease lead to?

A
  • Retinopathy
  • Nephropathy
  • Neuropathy
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5
Q

What can macrovascular (large blood vessel) disease lead to?

A
  • Stroke
  • Cardiovascular disease
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6
Q

How much of the NHS budget goes toward diabetes?

A

10%

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7
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes and how is it controlled?

A

Body produces little or no insulin and is controlled with exogenous insulin.

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8
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes and how is it controlled?

A

Body has ineffective use of insulin – resistance or not enough production and is controlled with diet/oral medication to help stimulate insulin.

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9
Q

Which type of diabetes is more common?

A

Type 2

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10
Q

What is insulin?

A

Hormone that allows glucose in blood to enter cells to be used as energy

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11
Q

Why is insulin important?

A

Allows the body to maintain healthy blood glucose levels

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12
Q

How do we measure blood glucose levels?

A
  • Taking urine samples
  • Blood tests (more accurate than urine)
  • Snapshot of glucose levels (e.g. finger pricking)
  • Average blood sugar level over period of time (HbA1c)
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13
Q

How does finger pricking work?

A
  • Snapshot of your blood sugar levels at a particular time everyday with a glucometer.
  • Important to consider levels around food time
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14
Q

What is the glycated haemoglobin test (HbA1c)?

A

The test measures % blood sugar attached to Hb.

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15
Q

What does a high HbA1c mean?

A

A high HbA1c means you have too much sugar in your blood and thresholds have been set to indicate spectrum of diabetes.

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16
Q

What are the advantages of testing blood glucose levels with HbA1c?

A
  • Doesn’t require fasting because it binds to red blood cells which are active for around 2-3 months, so indicates your average blood sugar level for the past 2-3 months
  • Gives a good target for health care professionals to work towards
17
Q

What improvements have occurred in glucose monitoring?

A

Newer continuous glucose monitors (e.g. flash skin sensors) can continuously monitor glucose levels.

18
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes controlled?

A

Through long and short acting insulin pump or injections based on glucose levels/activity.

19
Q

How is Type 2 diabetes controlled?

A
  • Lifestyle modification (e.g. healthy diet and exercise can help to improve insensitivities)
  • Drugs to help stimulate more insulin receptors (Metformin)
20
Q

How many adults are undiagnosed with diabetes?

A

1 in 2 adults with diabetes are undiagnosed.

21
Q

Why have intermediate states of hyperglycaemia such as prediabetes been defined?

A

T2D can go undiagnosed for many years as hyperglycaemia develops gradually.

22
Q

What are the HbA1c measurements for diabetes and prediabetes?

A

Diabetes = HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
Prediabetes = HbA1c 5.7-6.4%

23
Q

List non-modifiable risk factors for T2D.

A

Age, gender, ethnicity & history of gestational diabetes.

24
Q

List modifiable risk factors for T2D.

A

Obesity, physical inactivity & smoking.

25
Q

List treatable risk factors for T2D.

A

Hypertension, pre-diabetes

26
Q

How does obesity affect diabetes?

A

According to the NHS, a 5% reduction in body weight followed up by regular moderate intensity exercise could reduce your type 2 diabetes risk by more than50%.

27
Q

How is physical activity associated with diabetes?

A

Inverse association = greater activity associated with reduced risk.

28
Q

How do we measure brain performance?

A

Through cognitive tests

29
Q

How do we study the inside of the brain?

A

Through MRI scans

30
Q

What is the correlation between brain volume and brain damage?

A

Reduced volume shows increased brain damage.

Measuring Population Health (20 decks)

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