Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hematology > Classification of Anemia > Flashcards

Classification of Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

How are different forms of anaemia classified?

A

Anemia is classified according to size and hemoglobin concentration. size - MCV hemoglobin - Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define normocytic.

A

normal sized red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define macrocytic.

A

abnormally large red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define microcytic.

A

abnormally small red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define normochromic.

A

normally colored red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define hypochromic.

A

abnormally colored red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What forms of anemia can be identified by the size and color of the blood cells?

A

iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In what form of anemia does the bone marrow actively respond by increasing the production of red blood cells?

A

regenerative (responsive) anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define anisocytosis.

A

A difference in size seen in red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What findings denote a regenerative anemia?

A

polychromasia, reticulocytosis, hypercellular bone marrow and a low M/E ratio (if WBC normal or increased)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In what form of anemia is the bone marrow unable to respond?

A

nonregenerative anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What findings denote a nonregenerative anemia?

A

polychromasia and reticulocytosis absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is a bone marrow exam indicated?

A

A bone marrow exam is indicated if anemia without signs of bone marrow response (polychromasia, reticulocytosis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define M/E.

A

myloid/erythroid The ratio of red blood line cells to white blood line cells seen in a bone marrow exam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define hemorrhage.

A

The external loss of blood i.e. bleeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define hemolysis.

A

The internal loss of blood via the destruction of blood cells by the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are anemias classified according to pathophysiologic mechanism?

A

blood loss (hemorrhagic) anemias, anemias caused by accellerated RBC destruction (hemolytic), and anemias caused by decreased or defective erythropoieses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define hemorrhagic anemia.

A

an anemia caused by blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define hemolytic anemia.

A

an anemia caused by accelerated RBC loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What pathophysicalogic mechanisms cause regenerative anemias?

A

hemorrhage, hemolyisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What pathophysicalogic mechanisms cause nonregenerative anemias?

A

decreased or defective erythropoiesis function in the bone marrow and/or the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What functions of the body do physical findings of anemia pertain to?

A

Clinical signs suggesting anemia are related to decreased oxygen transport capacity and physiologic adjustments made to increase the efficiency of the erythron and decrease the workload on the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of anemia?

A

pale mucous membranes, weakness/loss of stamina, tachycardia/polypnea - especially after exercise, hybersensitivity to cold, heart murmur due to decreased viscosity and increased turbulence of the blood, shock (if 1/3) of blood volume is lost in a short period, icterus, hemoglobinuria, hemorrage, or fever depending on pathophysiologic mechanism involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Under what conditions are signs of anemia less marked?

A

Signs of anemia are less marked if the onset is gradual and the animal can adapt to decreased RBC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why is laboratory confirmation necessary for a diagnosis of anemia?

A

Laboratory confirmation is necessary because anemias don’t always present clinical signs, and also to determine the severity of the anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What methods are used to confirm a diagnosis of anemia in a labratory setting?

A

PCV - easiest and most accurate, must be interpreted with knowledge of the animal’s hydration state and any alteration by splenic contraction, hemoglobin concentration and RBC count are used to further classify the anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does a finding of regenerative anemia suggest?

A

A finding of regenerative anemia suggests either blood loss or RBC destruction mechanism of sufficient duration (2-3 days) for response to be evident.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When is a bone marrow exam indicated for a regenerative anemia?

A

A bone marrow exam is the best means of detecting regenerative anemia in the horse. In all other cases it is rarely necessary as erythropoietic hyperplasia should be evident.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When is a regenerative response seen in a nonregenerative anemia?

A

A regenerative response is seen in the recovery stage of a nonregenerative anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the presence of a nonregenerative anemia suggest?

A

A finding of nonregenerative anemia suggests a bone marrow or kidney disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is a bone marrow exam indicated for a nonregenerative anemia?

A

A bone marrow exam is indicated to confirm and further classify the anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What forms of regenerative anemia present a nonregenerative pattern?

A

Anemia caused by peracute or acute hemorrhage or hemolysis may present a nonregenerative pattern for the first 2-3 days after onset.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What findings indicate a diagnosis of hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Findings include clinical signs of hemorrhage, a regenerative response is seen after 2-3 days, and a decreased plasma protein concentration if the hemorrhage is external.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the differential features of external hemorrhage?

A

External hemmorage prevents reutilization of components (Fe, PP).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the differental features of internal hemorrhage?

A

About 2/3 of the RBCs in body cavities are reabsorbed into lymphatics after 24-72 hours. 1/3 are lysed or phagocytized and FE and PP are reutilized?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What factors affect the clinical signs of acute blood loss?

A

the amount of blood lost, the period of time, and site of hemmorage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is the PCV initially normal in cases of acute blood loss?

