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BIOCHEMISTRY > ME03 - Lipid Significance > Flashcards

ME03 - Lipid Significance Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of Lipids

A

_fats, oils, steroids, waxes

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2
Q

Common Physical proprties of Lipids

A

Relatively insoluble in water soluble in nonpolar solvents

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3
Q

Important Dietary constituents

A

fat-soluble vitamins Micronutrients long chain omega-3 fatty acids

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4
Q

Where are lipids stored in the body

A

Adipose Tissue

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5
Q

Clinical Diseases that Involve Lipids

A

obesity, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Classification of Lipids

A
  1. Simple lipids A. Fats- Triglycerols, Oils B. Waxes Do not have triglyceride ester of three fatty acids Fatty acid and alcohol esters 2. Complex lipids A. Phospholipids - lipid with phosphate grp Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids) - Other complex lipids - Lipoproteins 3. Precursor and derived lipids fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other alcohols, fatty aldehydes, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, lipid-soluble vitamins and micronutrients, and hormones
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7
Q

Fatty Acids are Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids, True or False

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Transport form in the plasma

A

Free Fatty Acids

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9
Q

Lipids that contain no double bonds

A

Saturated, Example: Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), Butyric(4) Valeric (5) Caproic (6) Lauric (12) Myristic (14) Palmitic (16) Stearic (18)

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10
Q

Lipids containing one or more double bonds

A

Unsaturated Example: Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Eicosanoids - Eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids Prostanoids, Leukotrienes (LTs), Lipoxins (LXs)

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11
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids has a higher melting point than saturated fatty acids

A

TRUE

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12
Q

C16:0 or 16:0

A

Palmitic, No. of C = number of double bonds

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13
Q

C18:2 (9,12) w-carbon (methyl carbon)

A

Linoleic acid

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14
Q

C18:3 (9,12,15)

A

Linolenic acid

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15
Q

What are essential Lipids

A

Linoleic acid; Linolenic Acid (ADEK)

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16
Q

Essential Amino Acids needed since Linoleic and Linolenic Acid cannot be made by the human body

A

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine + (Arginine for infants)

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17
Q

Is there such thing as an essential carbohydrates?

A

NO, THERE’S NONE.

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18
Q

Types of Geometric Isomerism

A

cis- If the acyl chains are on the same side of the bond (oleic acid) Double bonds in fatty acids Trans- If the acyl chains are on opposite sides (elaidic acid)

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19
Q

Most naturally occuring unsaturated fatty acid

A

Unsaturated fatty acids that have CIS-DOUBLE BONDS

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20
Q

Disease associated with trans and saturated fatty acids

A

Atherosclerosis

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21
Q

Trans double bonds are ____________

A

Unnatural. It causes decreased fluidity (Ex. Margarine)

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22
Q

Physical and Physiologic Properties of Fatty Acids

A

More saturated = More solid at body temperature Polyunsaturated= Liquid to below zero dec celsius membrane lipids| Hibernators

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23
Q

What are Omega 3 Faty Acids

A

_-linolenic (ALA) - Found in plant oils eicosapentaenoic (EPA) - found in fish oil docosahexaenoic (DHA) - found in fish and algal oils

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24
Q

Clinical Significance of Omega 3 Fatty Acids

A

anti-inflammatory effects promoting the synthesis of less inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes cardiovascular disease Cancer Rheumatoid arthritis Alzheimer disease

25
Q

Main storage forms of fatty acids

A

Triglycerides (C1 and C3 of glyceril are not identical when viewed in three dimensions)

26
Q

Precursor of Phospholipids, Influence membranes and acts in Signalling

A

Phosphatidic Acid

27
Q

Glycerophospholipids containing choline

A

Lecithins (phosphatidylcholine) most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane

28
Q

Why is Choline important?

A

Important in Nervous transmission, as acetylcholine, and as store of labile methyl groups

29
Q

Phospholipid that acts as surfactant

A

Dipalmitoyl Lecithin contains Type II alveolar cells preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs

30
Q

Clinical Significance of Dipalmitoyl lecithin as surfactant

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

31
Q

Ethanolamine or serine, respectively, replaces choline

A

_Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) and phosphatidylserine

32
Q

Plays a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

_Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) and phosphatidylserine

33
Q

Found in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane lipid bilayer, lipid rafts, and myelin sheath

A

Sphingomyelins

34
Q

Function of Sphingomyelins

A

Cell signaling and apoptosis

35
Q

Phopholipid found only in mitochondria

A

Phosphatidylglycerol

36
Q

Gives rise to Cardiolipin

A

Phosphatidylglycerol

37
Q

Alterations in functions of Phosphatidylglycerol can result to

A

heart failure and hypothyroidism and aging

38
Q

Gives rise to Lysolecithin important in the metabolism and interconversion of phospholipids found in oxidized lipoproteins

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine

39
Q

Clinical Significance of Lysophosphatidylcholine

A

Atherosclerosis

40
Q

Lipids with an attached carbohydrate or carbohydrate chain Widely distributed in every tissue of the body, particularly in nervous tissue; Occur partly in the outer leaflet of plasma membrane Contributes to Glycocalyx

A

Glycolipids

41
Q

Major glycosphingolipid of brain and other nervous tissue

A

_Galactosylceramide

42
Q

Galactosylceramide is converted to ______ which is present in high amounts in MYELIN

A

Sulfatide

43
Q

Resembles galactosylceramide, head group is glucose rather than galactise

A

Glucosylceramide

44
Q

Complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide

A

Gangliosides

45
Q

Function of Gangliosides

A

GM1 - Function in cell-cell recognition and communication and as receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins (cholera)

46
Q

Predominant simply glycosphingoloid of extraneural tissues

A

Glucosylceramide

47
Q

What is the precursor of Steroids

A

Cholesterol

48
Q

Precursor of large number of employed steroids includes;

A

Bile Acids, Adrenocortical Hormones, Sex hormones, Vitamin D & Cardiac Glycosides

49
Q

What is the precursor of Vitamin D

A

Ergosterol

50
Q

Not steroids Related because they are synthesized, like cholesterol from Fivecarbon isoprene units Rubber, camphor, the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and _-carotene (provitamin A)

A

Polyprenoids

51
Q

Polyprenoid that has Respiratory chain in mitochondria

A

Ubiquinone

52
Q

Polyprenoid that takes part in glycoprotein synthesis

A

Dolichol

53
Q

Auto-oxidation of lipids Responsible for rancidity of foods Damage to tissues in vivo Cancer, inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and aging

A

Lipid Peroxidation

54
Q

Molecules that have unpaired valence electrons Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

Free Radicals

55
Q

Chain reaction providing continuous supply of ROS

A

Initiation - Propagation - Termination

56
Q

2 classes of Antioxidants

A
  1. Preventive antioxidants Catalase| EDTA | DTPA | Glutathione peroxidase 2. Chain-breaking antioxidants Superoxide dismutase | vitamin E
57
Q

Why are LIPIDS insoluble in water

A

Predominance of nonpolar (hydrocarbon) groups

58
Q

Part of the molecule is hydrophobic, or water insoluble; and a part is hydrophilic, or water soluble

A

AMPHIPATHIC - Micelles, Liposomes

BIOCHEMISTRY (25 decks)

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