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LSTM Parasitology > MCQ Revision > Flashcards

MCQ Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Where is t.b.gambiense found?

A

Western and central Africa

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2
Q

Where is t.b.rhodesiense found?

A

Eastern and Southern Africa

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3
Q

How many people are at risk from African trypanosomiasis?

A

60 million

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4
Q

Infective stage of HAT

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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5
Q

Both male and female tsetse flies take a blood meal. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

Bloodstream stage of HAT?

A

Long slender trypomastigote

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7
Q

Infective stage of HAT to the tsetse fly?

A

Short stumpy trypomastigote

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8
Q

Short stumpy forms transform into what and where in the tsetse fly?

A

Procyclic trypomastigotes in the mid-gut

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9
Q

Salivary gland trypanosome stage which undergo sexual reproduce are called?

A

Epimastigotes

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10
Q

HAT epimastigotes produce?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

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11
Q

Disease caused by T.b.brucei?

A

Nagana

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12
Q

Resistant animal trypanosomiasis cattle

A

N’dama

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13
Q

Reservoir host of t.b.rhodesiense?

A

African wildlife

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14
Q

T.b.gambiense’s primary host is….

A

Humans

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15
Q

T.b.gambiense is transmitted by which species of tsetse fly?

A

Riverine tsetse’ Glossina palpalis and G. tachynoides

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16
Q

T.b.rhodesiense is transmitted by which species of tsetse?

A

Glossina mortisans

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17
Q

What parasite causes acute sleeping sickness?

A

Rhodesiense

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18
Q

Which species causes chronic sleeping sickness?

A

T.b.gambiense

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19
Q

Symptoms of acute sleeping sickness

A

Chancre
Fever, headache, enlarged lymph nodes and muscle ache
Invasion of CNS causes mental deterioration
Death follows soon after

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20
Q

Symptoms of chronic sleeping sickness

A

Mild symptoms: fever, headache, muscle and joint pain
Itch skin, swollen lymph nodes

After 1-2 years: CNS involvement - personality changes, daytime sleepiness, nighttime insomnia, partial paralysis

Death after ~3 years

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21
Q

How would you treat early stages of HAT?

A

Pentamidine and Suramin

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22
Q

Is pentamidine effective against gambesian sleeping sickness?

A

No

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23
Q

Gambiense treatment

A

Melarsoprol and nifurtimox

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24
Q

Two species of African trypanosomes that infect humans

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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25
Q

Parasite responsible for Chagas’ disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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26
Q

Chagas is transmitted by?

A

Triatomine bug (reduviid or kissing bug)

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27
Q

Majority of individuals with Chagas’ disease are?

A

Asymptomatic

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28
Q

Reservoirs of Chagas’ disease

A

Many wild and domestic animals.

Opossum and armadillo

Cats and dogs important due to close contact with humans

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29
Q

Genus of triatomine bug in northern regions of South America?

A

Rhodnius

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30
Q

Genus of triatomine in the southern regions of South America?

A

Triatoma

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31
Q

Human infective stage of T.cruzi?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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32
Q

Triatomine bugs inject metacyclic trypomastigotes into a host during a blood meal. True or false?

A

False

Transmission is through faeces entering biting point or mucous membrane

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33
Q

Intercellular stage of T.cruzi?

A

Amastigotes

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34
Q

Intracellular amastigotes of t.cruzi transform into what?

A

Non-dividing trypomastigotes

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35
Q

Clinical manifestations of T.cruzi are a result of?

A

Non-dividing trypomastigotes reinvading cells and multiplying as amastigotes

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36
Q

Infective stage of T. cruzi to the triatomine bug?

A

Trypomastigote

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37
Q

Trypomastigotes transform into _____________ in the mid gut of a triatomine bug

A

Epimastigote

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38
Q

Hind gut stage in a triatomine bug

A

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

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39
Q

Acute phase symptoms of Chagas:

A

Mild symptoms: fever, body aches and intestinal disorders

ROMANA’S SIGN!

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40
Q

Chronic phase symptoms of Chagas’ disease

A

Mostly asymptomatic
Dilation of digestive tract
Cardiomyopathy
Nervous system disorders

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41
Q

Acute phase treatment of Chagas

A

Benznidazole or nifurtimox

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42
Q

Chronic phase treatment of Chagas

A

None

Nifurtimox may slow progression though

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43
Q

T. Cruzi control includes

A

Vector control

Blood screening

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44
Q

Alternate sources of infection of T. Cruzi

A

Blood transfusion
Transplant
Milk?
Transgenital/vertical transmission

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45
Q

Land cestodes are called

A

Cyclophyllidea

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46
Q

Most cestodes are pathogenic. True or false?

A

False

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47
Q

Adult cestodes are found in the ________________

A

Small intestine

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48
Q

What is the pathogenic stage of cestodes?