A

All blood components have been lost in equal proportions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What may transitorily increase the PCV in cases of acute blood loss?

A

splenic contractions, as the blood contained within the spleen contains high PCV (80%) blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What findings are seen in the platelets of cases of acute blood loss?

A

Platelet numbers usually increase in the first few hours but may be decreased if the consumption is extensive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When are increased neutrophils seen in cases of acute blood loss?

A

Increased neutrophils commonly occur about three hours post-hemorrhage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When do signs of blood volume restoration start in cases of acute blood loss?

A

Blood volume starts being restored by the addition of intestitial fluid within 2-3 hours of onset and proceeds 48-72 hours.

42
Q

What causes labratory signs of anemia in cases of acute blood loss?

A

The dilution of RBCs due to the body’s blood volume replacement (using interstitial fluid) causes labratory signs of anemia.

43
Q

In addition to the dilution of red blood cells, what laboratory findings are also seen in cases of acute blood loss?

A

TPP concentration decreases

44
Q

When should signs of increased RBC production be evident in cases of acute blood loss?

A

Signs of increased RBC production are evident by 48-72 hours and for a maximum of 7 days after.

45
Q

Why is the reticulocyte count higher in internal verses external hemorrhage?

A

The availability of iron determines the magnitude of reticulocytosis. Iron is reutilized directly in hemolytic anemias, whereas iron must be released from storage in cases of hemmorrhage.

46
Q

When should the hemogram return to normal in the case of a single acute hemorrhage episode?

A

1-2 weeks

47
Q

What should be suspected if increased reticulocytes are seen after 2-3 weeks in the case of a single acute hemorrhage episode?

A

continuous bleeding

48
Q

What characteristics are seen in cases of chronic blood loss?

A

The anemia develops slowly (no hypovolemia), and the PCV can reach low values before clinical signs appear due to physiologic adaptation. Regenerative response and hypoproteinemia are usually observed.

49
Q

Define hypoproteinemia.

A

abnormally low plasma protein in the blood

50
Q

Why does iron-deficiency anemia develop in cases of chronic blood loss?

A

body stores of iron may be depleted after prolonged blood loss

51
Q

How does iron-deficiency anemia affect clinical findings in cases of chronic blood loss?

A

Regenerative signs are less pronounced, and poikilocytosis is commonly present.

52
Q

Define poikilocytosis.

A

a difference in shape among red blood cells

53
Q

Why does iron deficiency anemia develop more readily in young animals?

A

Young animals have less storage of iron.

54
Q

Why may blood marrow response end abrubtly in prolonged cases of chronic blood loss?

A

Blood marrow response may end due to nonregenerative iron deficiency anemia.

55
Q

What is the first step in identifying the method of destruction in cases of hemolytic anemia?

A

determining the location of the site of hemolysis - intravascular or RE phagocytosis

56
Q

What are the presumptive findings of hemolytic anemia?

A

regenerative response, normal TPP, neutrophilic leukocytosos, monocytosis, absence of clinical signs of hemmorrhage, hyperbilirubinemia if destrution of sufficient magnitude

57
Q

Why are neutrophillic monocytosis and leukocytosis seen in hemolytic anemia?

A

Leukocytes and monocytes are phagocytes and are called upon to eat the red blood cells.

58
Q

When is hyperbilirubinemia seen in cases of hemolytic anemia?

A

Hyperbilirubinemia is seen if the destruction of RBCs is of sufficient magnitude to exceed the congugating capacity of the liver, of sufficient duration for biliruben to be formed, and bilirubin formation is sufficient.

59
Q

Define hyperbilirubenemia.

A

presence of abnormal levels of bilireuben in the blood - ie icterus

60
Q

What is the key feature of intravascular hemolysis?

A

heoglobinemia

61
Q

Define hemoglobinuria.

A

the presence of hemoglobin in the urine

62
Q

Define hemoglobinemia.

A

presence of abnormal levels of hemoglobin in the blood

63
Q

What are the characteristics of anemia resulting from intravascular hemolysis?

A

most cases peracute or acute, regenerative response may not be evident (2-3 days required), and hemoglobinemia is present

64
Q

What findings are seen in hemoglobinemia?

A

increased MCHC, red discoloration of plasma, hemoglobinuria

65
Q

How do you identify the specific cause of an intravascular hemolytic anemia?

A

case history, labratory findings

66
Q

What incidents in the patient’s history might cause an intravascular hemolytic anemia?

A

exposure to causative drugs/plants, recent transfusion of incompatable blood, neonatal exposure to colostrum

67
Q

When should neonatal exposure to colostrum be suspected in cases of intravascular hemolytic anemia?

A

a weak, anemic foal or weak anemic calf born to a cow recently vaccinated with a blood origin vaccine

68
Q

What lab procedures can assist in identifying the cause of a hemolytic anemia?

