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Psychology for uni > MBB1 > Flashcards

MBB1 Flashcards

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1
Q

lecture 1

history of the brain

A

. adult weight is around 1400 grams

. 3% of our body weight and 20% of our energy resources are found in our brain

. Hippocrates said it was the centre of control

. Galen discovered sensory and muscle nerves

. Vesalius discovered the cortex which is composed of our gyri and sulci and meninges

. Descartes discovered link between the physical brain and non physical mind

. Galvani noticed that there is electricity that occurs with neural communication

. Gall noticed that facial features can be matched to our personality

. Broca discovered that the LFC is the site of expressive language

. Moniz relieved anxiety with Prefrontal leucotomy which is now banned

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2
Q

lecture 2 - M.S and neuron function

  • what are symptoms of MS
A

paraplegia, weakness, numbness, visual problems and slurred speech

  • this is because their immune system attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds our axons of neuron disturbing the transmission of action potential/stops communication
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3
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

  • what is the role of myelin sheath?
A

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

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4
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

-functioning of a cell

A

. Dendrites allow neurons to communicate

. Axon is a passage that carries signals from the cell body

. Action potential is the signal that gets carried

. Terminal buttons secreted neurotransmitters to either excite or inhibit

. Cytoplasm has mitochondria which uses glucose to produce energy

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5
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

what does a change in membrane permeability cause?

A

action potential

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6
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

4 types of glial cells

A
  1. astrocytes which provide physical support and clean up waste to keep the extracellular fluids around cells in good condition
  2. oligodendrocytes which TOO give physical support but also insulation to axons alongside myelin
  3. microglia which act as phagocytes
  4. schwann cells which are like oligodendrocytes but for the PNS
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7
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

depolarisation

A

…occurs when a positive electrical current passes through making the sodium channels open

…membrane potential goes from a negative charge to a positive

…the current must be between -70mvs to 40mvs

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8
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

repolarisation

A

…occurs after depolarisation and potassium channels now open to bring back a balance as there is too much positive potassium now in the axon

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9
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

refractory period

A

…occurs when sodium channels close and cannot re open until the membrane reaches its resting potential again which is -70mvs

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10
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

role of the sodium potassium pump

A

…allows a cell to have both sodium and potassium inside during the change in membrane potential which is crucial for normal functioning

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11
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

hyperpolorisation

A

…potassium ions start to move out and the process of action potential can start again

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12
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

what medicine can be administered to allivieate MS

A

interferon b - aids the Nodes of Ranvier which have been disrupted

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13
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

what are the advantages of the action potential jumping along myelinated axons

A

1 it saves energy

2 it increases the speed therefore our reaction time is faster

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14
Q

lecture 2 - MS and neuron function

where are sodium ions most concentrated?

A

…outside of the neuron making the membrane potential more positive

…efflux of potassium however makes the membrane potential more negative

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15
Q

lecture 3

what is myasthenia gravis?

A

…a disorder of synaptic transmission

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16
Q

lecture 3

steps of neurotransmitter release

A
  1. enzymes
  2. NT release from the top
  3. NT binds to vesicles
  4. some enzymes degrade
  5. those that haven’t leave the pre synapse and attach to the post synaptic receptor
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17
Q

lecture 3

EPSP vs IPSP

A

EPSP - depolorises the postsynaptic cell and increases the chance of an action potential

IPSP - hyperpolorises the postsynaptic cell and decreases the chances of an action potential

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18
Q

lecture 3

what is reuptake?

A

occurs in the synaptic cleft and ensure there are no lingering NTs that did not make it into the postsynapse

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19
Q

lecture 3

what is enzymatic deactivation?

A

…deactivates enzymes after termination of postsynaptic potentials

20
Q

lecture 3

types of amino acids and what they do

A

firstly, amino acids give our cells structure - building blocks

… one type is GABA which are inhibitory
… second is glutamate which are excitatory
…monomines which include seretonin and dopamine
… and then there are acetlycholine

21
Q

lecture 3

agonist drugs vs antagonist

A

agonist - increase flow in synapse

antagonist - decrease ion flow at synapse

22
Q

lecture 4 - structure and function of nervous system

  • positions of our brain
A
  1. rostral (anterior)
  2. caudal (posterior)
  3. dorsal (fin/up)
  4. ventral (heart/below us)
23
Q

lecture 4 - structure and function of nervous system

the meninges and what is involved in the meninges structure

A

the main role of the meninges is to protect our CNS and is made up of:

  1. the dura mater - protects skull
  2. arachnoid mater - allows CSF to flow through
  3. pia mater - only the PNS has pia mater and dura mater
24
Q

lecture 4 - structure and function of nervous system

CSF

A

…is created by chorois plexus and re-absorbed into bloodstream. The lateral ventricle lets it flow out
…those with a blockage of CSF get a condition called obstructive hydrocephalus

25
Q

lecture 5 - structure and function of nervous system

what do darker ares of the brain show?

