Measuirng health 2

Question 1

What does relative risk indicate?

Answer 1

likelihood of developing in exposed vs not exposed?

Question 2

How is relative risk calculated?

Answer 2

ratio of: incidence in exposed / incidence in non-exposed

Question 3

What is relative risk most commonly used in?

Answer 3

cohort studies

Question 4

What does an RR > 1 mean

Answer 4

risk of disease (may have) INCREASED after exposure

Question 5

what does an RR<1 mean

Answer 5

risk of disease (may have) decreased after exposure

Question 6

What is the odds ratio commonly used in and why?

Answer 6

case-control studies. We start with the disease so there is no CI therefore can’t calculate RR

Question 7

What is absolute risk the same as?

Answer 7

Cumulative incidence

Question 8

how is cumulative incidence calculated?

Answer 8

no of new cases/ no of people at risk in population

Question 9

What is Risk difference?

Answer 9

the difference in incidence between exposed and not exposed.

Question 10

How is risk difference calculated?

Answer 10

CI of exposed - CI of not

Question 11

What is the calculation for the Odds ratio?

Answer 11

odds that case was exposed / odds that control was exposed

Question 12

What does an OR> 1 indicate?

Answer 12

exposure may increase risk of disease

Question 13

What does NNT stand for? and calculation

Answer 13

The number needed to treat. = 1/Absolute Risk Reduction

Question 14

What is p-value?

Answer 14

probaility that the result observed in the sample date is due to chance, given that null hypothesis is true

Question 15

What is p-value the result of?

Answer 15

statistical hypothesis test

Question 16

what is a statictal hypothesis test?

Answer 16

the method that quantifies the probability of obtaining a difference as large as the one observed.

Question 17

null hypothesis

Answer 17

no true difference between groups

Question 18

what is the hypothesis called when there is a difference?

Answer 18

study/ alternative hypothesis

Question 19

What happens if the p-value < 0.05

Answer 19

LOW probability of being a chance finding = reject null and accept that they are statistically different.

Question 20

Where is the true value often reported to be?

Answer 20

at 95% confidence level

Question 21

What is a confidence interval?

Answer 21

Range in which reflects a certain degree of assurance of where the true value lies.

Question 22

Should p value be reported alone to show statistical significance?

Answer 22

no- also consider confidence level, and risk/odds ratio

Question 23

What are the studies that use qualitative research methods?

Answer 23

interviews, fieldwork and focus groups

Question 24

What are the advantages of qualitative studies?

Answer 24

They are subjective and personal, consider human behaviours and factors, are exploratory and examine patterns and themes

Question 25

In a two-way table for RR- what goes on top and what is on the side?

Answer 25

Top= Outcome (D+ and D-)
Side= exposure (E+ and E-)

Question 26

do you need to mention follow-up in the analytical study?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

What is relative risk AKA?

Answer 27

risk ratio

Question 28

Can the 95% confidence interval tell you if an odds ratio or a relative risk is statistically significant without knowing the p-value? Explain.

Question 29

What is the differnce between AR and RR?

Answer 29

AR= actual probability event will occur whilst RR is a risk of an event occurring in the study group versus the control group

Question 30

How is relative risk calculated?

Answer 30

1 - RR. Expressed as % of age

Question 31

How much Absolute risk always be expressed?

Answer 31

in regards to unit of time