ME03 - Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance Flashcards
Biomedical Importance of Carbohydrates
(In plants) synthesized from carbon dioxide and
water by photosynthesis and stored as starch.
o (In animals), synthesize carbohydrates from amino acids
_ Most are derived ultimately from plants
_ Acts as a storage form of energy in the body
_ Serves as cell membrane components that mediate some forms of intercellular communication
_ Serves as a structural component of many organisms, including the cell walls of bacteria, the exoskeleton of many insects, and the fibrous cellulose of plants.
Most important carbohydrate
Glucose
How is Glucose formed
Hydrolysis of Dietary Starch and Disaccharides; Converted to glucose through GLYCOLYSIS
Precursor for synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body
Glycogen _ for storage
_ Ribose and Deoxyribose _ in nucleic acids, building blocks
_ Galactose _ synthesis of lactose in milk, glycolipids, in combination with protein in glycoproteins & proteoglycans
Disease associated with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Diabetes Mellitus (most predominant disease in our country)
Galactosemia
Glycogen Storage Diseases o Lactose Intolerance
study of the roles of sugars in health and disease
Glycobiology
entire complement of sugars of an organism, whether free or present in more complex molecules
Glycome
analogous term to genomics and proteomics; the comprehensive study of glycomes
Glycomics
Carbohydrate Digestion
( High Carb Meal) Starch, Sucrose, Lactose - {Salivary amylase, Pancreatic amylase} – Maltose, Isomaltose, Sucrose, Lactose – (Brush border dissacharides) – Glc, Gal, Fru – (Na+/Glc symporter, active transport) – Intestine then bloodstream
Explain Hyperglycemia in well-fed state
Hyperglycemia _ inc blood glucose; transient hyperglycemia is good. We all become hyperglycemic first 2 hrs after a meal. Persistent hyperglycemia in diabetes is bad because it goes into the blood but it cannot go inside the cell
Classification of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides | Dissacharides | Oligosaccharides | Polysaccharides
Simple sugars; sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Example: Aldoses (with aldehyde group) or Ketoses (with Ketone group)
_ - OH group attached to glucose molecule
_ Aldehyde or ketone group has been reduced to
an alcohol group
Polyhydric alcohols (sugar alcohols or polyols)
_ Poorly absorbed in the body, Occurs naturally in foods
How is monosaccharides formed to create larger structures
Linked by glycosidic bonds
Condensation products of two monosaccharide units
Dissacharides Example; lactose (Glu + Gal), maltose (Glu + Glu) , isomaltose, sucrose (Glu + Fru),
trehalose
Condensation products of three to ten Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
More than ten monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides | Sometimes classified as Hexosans or Pentosans
May be linear or branched polymers
polysaccharides in food that are not digested by human enzymes and are the major component of dietary fiber
Nonstarch Polysaccharides
Examples of Non-starch Polysaccharides
Cellulose - from plant cell walls (glucose polymer) Inulin - the storage carbohydrates in some plants (fructose polymer)
What are the types of Isomerism`
Straight Chain, Cyclic Structure, Chair
structural formula (aldohexose)
Straight - Chain
a hemiacetal formed by reaction between the aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group
Cyclic Structure
molecule is viewed from the side and above the plane of the ring; the bonds nearest to the viewer are bold and thickened, and the hydroxyl groups are above or below the plane of the ring
Haworth projection
Difference between Chair vs Cyclic Formula
Chair confirmation _ explains formula but not different
reactions
Cyclic formula_ better idea, idea how it interacts with heme, water etc., gives 3D idea
compounds that have the same chemical formula but have different structures
Isomers
Most of the naturally occurring monosaccharides
D sugars
Determines whether the sugar belongs to the D or L series.
The orientation of - H and _OH groups around the carbon atom adjacent to the terminal primary alcohol carbon o -OHontherightside:Disomer o -OHontheleftside:Lisomer
A beam of plane-polarized light is passed through a solution of an optical isomer.
Optical Activity
oright, dextrorotatory (+)
oleft, levorotatory (_)
The direction of rotation of polarized light is independent of the stereochemistry of the sugar, True or False
True, so it may be designated D (-), D (+), L (-), or L(+)
Naturally occurring form of fructose
D (-) isomer
_ a six-membered ring
_ For glucose in solution, more than 99% is in
the pyranose form
Pyran
a five membered ring
Furan
What is the ring structure of an aldose
hemiacetal (combination of aldehyde and an alcohol group)
What is the ring structure of ketose
Hemiketal
How is Crystalline Glucose converted to a-d-glucopyranose and B-glucopyranose
Crystalline glucose is _-d-glucopyranose. The cyclic structure is retained in the solution, but isomerism occurs about position 1, the carbonyl or anomeric carbon atom, to give a mixture of _-d- glucopyranose (38%) and _-glucopyranose (62%)
Isomers differing as a result of variations in configuration of the _OH and _H on carbon atoms 2, 3, and 4 of glucose
Epimers Most important epimers of glucose:
o Mannose - Epimerized at carbon 2 Most important epimers of glucose:
o Mannose - Epimerized at carbon 2 o Galactose - Epimerized at carbon 4o Galactose - Epimerized at carbon 4
How is Fructose has the same molecular formula as glucose but differs in its structure
Aldose-ketose Isomerism since there is a potential keto group in position 2, whereas in glucose there is a potential aldehyde group in position 1
formed by condensation between the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide, and a second compound that may or may not (in the case of an aglycone) be another monosaccharide
Glycosides