A

Juvenile stage

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49
Q

General morphology of cestodes

A 
Segmented adults
No gut or anus
Always parasitic
Hermaphroditic
Almost all have indirect life cycles
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50
Q

Segments of an adult cestodes are called?

A

Pro glottids

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51
Q

How would you distinguish between adult Taenia solium and Taenia saginata?

A

T. solium scolex has a crown of hooks

T.saginata has more branches in proglottids

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52
Q

Definitive host of T. solium?

A

Humans

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53
Q

Intermediate hosts of T. solium?

A

Pigs and humans

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54
Q

How many suckers do cyclophyllideans have?

A

Four

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55
Q

Where are you likely to find T. solium infection?

A

Areas of poor sanitation

Where pigs have access to human faeces

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56
Q

Egg stage of Taenia are called?

A

Oncospheres

57
Q

Oncospheres on T. solium develop into ___________ in __________ cells.

A

Cysticerci

Muscle

58
Q

How do humans become infected with adult T. solium?

A

Consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing cysticerci

59
Q

How do cysticerci of Taenia solium appear in humans?

A

Consumption of faeces containing eggs

60
Q

What is the Pathology of Taenia cysticercosis?

A

Cysts appearing in muscles, cutaneous tissues, eyes and brain
Neurocysticercosis
Neurological problems
Muscles weakness

61
Q

Treatment for adult Taenia solium?

A

Niclosamide and praziquantal

62
Q

What is the treatment for people who are infected with T.solium and have asymptomatic brain cysts?

A

Niclosamide

Praziquantal will provoke neurological symptoms

63
Q

Treatment for neurocysticercosis?

A

Steroids can relieve symptoms

Albendazole or praziquantal may be used

64
Q

How would you control Taenia spp.?

A 
Treatment of individuals with adult worms
Good personal hygiene
Prevent pigs access to humans (solium)
Well cooked meat
Meat inspections
Pig vaccination (solium)
65
Q

Intermediate hosts of T.saginata?

A

Cattle

66
Q

Definitive hosts of E.granulosus are?

A

Canids

67
Q

Where is E.granulosus most common?

A

In areas where sheep and cattle are found

Areas where dogs have close contact with humans and cattle

68
Q

Eggs of Echinococcus granulosus mature into?

A

Unilocular cysts

69
Q

Unilocular cysts produce ___________.

A

Protoscolices

70
Q

Echinococcus granulosus:

Protoscolices > ____________ > adults

A

Scolices

71
Q

Pathology of Echinococcus granulosus

A

Growing Cysts occur at various organs and exert pressure
Abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, coughing, lung abscesses
Can cause neurological symptoms
Anaphylaxis from cyst rupture

72
Q

Why would you not find Echinococcus eggs in human faeces?

A

Adults are not found in humans

73
Q

Treatment for Echinococcus in humans

A

Surgery (PAIR) - granulosus

Albendazole and mabendazole may inctivate cysts

74
Q

What control methods would be used to combat Echinococcus granulosus?

A 
Treating dogs with praziquantal
Avoid close contact with dogs
Good sanitation
Slaughterhouse inspection
Don't feed offal to dogs
Vaccinate sheep
75
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

Definitive host is _____________
Intermediate host is ____________

A

Foxes

Rodents (and humans)

76
Q

Distribution of E. multilocularis

A

North America, Europe, Siberia and China

77
Q

What is the only human tapeworm which does not require an intermediate host?

A

Ask Zach

Hymenolepis nana

78
Q

Proglottids of Hymenolepis nana are longer than they are wide. True or false?

A

False

79
Q

How do humans become infected with Hymenolepis nana?

A

Consumption of Arthropods

Also consuming embryonated eggs from food, water or hands

80
Q

Hymenolepis nana

___________(or eggs) develop into adults in the intestine

A

Cysticercoid

81
Q

How does reinfection occur in Hymenolepis nana?

A

Eggs can remain in the small intestine and hatch into adults

82
Q

Treatment for Hymenolepis nana

A

Praziquantal

83
Q

Pathology of Hymenolepis nana

A

Typically no symptoms

Possible diarrhoea if infection is high

84
Q

Group of Fish tapeworms are called?

A

Pseudophyllidea

85
Q

Species name for the broad fish tapeworm

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

86
Q

Sucking grooves of Pseudophyllidea are also called?

A

Bothria

87
Q

What is the largest parasite of humans?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

88
Q

Definitive hosts of D. latum

A

Fish eating mammals and humans

89
Q

Swimming Diphyllobothrium larvae are called?

A

Coracidium

90
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Coracidium > ___________ (in crustaceans) > ___________ (in fish)

A

Procercoid in body cavity of crustaceans

Plerocercoid in fish

91
Q

How do humans become infected with Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Ingestion of plerocercoid in infected fish

92
Q

Pathology of diphyllobthriasis

A 
Usually asymptomatic
Abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhoea 
Megablastic anaemia (vitamin B12 deficiency)
93
Q

What is the treatment of Diphyllobothriasis?

