Maxillofacial Surgery Flashcards
What are consequences of facial deformity?
Loss of sight, smell, speech, eating, breathing and talking
Neurological implications like loss of confidence/depression
How does facial appearance being important in most cultures impact the treatment of facial deformaties?
Must restore both form and function
What is the aetiology of facial deformaties?
Assualts (52%)
RTAs
Sports
Falls
Industrial
What are the different subtypes of facial deformity?
Bone injury (mandible, midface - maxilla, zygomatic, orbit)
Soft tissue
Combination of both
What is the most common fracture of the face?
Nasal fracture
What is the second most common fracture of the face?
Mandibular fracture
What is the common history of a mandibular fracture?
Blow to the face
What are the symptoms of a mandibular fracture?
Pain on biting, swallowing
Teeth do not meet properly
Numb lip
What are the signs of a mandibular fracture?
Swelling, tenderness along TMJs
Angles
Haematoma retromolar region or floor of mouth
Step deformity on occlusion
What is cleft lip?
Congenital split in the upper lip
What is cleft palate?
Congenital split in the mouth
What are examples of congenital deformaties?
Cleft lip
Cleft mouth
What investigations are done for cleft lip/palate?
Radiographs
Models
Photographs
Surgery simulation on computer
What is the rule for the proportion of the face vertically?
Rule of 3rds
What is the rule for the proportion of the face horizontally?
Rule of 5ths
What surgical technique is used to access the maxilla?
Le Fort/osteotomy
What is an osteotomy?
Surgical cutting of bone
What surgical technique is used to access the mandible?
Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy
What is the most common head and neck cancer?
Oral cancer (95%)
What is the male to female ratio of head and neck cancer?
2:1
What is the incidence of head and neck cancer?
7-18/100000
Is the incidence of head and neck cancer rising or falling?
Rising
What is the most common cause of head and neck cancer?
Viruses such as HPV
Smoking
What is the 5 year survival of all stages of oral cancer?
45%
Oral cancer where has the worst prognosis?
Tongue
What are worrying signs for oral cancer?
Area of redness
Combined red/white lesions
Indurate area of ulceration
Area of ulceration that has been present for 3 weeks or more
New area of melanin pigmentation
What is the white patch present in oral cancer called?
Leukoplakia
What is the red patch present in oral cancer called?
Erythoplakia
What is where the mass of head and neck cancer is on the levels of the neck an indicator of?
Where the mass is from
What is the best imaging technique for staging head and neck cancer?
CT
What stage is any head and neck cancer just if N>0?
Stage 3
What are the 2 approaches for managing head and neck cancer?
Aim to cure
Palliation
What is the management for curing head and neck cancer?
Surgery (resection/recontruction with 1cm margin)
With or without chemotherapy and radiotherapy)
What is the best palliation treatment for head and neck cancer?
Best supportive care
Palliative radiotherapy
