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Chem! > Matter and Energy > Flashcards

Matter and Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space of volume and has mass

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2
Q

Pure substances

A

Elements and compounds

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3
Q

Elements

A

Substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means

Ex: H2(g), Ne(g)

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4
Q

Compounds

A

2 or more different elements chemically bonded together

LiH(s), NaCO3(s)

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5
Q

Binary compound

A

Contains 2 different elements

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6
Q

Ternary compound

A

Contains 3 different elements

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7
Q

Mixtures

A

Homogenous and heterogeneous

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8
Q

Homogenous mixture (solution)

A
  • Observe 1 distinct phase
  • Particles are uniformly dispersed
  • Clear, transparent
  • Cannot be filtered

Ex: NaCl(aq), CuSO4(aq)

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9
Q

Heterogenous mixture

A
  • Observe 2 or more distinct phases
  • Particles are unevenly dispersed
  • Not clear and not transparent
  • Can be filtered

Ex: Greek salad, oil and water, soil

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10
Q

How do you remove salt from water?

A

Heat the solution in order to evaporate out the water and be left with salt

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11
Q

Physical properties

A

Observed using 5 senses

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12
Q

Examples of physical properties

A

Texture, taste, shape, color, smell, phase of matter, density, solubility

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13
Q

Physical properties of metals

A

Luster, conductivity, malleability, ductility, tenacity

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14
Q

Why do metals conduct electricity?

A

Due to a sea of mobile electrons

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15
Q

Malleability

A

Can be hammered into sheets

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16
Q

Ductility

A

Can be drawn into wires

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17
Q

Tenacity

A

Strength

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18
Q

Physical change

A

A change that does not alter the chemical properties of the substance

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19
Q

Phase changes

A

A type of physical change

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20
Q

Melting

A

Solid to liquid

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21
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid to gas

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22
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to gas

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23
Q

Freezing/solidification

A

Liquid to solid

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24
Q

Condensation

A

Gas to liquid

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25
Q

Deposition

A

Gas to solid

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26
Q

Chemical properties

A

Describe how a substance reacts

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27
Q

Examples of chemical properties

A

Inert (noble gases), radioactivity, acidity, flammability, combustibility, rust, sours, spoils

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28
Q

What substances sublime readily?

A

Iodine and carbon dioxide (dry ice)

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29
Q

Which substance is flammable?

A

Hydrogen

30
Q

Which substance is combustible?

A

Methane

31
Q

Which substance supports combustion but is not combustible?

A

Oxygen

32
Q

Chemical changes

A

Production of new substances through a reaction

33
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

34
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

35
Q

6 other types of energy

A

1) Thermal (heat)
2) Solar (sun)
3) Nuclear
4) Mechanical (pulley, lever)
5) Chemical (batteries)
6) Electrical

36
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change its form

37
Q

Energy units

A
  • calorie/kilocalorie
  • joule/kilojoule

1 calorie = 4.18 joule

38
Q

When bonds are broken,

A

Energy is absorbed

39
Q

When bonds are formed,

A

Energy is released

40
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

In bonds between atoms

41
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Heat is absorbed and the walls of the container become cool

42
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Heat is released and the walls of the container become warm

43
Q

Is a combustion reaction endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic

44
Q

Temperature

A

A measure of a substance’s kinetic energy

45
Q

Freezing/melting point

A

0°C and 273K

46
Q

Boiling/condensation point

A

100°C and 373K

47
Q

Absolute zero

A

All motion stops at 0K

48
Q

Celsius to kelvin conversion

A

°C + 273 = K

49
Q

Kelvin to celsius conversion

A

K - 273 = °C

50
Q

Endothermic phase changes

A

Melting, evaporation. sublimation

51
Q

Exothermic phase changes

A

Freezing, condensation, deposition

52
Q

Direction of heat flow

A

Heat flows from the hotter object to the colder object

53
Q

Phase changes take place at…

A

Constant temperatures

54
Q

Potential energy increases as…

A

The distance between particles increases

55
Q

Reaction coordinate

A

The path that a reaction takes

56
Q

Activation energy

A

Minimum amount of energy that must be added to the reactants to start the reaction

57
Q

Activated complex

A

Intermediate stage between reactants and products, transition species

58
Q

Heat of the reaction, delta H, or enthalpy

A

Heat of the products - heat of the reactants

59
Q

If the heat of the reaction is positive, the reaction is…

A

Endothermic

60
Q

If the heat of the reaction is negative, the reaction is…

A

Exothermic

61
Q

How does a catalyst affect the potential energy diagram?

A

1) Provides an alternate pathway
2) Decreases the activation energy of the forward and reverse reaction
3) Decreases the energy of the activated complex

*Doesn’t affect enthalpy

62
Q

Calorimetry

A

The science of measuring heat lost or gained in a reaction

63
Q

Calorimeter

A

Device used to measure energy changes

64
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

For every one gram of water, 4.18 J of heat must be added to raise the temperature by 1°C

65
Q

Why do metals have low specific heats?

A

They are conductors of heat and electricity

66
Q

Specific heat capacity formula

A

q = m C delta T

67
Q

Why can’t we use the formula q = m C delta T for phase changes?

A

There is no change in temperature, so delta T = 0°C

68
Q

Heat of fusion

A

Melting and freezing

69
Q

Heat of fusion formula

A

q = mHf

70
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Boiling and condensation

71
Q

Heat of vaporization formula

A

q = mHvap

Chem! (9 decks)

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