Meaning of Logic Flashcards
Who is traditionally regarded as the father of logic in the Western philosophical tradition?
Aristotle
What is the significance of Aristotle’s works on logic, known collectively as Organon?
Aristotle’s works on logic, known as Organon, laid the foundation for classical deductive logic. It is also the greek word for tool.
What is philosophy?
Philosophy is the academic study of anything. It helps man understand the world and their place in it.
How do Copi and Cohen define logic?
Copi and Cohen define logic as the study of methods and principles used to distinguish correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning.
What are the three core branches of philosophy mentioned in the lecture, aside from logic?
The three core branches of philosophy mentioned are metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.
What is the distinction between informal logic and formal logic?
Informal logic pertains to everyday reasoning and discussion in natural language, while formal logic focuses on the form, structure, or schema of arguments translated into artificial language.
According to C.S. Momoh, what terms are used interchangeably with “informal logic”?
C.S. Momoh notes that “informal logic,” “natural logic,” and “ordinary language logic” are used interchangeably.
How does Ralph H. Johnson define informal logic, and what tasks does he identify for it?
Ralph H. Johnson defines informal logic as a branch focused on developing standards, criteria, and procedures for analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and constructing arguments in everyday discourse.
What are the five logical connectives essential for translating natural language into artificial language?
The five logical connectives are conjunction (*), disjunction (v), material implication (⊃), material equivalence (≡), and negation (~).
What are the four common variables used in symbolic logic?
The four common variables used in symbolic logic are p, q, r, and s.
What are some reasons provided for studying formal logic?
Reasons for studying formal logic include identifying patterns of good and bad reasoning, improving critical thinking, aiding linguists in studying natural languages, assisting computer scientists in artificial intelligence research, and helping logicians reason about complex philosophical problems.
How does logic assist in deflating persuasive claims and questioning oneself?
Logic enables individuals to discern between valid and invalid arguments, thereby helping to counter persuasive claims that may lack sound reasoning. Additionally, it encourages self-questioning and critical thinking.
What is emphasized about the relationship between informal and formal logic in the lecture’s conclusion?
The conclusion highlights the symbiotic relationship between informal and formal logic, suggesting that despite their distinction, formal logic remains an offshoot of informal logic.
How does formal logic contribute to philosophical discourse?
Formal logic contributes to philosophical discourse by providing a rigorous method for constructing and analyzing arguments, enhancing the clarity and precision of philosophical reasoning.
