developmental psychology year 2 Flashcards
lecture 1 - intro
plato, aristotle, locke, rousseau, freud, watson and preformationist views
P - children have innate knowledge
A - children are born with no knowledge and learn through experience
L - children are born a tabula rasa
R - children are born with qualities shaped by nature
F - psychodynamic
W - behaviourist views/re enforcement
Preformationist views - a real life human is already in the sperm
lecture 1
types of experimental designs
- cross sectional - people of different ages are studied at a single time and quickly
- longitudinal design looks at a group of people the same age over a period of time
- microgenetic design - people are observed over a short period of time
lecture 2
cognitive development in stages according to Piaget
- sensorimotor stage
- pre-operational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
in contrast to information processing - being that what underlies thinking such as memory, attention and language
further, vygotsky thought that sociocultural influences such as the zone of proximal development led to cog. development
lecture 3 - infancy
types of reflexes
- babinski (fanning of toes)
- crawling
- grasping
- rooting
- stepping
lecture 3 - infancy
3 temperament categories
- easy 2. difficult 3. slow to warm up
lecture 3 - infancy
babies preferences of taste
prefer breast milk
prefer salty over sweet
lecture 4 - core knowledge theories
what are core knowledge theories based on?
- evolution
- biology, objects, actions, number, psychology and space – all DOMAIN SPECIFIC
- alludes to this notion that all babies are born with innate (inborn/natural) knowledge
lecture 4 -
what happens when you begin to hide a toy from a child?
active search for hidden toys is mastered between 6 and 9 months but if the hiding place changes the child cannot recognise where it may be until 10-12 months
- invisible displacement is mastered at 18 months
lecture 5 - Theory of Mind
…is the attribution of mental states to other people and requires integration of information which can only mature over time
- at 8 months old intention develops
- 9 months old gestures develop
- joint attention starts at 3 months and altered and cemented between 9-18 months
- understanding the desires of others happens after 12 months of age
- ToM develops after 13 months of age
- pretend play develops at 18 months but declines after 6 years of age
lecture 5 - ToM
False Belief testing
we can test ToM with the FB task such as the Sally-Anne task that allowed us to conclude that 3 year olds will not have a developed ToM but 5 year olds iwll
lecture 5 - ToM
what are the two order tasks required for ToM?
1st order task - require that another persons mental state is read and understood
2 order task - requires understanding of what 2 people think sequentially (mastered at 6 years old)
lecture 5- ToM
nativists vs empiricists
N - “we possess innate knowledge”
E - “we gain knowledge through experiences”
lecture 5 - ToM
Theory - theory vs. Mind blindness theory vs. Empathising-systemising theory
1 …implies that mind reading is a detached theoretical activity
2 …unable to contribute mental states to another which is common in Autistic children
3 … Autistic individuals no not develop empathy normally
lecture 6 - types of variables
binary - data that can be sorted via “yes”or “no”
nominal - categories that are named
ordinal - can out into order
interval - the intervals between the numbers are all equal (20,40,60…)
ratio - same as interval but always starts at 0 (0,1,2,3…)
lecture 6 - chi square
chi squares are used for categorial data
- the statistics that we analyse show us what we should have expected vs. what we got
- if the score is large enough we can say there is an association between the two
- the residual is the difference between the observed and the expected
lecture 7 - middle childhood (2-7)
- at this age we grow on average 6cm per year
- weight gain = 2.25kg per year
- gross motor skills are stronger in boys
- fine motor skills are stronger in girls
- from the ages of 2 the child can deductive reasoning meaning that they can draw inferences from 2 or more pieces of information
- they can begin to use symbols for information e.g. maps but to do this they must have dual representation and above the age of 2.5
- when a 2 year old groups together objects that have similar traits e.g. based n their shape and functions this is called perceptual organisation
lecture 7 - middle childhood
what did taylor 1999 find?
that 63% of children 3-7 had imaginary friends and they were often a firstborn or only child
- 7-9 years of age understand that plants are alive therefore they have this concept of essentialism
lecture 8 - language
by the age of 5 the child understands basic structures of language
- language comprehension comes BEFORE language production
- phonological development is the acquisitions of knowledge about phonemes (such as p, b, d and t) and understanding the sound that distinguishes meaning (pad, bat, pat)
- children do not have metalinguistic knowledge
lecture 8 - semantic vs syntactic vs pragmatic development
- semantic development = expressing meaning in a language beginning with morphemes (e.g. incoming such that it cannot be broken down any further)
- syntactic development = learning the syntax or rules for putting words together and making them mean something
- pragmatic development = understanding a variety of conversational techniques
lecture 8 - language
what did Johnson and Newport 1989 report on language learning?
- showed that participants who began learning english early (before 7) were more likely native speakers when they were older
- decline in english began if they learnt english after 8 but was gradual
lecture 8 - language
What did Eimas et al., 1985 report?
Babies attached to a nipple which is attached to a recorder and every time they such they would hear sounds from the recorder they would slow suck when they felt or heard a change they would speed up
lecture 9 - intelligence
2 types of intelligence –
crystallised = factual knowledge and this increases with age
fluid =ability to solve problems and this declines with age
lecture 9- intelligence
intelligence theorists
Binet - 1904 IQ test
Thurstone - 7 types of intelligence abilities
Carroll - said there were 3 types of intelligence
Caldwell and bradley - childrens iq scores are positively correlated with quality of family environment measured through a HOME test
Gardner - individual children learn best through instruction that allows them to build on their own strengths
lecture 9 - intelligence
intelligence studies and findings
Kuhl - noticed babies turned heads to sounds changed by phonemes e.g. pop to peep change
Eimad - recorded how Japanese babies can hear changes between R and L but Japanese adults cannot
Werker + Tees - from 8-12 months babies do not discriminate sounds not used in their own language - open to all?
Nazzi - babies cannot distinguish between languages that have the same timing
Wolff - 2 weeks olds and a baby will stop crying to a human voice
lecture 9 - intelligence and dyslexia
dyslexia affects 5-10% of kids in US
13/14 year olds with dyslexia have reading abilities that match a normal 7/8 year old
dyscalculia = maths dyslexia and 8% of kids world wide have this
lecture 10 - genetic disorders and development
What is turners syndrome and Klineflfer’s syndrome?
t... = 1 less chromosome K... = 47 but shows up as XXY - gives the males female characteristics e.g. breasts, wide hips..
lecture 10 - genetic disorders and development
how does DNA pair and work?
AT + GC
- we read DNA downwards
- RNA is a messenger component that carries instructions from DNA for the process of making proteins
- 3 base paris in mRNA code for amino acids which are called codons and we have 64 of these
lecture 10 - genetic disorders and development
what makes us different?
our alleles - they are a variant of our genes and are either dominant or recessive
lecture 10 - genetic disorders and development
mitosis vs meiosis
mitosis - cell replicative and division
meiosis - production of sex gamates
lecture 10 - genetic disorders and development
four types of mutations
base substitutions - A becomes T
deletions
insertions
whole/partial chromosomal abnormalities such that you get a whole new chromosome (D.S)
