Cardiac Anomalies

Question 0

Bradycardia

Answer 0

< 80-100 bpm sustained

Poor prognosis with ❤️ defects or hydrops

Fetal ❤️block ventricle slow rhythm.

Question 1

Tachycardia

Answer 1

> 180-200 bpm sustained

Treated with digoxin

Question 2

Ectopic beats

Answer 2

1/10 beats abnl off beat. Irregular.

Affected by alcohol caffeine and nicotine

Question 3

VSD

Answer 3

MC ❤️anomaly

Interruption of echoes in ventricular septum

Question 4

ASD

Answer 4

Hard 2 ID bc of foramen ovale

Seen in holt oram absent thumb syndrome

Question 5

AV Septal Defect / AV Canal / Endocardial Cushion Defect

Answer 5

Strong assoc with trisomy 21

VSD, ASD, Common valve (1 valve leaflet)

Poor prog

Question 6

Hypoplastic ❤️ Syndrome

Answer 6

Hypoplasia of ventricle, atrium, AV valve, and great vessel of side affected.

MC on left = Hypoplastic Left ❤️ Syndrome

May have contralateral hyperplasia

See 1 side of ❤️ in 4ch view
Small ventricle and atrium of affected side
Enlargement of unaffected side
Hydrops

Lethal

Question 7

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 7

Large VSD
Overriding aorta: aorta goes into RV instead of LV
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular Hypertrophy

Assoc trisomy 21

Question 8

Ebstein’s Anomaly

Answer 8

Tricuspid valve displaced Inferiorly
Atrialized right ventricle
Large right atrium

Assoc with lithium use, pulmonary atresia, AV canal, transposition of great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation of aorta, arrhythmia

Question 9

Transposition of the Great Vessels

Answer 9

Complete is MC
Aorta rises from RV, pulmonary artery from LV
Outflow tracts run parallel

Assoc: VSD, ASD, patent ductus Arteriosus

Question 10

Corrected Transposition

Answer 10

Ventricles reversed. ID in autopsy

Question 11

Truncus Arteriosus

Answer 11

Fail to separate into AO and PA (fused), overrides both ventricles

Assoc VSD, GU, situs inversus, asplenia

Question 12

Univentricular Heart / Double Inlet Single Ventricle

Answer 12

2 atria & 1 ventricle

Question 13

Coarctation of Aorta

Answer 13

Structure along aortic arch
Enlg rt ventricle

Assoc turners syndrome

Question 14

Double outlet right ventricle

Answer 14

Both great vessels arise from right ventricle

Assoc with septal defects

Question 15

Ectopia Cordis

Answer 15

Heart out of thorax

Assoc with Pentalogy of Contrell

Question 16

Pentalogy of Contrell

Answer 16

Omphalocele 
Ectopia Cordis
Diaphragmatic Defect
Pericardial Defect
CV malformation: VSD, ASD, tetralogy of fallot, lt vent Diverticulum

Question 17

Rhabdomyoma

Answer 17

MC ❤️neoplasm

Rhabdomyosarcoma is malignant version

Question 18

Echogenic Intercardiac Foci

Answer 18

Assoc with aneuploidy

Question 19

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Answer 19

Pulmonary vein won’t connect to left atrium