A

Praziquantal

94
Q

A) control of Diphyllobothriasis

B) would mass treatment control the disease and why?

A

A) reduce faecal contamination and kill/cook fish properly

B) No. Parasite can be maintained in a zoonotic cycle

95
Q

Common name for Dracunculus medinensis?

A

Guinea worm

96
Q

How do humans get Guinea worm?

A

Drink water containing Copepoda

97
Q

Pathology of Guinea worm

A

Painful burning blister
Wound susceptible to infection
Sepsis and treatment

98
Q

What are the General morphologically features of Trematoda?

A 
Three life cycle stages
Indirect life cycles
Dorsoventrally flattened
Blind ended gut
No anus
99
Q

Number of people infected with ascaris

A

1 billion

100
Q

How do you become infected with ascaris?

A

Ingestion of eggs in faeces/soil containing eggs with viable larvae

101
Q

Migration of ascaris larvae after hatching in the small intestine

A

Penetrate gut > liver > lungs > bronchioles > coughed up pharynx

102
Q

Infective L3 larvae mature into adults on their return to the small intestine. True or false?

A

True

103
Q

How is transmission of ascaris enhanced?

A

Asymptomatic individuals continuously produce eggs

104
Q

Migratory symptoms of ascaris

A

Eosinophilia, lung inflammation, hepatomegaly and Loefflers syndrome

105
Q

Intestinal symptoms of ascaris

A

Obstruction and perforation of bowel
Nausea
Diarrhoea

106
Q

General symptoms of STHs in young children

A

Nutrient deficiency, growth retardation and cognitive ability reduction

107
Q

How would you control Ascaris?

A

Improved sanitation
Education
Community targeted deworming
Correct preparation of food/water

108
Q

Common name for Trichiuris trichuria

A

Whipworm

109
Q

How are whipworm transmitted to humans?

A

Ingestion of embryonated eggs

110
Q

Larvae development/migration in the small intestine

A

Large migrate to LARGE intestine and mature into adults in the mucosa

111
Q

Whipworm larvae develop in the environment. True or false?

A

True

112
Q

Pathology of whipworm

A

Inflammatory bowel disease
Anaemia
Bloody/watery stools

113
Q

Extreme symptom of whipworm in young children

A

Rectal prolapse

114
Q

Name two species of hookworm

A

Ancylostoma diode ale

Necator americanus

115
Q

Hookworm life cycle

A

Eggs passed in stool which hatch in environment
On contact with host. L3 penetrate skin.

Migrate to blood vessels > heart > lungs > bronchioles > coughed up

Then swallowed and mature into adults in the small intestine

116
Q

Hookworm pathology

A 
Ground itch
Enteritis
Eosinophilia
Anaemia
Cardiac failure
117
Q

Two species which cause cutaneous larval migrans

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

Ancylostoma caninum

118
Q

Pathology of cutaneous larval migrans

A

Intense puritus

119
Q

Hookworm control

A

Wear protective footwear

Human hookworm vaccine initiative

120
Q

Common name for enterobius vermicularis

A

Pinworm

121
Q

Where are pinworm eggs deposited?

A

Perianal folds

122
Q

How does self infection of pinworm occur?

A

Scratching anus and then eggs from fingernails deposited into mouth

123
Q

Hookworm Larvae hatch in the environment. True or false?

A

False. They hatch in the small intestine

124
Q

Where do adult hookworms live?

A

Colon

125
Q

Pathology of hookworm

A

Mild gastro-intestinal discomfort
Puritus
Irritability
Secondary infection

126
Q

Common name for threadworms

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

127
Q

Adult Strongyloides pass larvae in stool true or false?

A

True

128
Q

How do humans become infected with strongyloides

A

Filariform larvae penetrate skin

129
Q

Strongyloides larvae migration in host

A

Penetrate skin

Migrate to small intestine where they become adults

130
Q

Strongyloides can autoinfect. True or false?

A

True

131
Q

Pathology of Strongyloides

A 
Diarrhoea
Larval currens
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Immune system suppression
132
Q

How is trichinella transmitted?

A

Consumption of undercooked meat containing larvae

133
Q

Where are adult trichinella found in humans ?

A

Small bowel mucosa

134
Q

Where do trichinella encyst?

A

Skeletal muscle cells

135
Q

Pathology of trichinella

A

Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting

Muscle pain, fever, swelling to face, headache

136
Q

Causative agents of visceral and ocular larval migrans

A

Toxocara catis

Toxocara canis

137
Q

Pathology of VLM/OLM

A 
Fever
Respiratory
CNS disturbances
Eosinophilia 
Hepatomegaly
Inflammatory responses in viscera, organs and eyes
138
Q

Majority of filarial infections are caused by?

A

Wucheria bancrofti

139
Q

Where do schistosoma mansoni mature?

A

Liver

LSTM Parasitology (19 decks)

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