MDDE Flashcards

1
Q

What is compaction?

A

→ change in shape of the embryo

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2
Q

What is a morula?

A

→ blastomeres begin to form tight junctions with one another, leading to deformation of their round shape and formation

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3
Q

How old is a morula?

A

→ 12-16 days

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4
Q

How is the site of implantation sealed?

A

→ by a fibrin plug

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5
Q

What does the bilaminar germ disk consist of?

A

→ epiblast

→ hypoblast

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6
Q

When is the amniotic cavity formed?

A

→ 9 days

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7
Q

What displaces the hypoblast?

A

→ by involuting cells that become definitive endoderm, and mesoderm

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8
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

→ 3rd week

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9
Q

What does gastrulation allow?

A

→ the two cell layers become three germ cell layers,

→ the bodily axes observed in the mature adult are created

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10
Q

What lies in the primitive streak?

A

→ a primitive node at the cranial end, and within the primitive node lies the primitive pit.

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11
Q

What happens to cells of the epiblast?

A

→ epiblast layer break off and migrate toward the primitive pit
→ detach and penetrate through the epiblast layer to form three new germ cell layers

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12
Q

How is the endoderm formed?

A

→ by epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive pit and displace the hypoblast cells

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13
Q

How is the mesoderm formed?

A

→ formed by epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive pit and lie between the epiblast layer and the newly created endoderm.

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14
Q

How is the ectoderm formed?

A

→ formed by the epiblast cells that remain in position

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15
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

→ Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts,

→ Lining of urethra, bladder and reproductive System

→ Liver and pancreas

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16
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

→ Notochord

→ Musculoskeletal system

→ Muscular layer of stomach, intestine etc

→ Circulatory system

17
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

→ Epidermis of skin

→ Cornea and lens of eye

→ Nervous system

18
Q

Describe the neurulation process?

A

→ectoderm differentiate to form a neural plate
→neural plate then bends dorsally, folding inwards to form a groove flanked by a neural crest
→infolded groove closes off and separates from the neural crest to form the neural tube

19
Q

What does the neural tube elongate into?

A

→form the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

20
Q

What do the the cells of the neural crest differentiate into?

A

→peripheral nervous system

21
Q

How does the neural tube close?

A

starts at hindbrain and then progresses anteriorly and posteriorly

22
Q

Describe the cloth purse model of folding

A

→ septum and heart move from margin to centre
→yolk sac, allantois and stalk make umbilical cord
→prochordal and cloacal plates delimit gut tube

23
Q

What happens during folding?

A

→Heart and other structures move from margin of embryo to the centre

24
Q

Describe the folding process

A

→amnion and embryonic disc grow vigorously but the yolk sac does not.
→ the expanding disk balloons into a 3D, cylindrical shape.
→The dorsal structures of notochord, brain and somites stiffen this axis
such that the flexion takes place at the thin, flexible outer rim of the disc

25
Q

What do malformations in the cleavage, implantation, and gastrulation result in?

A

→death

26
Q

What is involved in organogenesis?

A
→Differentiation of somitic derivatives 
→Development of sensory organs 
→Limb formation
→Formation of face structures 
→Formation of genital structures