A

blood smear, Coomb’s antiglobulin test, antibody titer/cultures

69
Q

What findings on a blood smear can indicate the cause of a hemolytic anemia?

A

Heinz bodies, RBC parasites

70
Q

What does the direct Coomb’s test check for?

A

The direct Coomb’s test checks for the presence of antibodies on surface of RBCs.

71
Q

What are the characteristics of anemia resulting from RE phagocytosis of erithrocytes (extravascuar hemolyisis)

A

usually chronic, regenerative response present, hemoglobin not evident in plasma or urine, hyperbiirubinemia usually does not occur

72
Q

What can assist in the identification of the specific cause of an exrravascular hemolytic anemia?

A

patient history, lab procedures

73
Q

What patient history suggests hereditary causes of extravascular hemolytic anemia?

A

history of particular breed and/or affected littermates

74
Q

What lab prcedures are useful in detecting the cause of an extravascular hemolytic anemia?

A

blood smear, direct Coomb’s on patient RBCs, antibody titers, Coggins test

75
Q

How is reduced or defective erythropoiesis diagnosed?

A

via bone marrow exam

76
Q

What are the two types of reduced/defective erythropoiesis?

A

hypoproliferative and hyperproliferative with abnormal maturation

77
Q

What are the presumptive findings for reduced or defective erythropoiesis?

A

nonregenerative anemia, chronic clinical course/slow onset, bone marrow abnormalities, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia concomitant with certian hypoprolierative types

78
Q

Define neutropenia.

A

a lack of neutrophils in the blood

79
Q

Define thrombocytopenia.

A

a lack of thrombocytes in the blood

80
Q

What are the causes of anemia characterized by defective erythropoiesis?

A

chronic renal disease or endocrine disorders

81
Q

What is the mechanism of anemia of chronic inflammatory or neoplastic disease?

A

diversion of iron to storage pool - not available for RBCs

82
Q

What causes the recovery of patients with anemia caused by chronic inflammitory or neoplastic diseases?

A

alleviation of the primary disease

83
Q

What clinical findings are seen in cases of anemia of chronic inflammatory or neoplastic disease?

A

low serum iron, anemia is usually moderate and nonprogressive

84
Q

What findings suggest a problem at the stem cell level?

A

granulopoietic hypoplasia - neutropenia and associated erythroid hypoplasia

85
Q

What lab findings are seen in cases of aplastic anemia?

A

cytotoxic effects, pancytopenia, bone marrow particles are small, acellular and fatty

86
Q

What mechanism cause cytotoxic effects in cases of aplastic anemia?

A

chemical or radiation damage to the stem cells

87
Q

Define pancytopenia.

A

abnormal lack of all blood cells

88
Q

Why does leukopenia and thrombocytopenia usually precede anemia in cases of aplastic anemia?

A

Leukocytes and thrombocytes have a shorter life span then erythrocytes.

89
Q

What is the mechanism of myelophthisic anemia?

A

physical replacement of bone marrow by an abnormal proliferation of cells (neoplasia) neoplastic cells may or may not (ex. myelofibrosis) be aspirated

90
Q

Why may myelophthisic anemia present as a regenerative anemia in the early stages?

A

In the early stages there may still be a viable foci of hematopoiesis

91
Q

What labratory findings are seen in cases of parvovirus and panleukopenia?

A

decreased platelets; decreased RBCs (late finding)

92
Q

What laboratory findings are seen in cases of erlichiosis?

A

pancytopenia

93
Q

What laboratory findings are seen in cases of FeLV associated panleukopenia syndrome?

A

decreased WBCs and RBCs

94
Q

What are the possible causes of an anemia due to increased and/or abnormal granulocytopoiesis associated with erythroid hypoplasia (very high M:E ratio)?

A

granulocytic leukemia, panleukopenia in the recovery stage, impaired heme synthesis

95
Q

What are the causes of impaired heme synthesis in cases of anemia due to increased/abnormal granulocytopoiesis associated with erythroid hypoplasia?

A

iron deficiency, pyridoxine defficiency, copper deficiency, anemia of lead poisoning

96
Q

What are some causes of iron deficiency in cases of anemia due to increased/abnormal granulocytopoiesis associated with erythroid hypoplasia?

A

hemorrhage, dietary deficiency

97
Q

What group of animals is particularly prone to iron deficiency anemia?

A

baby pigs, especially those kept on concrete

98
Q

What characteristics are seen in anemia of lead poisoning?

A

anemia is mild or absent, increased NRBCs

99
Q

When is abnormal maturation of the erythroid series seen?

A

erythremic myelosis and erythroleukemia

100
Q

What finding on a blood smear is indicative of lead poisoning?

A

basophillic stippling

Hematology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions