Me 2.4 Encoding Memories Flashcards
Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare. —>Easily described or explained.
Explicit Memory
Requires attention and conscious effort.
Example: Studying for an exam
Effortful Processing
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
Implicit Memory
Information is encoded without conscious effort.
Example: Space, time, frequency
Automatic processing
Memory for procedures and skills
Example: Tying your shoes
Procedural Memory
Remembering to perform future actions.
Example: Remembering to take medicine at a specific time
Prospective Memory
sensory memory in which a person can recall visual images for just a few milliseconds after the physical image has disappeared
iconic memory
the brief sensory memory of audible sounds. Lasts 3-4 seconds
Echoic memory
Breaking information into smaller, manageable units
Example: Remembering a phone number by dividing it into chunks (e.g., 555-1234)
Chunking
techniques that help with encoding
information into working and long-term memory
Example: The Roy G. Biv mnemonic for remembering the colours of the rainbow
Mnemonic
A system in which one associates numbers with words to remember them. (mnemonic devices)
Peg Word system
Associating information with specific locations
Example: To remember a shopping list, imagine placing each item in a different room of your house
Method of loci
Organising information into categories or a structured hierarchy (mnemonic)
Example: Grouping animals by their types (mammals, birds, reptiles)
Categories and hierarchies
suggests that encoding and memory consolidation are more effective when information is spread out over time (distributed practice) rather than crammed all at once (massed practice)
spacing effect
Enhanced memory of things after recalling, not just rereading.
Testing Effect
Encoding on a basic level: based on structure or appearance of words. (Structural encoding, Phonemic encoding)
Shallow processing
Focuses on the physical structure of information
Example: Noticing if a word is written in capital letters
Structural Encoding
Focuses on how information sounds
Example: Remembering a word by its rhyme
Phonemic Encoding
Encodes semantically; based on the meaning of a word.
Deep processing
Focuses on the meaning of the information
Example: Understanding and remembering a word’s meaning leads to better retention
Semantic Encoding
The tendency to remember self-relevant information.
Self reference effect
Information presented at the beginning of a list is more likely to be remembered
Example: Remembering the first few items on a shopping list
Primacy effect
the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
The serial position effect
Information presented at the end
of a list is also more likely to be remembered
Example: Remembering the last few items on a shopping list
Recency effect