A

…more neuron cell bodies

26
Q

lecture 5 - structure and function of nervous system

hypothalamus vs thalamus

A

H –> controls our autonomic nervous system and endocrine system which regulates our survival behaviours

T –> the relay station for sensory inputs to the cerebral cortex

27
Q

lecture 5 structure and function of nervous system

the spine

A

…we have 24 vertebrae in the spine
…spinal foramen is where the spinal cord passes through
…31 pairs of spinal nerves that receive and convey information
…12 cranial nerves associated with the sending and receiving of signals

28
Q

lecture 6 - methods of testing peoples biological systems

A

…clinical neuropsychology attempts to explain brain behaviour relationships by looking at functioning patterns after damage. To be able to do this researchers look at patterns of association and dissociation

…limitations of clinical neuropsychology is that it cannot test in depth, hard to replicate and assumptions can be made that are incorrect

29
Q

lecture 6 - methods of testing people

overcoming limitations of clinical neuropsychology with ablation studies

A

…ablation studies are means of testing animals

30
Q

lecture 6

broca aphasic vs wernickes aphasia

A

B.A –> loss of speech

W.A–> cannot comprehend language

31
Q

lecture 6

other methods of testing (other than clinical neuropsychology and ablation)

A
  1. structural brain imaging - ct scans and MRI

2. functional brain imaging - EEG, ERP AND fMRI

32
Q

lecture 6 - methods of testing

fMRI

A

fMRI looks at oxyhaemoglobin which is diamagnetic and deoxyhaemoglobin levels which is paramagnetic

33
Q

lecture 7 - visual system

cells of our retina

A

…1. ganglion cells
…2. bipolar cells
…3. photoreceptor layer

signals from cones and rods go from the bipolar cels to the ganglion cells

photoreceptor and bipolar cells do not produce action potentials instead they release neurotransmitters that either increase of decrease the firing rate of action potentials that are generated by ganglion cells

the retina has around 120million rods and 6 million cones

34
Q

lecture 7 - visual system

wavelengths of cones

A

shortwavelength - blue light and most sensitive to 440nm

midwavelength - green light and most sensitive to 500nm

long wavelength - red light and most sensitive to 560nm

35
Q

lecture 7 - visual system

rods vs cones

A

cones - active when there is more light and colour

rods - active when it is dark/monochromatic light

36
Q

lecture 7 - visual system

ON and OFF cells

A

within the ganglion and bipolar cells; ON cells are excited by light in their centre and inhibited by light in their surrounding field

OFF cells are inhibited by light in their centre and excited by light in their surrounding areas

…a bar of light that passes over the oN region will increase firing rate of neuron and a bar of light that passes over the OFF region will decrease firing rate

37
Q

lecture 7 - visual system

areas of vision in the brain

A

Primary visual cortex - V1/ injuries to this causes interruption of flow of visual info to the brain
V4 - neurons sensitive to colour
MT - neurons sensitive to movement
Inferior temporal cortex - aids recognition of complex objects and faces

damage to v4 - see things in black and white

damage to MT - akinestopsia/ unable to judge speed

propsopagnosia - cannot recognise famous faces

38
Q

lecture 8 - auditory system

  • basic knowledge; key words
A

as humans we can hear from 30-20,000 Hz
loudness = amplitude
pitch = frequency
timbre = complexity

  • inner ear contains the cochlea which is the most important system for our hearing as sound waves cause the stapes to move in and out making fluid movement to the baslir membrane
39
Q

lecture 8 - auditory system

how we hear

A

bending of hair cels is what produces receptor potentials converting sound waves in neural signals

40
Q

lecture 8 - auditory system

cochlea implantation

A
  • creates more excitation of inner hair cells while decoding complex sounds into individual frequencies
41
Q

lecture 8 - auditory system

what is the somatosensory system?

A
  • is the part of the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration, which arise from the muscles, joints, skin, and fascia
  • within this is cutaneous sense which is incharge of touch e.g. pain
42
Q

lecture 8 - auditory system

skin properties

A

hairy skin has rapid vibrations and free nerve endings that detect a change in temperature

glabrous skin = a more complex array of receptors found in areas that need is such as our fingers, mouth and palms

meissners corpuscles = are nerve endings that respond to taps, light touches and frequent vibrations (10-50Hz)

morkels disks = respond to indenting of skin

nocirecptor = respond to pain

ATP receptors = respond to muscle damage

Capsaicin receptors = respond to extreme heat

mechanoreceptors = respond to hitting, stretching or pinching

Phantom limbs = sensations from a limb that are no longer there

43
Q

lecture 9 - sensorimotor system

how are our muscles fibres stimulated?

A

…neural signals from motor neurons in our spine exit via the ventral root to create an action potential which releases acetylcholine that stimulates the muscle fibres to change their length accordingly to perform the movement

44
Q

lecture 9 - sensorimotor system

flexors, extensors, muscle spindles, reflex arc

A

flexors = flex a joint
extensors = straighten a joint
muscle spindles = provide information to the CNS regarding muscle lenght
reflex arc = helps maintain position of body such that when someone bumps you when you have hot tea for example your stretch reflex compensates to prevent you from falling over and spilling this hot tea over you that would hurt

you can test your relex arc with a patellar tendon test

45
Q

lecture 9 - sensorimotor system

hierarchical organisation in sensorimotor system in the brain

A
  1. highest level of control patterns = association cortex e.g. prefrontal cortex and parietal
  2. motor cortex
  3. primary motor cortex
  4. brainstem motor nuclei
  5. spinal motor circuits
46
Q

lecture 9 - sensorimotor system

senses controlled in the brain

A

…basil ganglia - controls motor behaviour such as sequencing of movement and voluntary movement

…huntingdons disease and parkinsons are due to damage to the basil ganglia

…lesions to cerebellum disrupts a persons ability to control direction, force etc. of voluntary movements and cannot adjust to walking on different surfaces such as a bumpy road

Psychology for uni (9 decks)

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