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MCD > MCD - Cells & Organelles > Flashcards

MCD - Cells & Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.

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2
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loosely packed DNA which allows transcription to take place.

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3
Q

Adhesion Plaques

A

Actin filaments in the cell surface that attach the cell to surrounding cells, to form tissue, and to the extra cellular matrix.

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA in the form of chromatin

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

The site of production of ribosomes

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6
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Holes in the nuclear envelope that control the passage of molecules - for example mRNA

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The site of protein synthesis - mainly for use outside the cell

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

The site of protein synthesis - mainly for use within the cell

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9
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Production of lipids

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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces ATP for reactions that require energy

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12
Q

Cell

A

The basic unit of life

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13
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells working together to perform a particular function

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14
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a particular function

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15
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function.

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16
Q

Polarity

A

The distribution of organelles within a cell is uneven, therefore it is asymmetrical. A structure with inherent asymmetry so that one end can be distinguished from the other.

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17
Q

Organism

A

A living thing that can carry out the 7 life prossesses (MRS GREN)

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18
Q

Actin

A

A component of the cytoskeleton which allows cell movement in cytokinesis, and lines the cell membrane to hold proteins in place.

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

A component of the cytoskeleton high forms centrioles, cilia, and flagellum, as well as forming pathways for motor proteins to transport substances around the cell.

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20
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

A component of the cytoskeleton which acts as scaffolding, holding the organelles in the correct arrangement.

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21
Q

Specialisation

A

Specific genes within cells are switched on and off, resulting in production of particular proteins that allow th cell to perform its function.

22
Q

Secretory Granules

A

The membrane bound organelle where molecules are stored before being secreted from the cell by exocytosis.

23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes, used to break down old organelles and in phagocytosis.

24
Q

Liposomes

A

Membrane bound organelles formed from th lipid bilayer.

25
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections that beat to move fluid over the epithelial tissue. Made of microtubules.

26
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

27
Q

What are the main functions of the blood?

A

Transport, heat distribution, immunity, haemostasis and homeostasis

28
Q

Describe the erythrocytes life cycle

A
  • Low O2 detected by the kidney
  • Erythropoietin produced by the bone marrow stem cells¬ which stimulates erythropoiesis.
  • Erythrocytes are made, and last 120 days
  • Removed by the reticulo-endothelial system in the spleen
29
Q

What are immature erythrocytes?

A

Reticulocytes - contain ribosomes.

30
Q

What is the oxidised form of haemoglobin?

A

Methaemoglobin

31
Q

How does oxygen bind to haemoglobin?

A

Cooperatively, where the shape changes as every oxygen is added making it easier for the next one to bind.

32
Q

What is haemocrit?

A

Packed cell volume

33
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Low blood haemoglobin concentration

34
Q

What is microcytic anemia?

A

Small MCV - lack of iron due to menstruation, parasitic infections or GIT lesion

35
Q

What is normocytic anemia?

A

Normal MCV, due to acute blood loss

36
Q

What is macrocytic anemia?

A

Large MCV, lack of folic acid/vitamin B12 in pregnancy results in cells not dividing correctly. Fewer but larger blood cells. Also caused by an autoimmune disease/in vegans or vegetarians.

37
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A
  • Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (multilobed nuclei, many granules)
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
38
Q

What are the types of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils which are phagocytic, eosinophils which are involved in allergies, and basophils which produce histamine.

39
Q

What are the characteristics of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A
  • Segmented nucleus
  • Abundant cytoplasmic granules
  • First on scene
  • Adhere to blood vessels and migrate to tissue
  • Engulf and digest microorganisms
  • Release inflammatory mediators (toxic oxygen products, digestive enzymes, chemotaxins, vasodilators)
40
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells that mature in the bone marrow, involved in humoural immunity. They produce antibodies used in precipitation, opsonisation, neutralisation and agglutination.

41
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

Thymus dependent (derived in bone marrow, aquire surface receptors in the thymus). They are involved in cellular immunity (chemotaxis attracts macrophages, lymphotoxin kills cells, interferon kills viruses)

42
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Large blood cells, with a horse shoe nucleus. They appear after granulocytes, and become macrophages in the tissue. Engulf microorganisms and stimulate angiogenesis (vessel growth/repair). Also secrete inflammatory mediators.

43
Q

What is the normal leukocyte count?

A

Many neutrophils, then lymphocytes, then monocytes, then eosinophils, then basophils.

44
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A
  • Derive from megakaryocytes, have no nucleus but many organelles.
  • They have receptors for platelet activators (eg. Collagen or thrombin).
  • In Haemostasis, they bind to exposed collagen and release of granules stimulates aggregation.
  • Involved in clot formation.
45
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Fluid component of blood, carrier of plasma proteins.

46
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma with proteins removed due to clotting

47
Q

What are the types of plasma proteins? What is their function?

A

Plasma proteins exert osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume. They include albumins & globulins (carrier molecules such as hormones/bile salts) and fibrinogen (clotting/platelet aggregation)

48
Q

What is the basic structure of haemoglobin?

A

4 subunits, each with a haem group (ferrous iron).

49
Q

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave shape, no nucleus, molecules on surface confer blood group. Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide around the blood.

50
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Short term immunity using antibodies produced outside the body, such as from a mother or an injection.

MCD (56 decks)

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