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Hematology > Means of Evaluating Leukocytes > Flashcards

Means of Evaluating Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What methods can be used to get a WBC count?

A

Manual diluting techniques can be used along with a hemacytometer, or an automatic cell counter can be used.

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2
Q

What is the margin of error when manually counting with a hemacytometer?

A

20% even with excellent technical skills

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3
Q

What factors can affect the WBC count?

A

All neutleated cells are counted - including NRBCs.

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4
Q

How can NRBCs be accounted for when using an automatic cell counter?

A

Count the number of NRBCs/100 WBCs on a blood smear, then corrected WBC count = initial WBC x 100 / (100+ NRBCs)

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5
Q

Define leukocytosis.

A

A white blood cell count greater then the upper normal values for species.

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6
Q

What is the usual cause of leukoytosis?

A

neutrophilia

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7
Q

Define leukopenia.

A

a WBC count less then the lower normal values for the species

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8
Q

Why does a leukopenia equate to a neutropenia?

A

lymphocytopenia and eosinopenia can’t cause a leukopenia if the nutrophil count is normal

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9
Q

What attributes are evaluated on a peripheral blood smear?

A

RBC rouleaux, RBC agglutination, platelet aggregation, relative number of leukocytes, examine RBC morphology, conduct differental WBC count, examine WBC morphology, estimate adequacy of platelet number and evaluate their morphology

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10
Q

What is normal segmented neutrophil morphology?

A

narrowing between nuclear lobes, cytoplasm pale pink

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11
Q

What is normal band neutrophil morphology?

A

nuclear membrane is smooth without indentations and has parallel sides

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12
Q

Define left shift.

A

a significant number of band neutrophils seen in peripheral blood smear

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13
Q

What is the cause of toxic neutrophils?

A

toxemia

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14
Q

What morphological features are seen in toxic neutrophils?

A

Doehle bodies, cytoplasmic basophillia/vacuolization, and/or prominent cytoplasmic granules

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15
Q

What do Doehle bodies indicate?

A

mild toxic change

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16
Q

What does cytoplasmic basophilia/vaculoziation indicate?

A

moderate toxic change

17
Q

What do prominent cytoplasmic granules indicate?

A

severe toxic change

18
Q

What does hypersegmentation indicate?

A

prolonged blood transit time

19
Q

What conditions can cause prolonged blood transit time?

A

c-steroid administration, Cushing’s, late stages of chronic inflammitory disease

20
Q

How is a hypersegmented neutrophil distingushed from a segmented neutrophil?

A

4 or more distinct nuclear lobes are present (5 in the horse)

21
Q

What criteria are used to identify monocytes?

A

large elongated or trilobed nucleus, grey blue cytoplasm, cytoplasm

22
Q

How are macrophages distinguished from monocytes?

A

rarely seen - macrophages are very large with granular vacuolated cytoplasm

23
Q

What are some conditions that might cause the presence of macrophages?

A

erlichia, histoplasmosis

24
Q

What is normal dog eosinophil morphology?

A

granules are variable in size, shape, number, may be vacuolated. Stains dull orange and does not fill cytoplasm of cell.

25
Q

What is normal cat eosinophil morphology?

A

very small elliptical or rod shaped granules, fills cytoplasm of cell and stains dull orange

26
Q

What is normal cow eosinophil morphology?

A

small, round granules which fill the cell cytoplasm and stain bright orange

27
Q

What is normal horse eosinophil morphology?

A

large round brilliant orange granules

28
Q

What is normal non-mammalian eosinophil morphology?

A

granules don’t stain and appear greenish

29
Q

What is normal canine basophil morphology?

A

granular purple cell, sparse in peripheral blood

30
Q

What is normal cat basophil morphology?

A

no granules seen, larger then segmented neutrophil, greyish cytoplasm

31
Q

What is normal cow/horse basophil morphology?

A

numerous purple granules

32
Q

What is normal dog lymphocyte morphology?

A

usually small with small amounts of blue cytoplasm, round nucleus

33
Q

What is normal cat lymphocyte morphology?

A

simialar to the dog; the nucleus is occasionally slightly indented

34
Q

What is normal cow lymphocyte morphology?

A

small lymphocytes are similar to those of the dog, larger lymphocytes have more abundant cytoplasm and indented nuclei

35
Q

What is normal horse lymphocyte morphology?

A

similar to the dog

36
Q

How is a differential leukocyte count performed?

A

leukocytes on a stained smear are identified until 100 cells classified, # of NRBCs also counted, the percent of each type multiplied by the WBC count which gives the number of each per microliter of blood

37
Q

Define absolute number.

A

number of cells/mcL of blood

38
Q

What is the normal

A

.

Hematology (11 decks)

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