maternal behavior

Question 1

adult female sheep

Answer 1

ewe

Question 2

adult male sheep

Answer 2

ram

Question 3

young sheep

Answer 3

lamb

Question 4

adult female goat

Answer 4

doe

Question 5

adult male goat

Answer 5

buck

Question 6

young goat

Answer 6

kid

Question 7

young goat

Answer 7

kid

Question 8

adult female meat cattle

Answer 8

cow

Question 9

adult female meat cattle

Answer 9

cow

Question 10

adult male meat cattle

Answer 10

bull

Question 11

young cattle

Answer 11

calf

Question 12

maternal B timeline

Answer 12

1. nesting: finding a separate place for birth
2. responsiveness: showing interest in others’ young
3. discrimination: investing all her energy in her young only
   * ie bonding

Question 13

parturition

Answer 13

birth

1. 1-3d prior to birth: separates from group

    - in order to bond with offspring & keep it from responding to other mothers' pheromones 

2. 1-1.5h prior: restless, moving, vocalizing = parturition about to happen
3. parturition
   once bond is formed, mother & offspring return to group

Question 14

types of young:

Answer 14

• precocial: stand soon after birth
  - can see, hear, stand, walk, have fur
  - horses, cattle, goats, giraffes
• altricial: depend on mother
  - often blind, no fur/wool/hair, cannot walk/stand
  - dogs, humans, rabbits, birds
  different types of young = diff maternal care B

Question 15

maternal/offspring B: survival strategies

Answer 15

followers: mothers take young with them while they feed
* ex: sheep ➞ lambs follow ewe
* benefits: moving around all the time allows:
* vigilance ➞ look for predators
* startle easily
* easy escape from predators
* safety in numbers

hiders: mothers leave young in safe spot while they feeg
- could be for up to a couple days
- benefits: hiding offspring in 1 place allows:
- avoiding predators
- safety in numbers w/in crèche
- ex: cows, goats, deer
- cows hide their calves in grass
- crèche calve nursery
- “crib”, “cradle”

• immediately—few days post-birth: offspring on its own ➞ unlikely to run from predators
• as offspring gets older:
  - stays in crèche
  - begins to travel with mother
  able to run from predators

Question 16

sampling methods: choosing subjects

Answer 16

ad libitum: whoever is within view

focal: specific animals w/in a group

scan: whole group

Question 17

sampling methods: choosing timeframe

Answer 17

continuous: continuously
- most comprehensive
- information:
- % of activity budget: % of observations spent performing that B
- duration: sum of duration of each event
- # bouts: number of events
- benefit: true representation
- con: time consuming

instantaneous: at predefined intervals
- check if performing B at regular set intervals
- less comprehensive

zero/one: within an interval
- yes or no: is the animal doing B at least 1x during interval
- least accurate