Maternal Diseases

Question 0

Hydrops

Answer 0

Fluid overload
2 body cavities or
1 body cavity & anasarca

• anasarca
• ascites
• pleural effusion
• pericardial effusion

Placentamegaly
Polyhydramnios
Oligohydramnios
Cardiomegaly 
Dilated umb vein

Question 1

What does TORCH stand for

Answer 1

Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Citomegalo Virus
Herpes

Question 2

Immune Hydrops

Answer 2

Due to Rh incompatibility

Better prognosis than non immune

Question 3

Rh incompatibility

Answer 3

Mom Rh- fetus Rh+. Mom forms antigens after 1st delivery. Next pregnancy affected. Antibodies attack fetal RBC.

Leads to fetal anemia, CHF, hydrops

Treat: blood transfusion into umb vein or peritoneal cavity.

• RHoGAM shot prevents
• Coombs test detects RBC antibodies

Question 4

Non immune hydrops

Answer 4

High mortality rate
Usually with polyhydramnios and size greater than dates.

If have oligohydramnios, 100% mortality if have anomaly

❤️cause MC
A bunch of other causes

Question 5

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 5

MC maternal disorder

Type 1: insulin dependent, juvenile onset. Body fails to produce insulin.

Type 2: non insulin dependent, adult onset, MC, insulin resistance, body can’t use insulin.

Secondary diabetes: 2nd to panc disease, hormones, drugs

Gestational diabetes: with pregnancy. 4%.

Question 6

Macrosomia

Answer 6

Weight > 90%
> 4000 grams
> 8 lbs 13 oz

Question 7

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 7

Develops in 2nd tri

Risk: previous stillbirth, previous birth with anomalies, previous Macrosomic infant, family history of diabetes

Findings: inc fetal fat, placentamegaly, polyhydramnios, high umb cord Doppler ratio

Question 8

Hypertension

Answer 8

Blood pressure 140/90 mmHg

• pregnancy induced HTN
• chronic HTN (pre existing)

Risk of stillbirth, preeclampsia, IUGR, abruption, small mature placenta, inc resistance in umb Doppler

Question 9

Toxemia

Answer 9

Preeclampsia: HTN, proteinuria, edema

Eclampsia: in 3rd tri, HTN, proteinuria, edema, seizures, coma

Assoc: low birth weight, fetal distress, abruption. Life threatening.

Tx: anti hypertensive meds, anticonvulsant meds with immediate delivery

Question 10

Lupus

Answer 10

Systematic Lupus Erythematosus
Auto immune disease
Young females 
Connective tissue disorder 
Butterfly rash in cheeks, sensitive to sun, skin, joints, kidneys, CNS, 

Fetal demise, recurrent abortion, IUGR, toxemia, fetal heart block, pericardial effusion

Question 11

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 11

Abnl sickle shape RBC
Blacks, Hispanics
Causes anemia
Pain episodes when sickle cells stuck in vessels & cut off blood -> sickle cell crises

Risks: SAB, premie, IUGR, short femurs

Question 12

Phenylketonuria

Answer 12

Fail to oxidize phenylalamine

Toxic acid build up leads to retard & seizures. Permanent damage if not treated within a yr.

Heel prick babies to check once born. Diet for life.

Risks: SAB, microcephaly, CHD

Question 13

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 13

Due to Graves’ disease

Small for gest age

Question 14

Toxoplasmosis / Kitty Litter Disease

Answer 14

Parasitic infection toxoplasma gondii
Cat eats bird and poops. Humans get by eating raw meat or cleaning litter box.
Fever sore throat, self limiting

Sever IUGR, hydrocephalus, microcephaly, cerebral ca+, hepatosplenomegaly, demise.

Question 15

Rubella / German Measles

Answer 15

SAB, stillbirth, microcephaly (sloping forehead), hydrocephalus, cephalocele (herniation brain through calvarium defect), ❤️problems

Question 16

Cytomegalovirus

Answer 16

Spread by contact, body fluids

Asymptomatic, fever, sore throat

Fetal: hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, chorioretinitis, cerebral ca+, liver ca+, microcephaly, inguinal hernia, face/neck anomalies, CNS damage, ascites, IUGR, splenomegaly, hydrocephalus, polyhydramnios

Question 17

TORCH findings

Answer 17

Liver Ca+, ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, hydrocephalus, brain Ca+, hydrops

Echogenic Bowel

Question 18

Herpes I & II

Answer 18

SAB, still birth, microcephaly, hydranencephaly, brain ca+, microthalmus (sm eyes), hepatosplenomegaly

50% infect baby when delivered vag
Do c section

Question 19

Other

Answer 19

Varicella Zoster Virus/chicken pox: malformed limbs, microcephaly, microthalmus, postnatal disease

Epstein Barr Virus: causes mononucleosis, low birth weight

AIDs/HIV: SGA, fail to thrive, Hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy

Syphilis: SAB, stillborn, congenital disease

Gonorrhea: SAB, premie, still birth, blind, IUGR

UTI: leads to kidney infection, SAB, premie, still birth, IUGR

Malaria: SAB, premie, stillbirth, IUGR

Question 20

Human Parvo Virus B19 / 5th disease / Erythema Infectiosum

Answer 20

Airborne viral infection affects RBC
Kids get it. Spread to teachers.

Low grade fever, malaise, red rash, slapped cheek appearance, joint pain

Fetal: hydrops, miscarriage, stillbirth, heart failure

Question 21

Drug use

Answer 21

Promotes fetal addiction, teratogenesis (organ genesis), IUGR

Class A: safest
B: no harm ID
C: not enough research
D: bad effects on fetus

Question 22

Marijuana

Answer 22

IUGR, development problems, attention span, learning problems

Question 23

Hallucinogenic

Answer 23

LSD & opines such as heroine risk for SAB

Question 24

Amphetamine

Answer 24

❤️ defects

Question 25

Cocaine

Answer 25

Abruption

Question 26

Tylenol

Answer 26

Safest med

Question 27

Retinol, Isotretinoin

Answer 27

Used for acne. Inc birth defects. Hydrocephalus, ❤️defects

Question 28

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 28

11% preg women

Physical retard, CNS problems, facial abnl, ❤️defects, abruption, SAB

Question 29

Nicotine

Answer 29

Low both weight, SAB, mature placenta

Question 30

Caffeine

Answer 30

Excess link to SAB. > 7 cups/day. Greatly diminish in 1st tri

Question 31

Nutrition disorders

Answer 31

Malnutrition: premie, low birth weight, IUGR

Obesity: HTN, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes