MCM 2-32 Embryogenesis Flashcards
the most sensitive period for inducing birth defects
weeks 3-8 during embryogenesis
fertilization activates….
cleavage divisions. The cell number increases but the size does not change due to the zona pellucida membrane
what is compaction and when does it occur?
segregates inner from outer cells.
from the 8 cell stage to the morula. the contacts expand and smooth over
follow progression to the blastocyst
zygote undergoes cleavage divisions up until 8 cells (blastomere)
8 cell blastomere undergoes compaction, which segregates inner from outer cells
compacted embryo divides to form 16 cell morula, and then undergoes cavitation - outer “trophoblast” cells secrete fluid into morula to create pocket called blastocoel
ICM positioned to one side of the ring of trophoblast cells
outer cells flatten to form a wall - embryo is now a blastocyst
ICM vs trophoblast cells
ICM - composed of pluripotent cells which will give rise to embyronic tissues
trophoblast cells will form extraembryonic tissues such as placenta
what happens when the blastocyst reaches the uterus?
it must hatch from zona pellucida (egg-cell ECM) so it can implant into the uterine wall.
how does the blastocyst implant into the uterus?
The uterine epithelium (endometrium) catches the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst on its ECM
L-selectins (carbohydrate binding proteins) on trophoblast cells interact with carbohydrate receptors on the endometrium.
when does implantation occur?
at the end of the first week
following implantation, what do the ICM and trophoblast do?
the trophoblast differentiates into two layers
- the cytotrophoblast - inner layer or cells, involved in initial adherence to uterine tissue
- syncytiotrophoblast digests uterine tissue, further moving the embryo into the uterine wall
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ICM developes into the bilaminar germ disk of two layers
-hypoblast - inward cell layer, will form ventral side
-epiblast - outward, closer to trophoblast layer. will form dorsal side. Amniotic cavity forms within this layer.
when is implantation complete?
what does the trophoblast do at this point?
after day 9 - embyro is fully embedded and amniotic cavity expands
it invades maternal capillaries to establish extraembyronic tissues and uteroplacental circulation. trophoblastic lacuna vacuoles open within the syncytiotrophoblast and contact maternal capillaries. Proliferation of hypoblast cells gives rise to Heuser’s membrane (the membrane of the primary yolk sac). Cells farther outward (the extraembryonic mesoderm) surround the primary yolk sac. The extraembryonic mesoderm then splits into two layers, forming the chorionic cavity between them. Hypoblast cells within Heuser’s membrane move inward towards each other, pinching off segments of the yolk sac. What remains forms the definitive yolk sac. By the end of the second week the bilaminar embryonic disc with amnion and yolk sac is suspended in the chorionic cavity, connected to the extraembryonic mesoderm by the connecting stalk.
gastrulation. what and when?
third week of development, transforms the bilaminar desk into three germ layers (ecto, endo, meso)
begins with formation of primitive streak on epiblast surface. epiblast cells undergo ingression where they move towards the primitive streak - detatch from the epiblast - and either displace hypoblast to form endodoer, lie between the epiblast and newly formed endoderm to become mesoderm, or reaim in the epiblast to form the ectoderm.
What does the anterioir visceral endoderm (AVE) express?
expresses genes that direct head formation. These genes establish the anterior end of the embryo prior to gastrulation.
neurolation?
process of forming the neural tube from the neural plate - process by which the ectoderm gets divided\
- neural plate formed and folded
- neural crest elevated
- neural folds converge
- neural tube is closed by bringing the folds into contact with each other
- neural crest cells migrate away to contribute to several tissues
the events of neurulation do what?
The events of neurulation divide the ectoderm into three major domains:
1) The internally positioned neural tube, which will form the brain and spinal cord
2) Externally positioned surface ectoderm that will primarily form skin (epidermis)
3) The neural crest cells that migrate to new locations to give rise to many cell types depending upon where they migrate to
what are teratogens?
are environmental factors that cause birth defects. The embryo is most susceptible to birth defects during embryogenesis (weeks three through eight of development), but no stage is unsusceptible to birth defects.
two infectious birth defects
Congenital rubella syndrome happens when an individual is exposed to rubella in utero. It can lead to several birth defects including deafness and congenital heart malformations.
Additionally, hyperthermia (due to many possible infections) can disrupt neurulation and result in neural tube defects.
