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ANS 002 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

stages of mammary development

A

mammogenesis = mammary epithelial cell (MEC) proliferation

  • stimulated by estrogen (+ GH + IGF-1)
  • ductal elongation
  • throughout puberty
  • fluctuation of progesterone influences alveolar development

lactogensis = ductal development & differentiation of MEC into alveolar cells capable of synthesizing & secreting milk

  • initiation of lactation
  • late pregnancy milk production
  • inititated by rising estrogen, prolactin, GH, & placental lactogen

galactopoiesis = lactation

  • parturition ➔ weaning
  • stimulus = emptying of milk & sucking

involution = apoptosis of MEC & regression of mammary gland

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2
Q

udder tissue

A

supramammary lymph node

parenchyma = glandular secretory tissue

gland cistern = milk storage once its made

teat cistern = milk storage

furstenberg’s rosette = mucosal folding that folds over the streak canal as barrier → protection from bacteria/infx

streak canal = channel ate bottom of teat where milk exits

mammary epithelial cells (MEC) in single layer lining lumen (central cavity) = secretory tissue

myoepithelial cells contract when oxytocin is present (muscular)

alveoli form during pregnancy when progesterone causes full differentiation

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3
Q

estrogen influence on mammary development

A

stimulates duct & cistern development

  • during follicular phase of estrous cycle
  • replaces fat w/ branches
  • lengthening of branches & ducts
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4
Q

progesterone influence on mammary development

A

induces formation of alveoli

  • present in luteal phase
  • causes duct cells to widen & converts terminal end buds to alveoli
  • complete alveoli development when CL stays (if pregnant/fertilized)
  • helps prevent contractions & induces mammary development
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5
Q

during estrous cycle

A

estrogen made in ovary in granulosa cells during follicular phase

progesterone made in ovary in CL during luteal phase

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6
Q

dominance

A

interactions btwn alleles at same loci

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7
Q

epistasis

A

interactions btwn alleles at diff loci

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8
Q

epigenetic

A

changes in phenotype based on envir (not DNA sequence)

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9
Q

additive variance

A

genes cause traits ➔ predictable

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10
Q

non-additive variance

A

indiv allele combinations (&/or envir) influence traits (transmission harder to predict)

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11
Q

heritibility

A

ratio of phenotype to genotype

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12
Q

stadard deviation

A

how far each value lies from the mean

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13
Q

selection differential

A

the diff btwn avg of pop & avg of selected indiv

  • can made predictions about future gen
  • can identify superior/inferior indiv
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14
Q

quantitative loci map

A

identifies regions of genome w/ statistical significance to desired trait

  • marker assisted selection
  • genome wide assisted selection
    • SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism
    • SNP chip = high capacity phenotyping
      • profile of a bull can be evaluated & correlated w/ phenotype of progeny
      • selective breeding tool
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15
Q

breeding value

A

additive genetic variance

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16
Q

biotech used in AG

A

ART = assisted reproductive tech

  • AI
  • estrous synchronization (progesterone to block FSH & LH for ~2w so everyone will come into heat when stopped
  • superovultion: Oocytes collected from ovaries after slaughter or by ovum pickup following superovulation matured and fertilized in vitro (IVF)
    ➔ Resulting embryos transferred immediately or following culture

dx, vs, rx

selective breeding

gene editing

genetic engineering

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17
Q

DNA in dx

A

nucleic acid based: detecting pathogen based on DNA/RNA sequence

  • PCR = polymerase chain rxns to amplify nucleic material in vitro ➔ use that DNA sequence to identify pathogen
  • protein antibodies can be detected
  • tradiional methods (eg microscopy, culture, biochemical characteristics)
  • genetic diseases
  • traits
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18
Q

uses of recombinant DNA

A

making DNA mol in lab by joining pieces together

  • RX
  • VX
  • distemper
  • parvo
  • coronavirus
  • kennel cough
  • rabies
  • FLV
  • lyme
  • rinderpest (first to be erraticated)
  • salmonella
  • pseudorabies virus
  • can be put in fish feed & spread so wild pop is vx
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18
Q

methods to make transgenic animals

A

pronuclear microinjection: collect 1-cell zygotes via superovulation or estrous synchronization & inject transgene = piece of DNA containing coding & regulatory elements (aka DNA construct) via IVF

  • allows gene addition only
  • DNA inserts randomly in genome
  • low efficiency

SCNT-based cloning: introduce DNA to cells prior to cloning

  • fusion of a donor cell to an enucleated unfertilized egg or early embryo
  • chemical or electrical current to trigger embryo to divide as if fertilized
  • enable site-specific modifications w/ low efficiency but all animals are born transgenic
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19
Q

gene editing tools

A
  1. DNA binding proteins using engineered nucleases
  2. complex of nuclease & RNA: CRISPR-Cas9 = clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) uses elements of a bacterial defense system that guide complementary RNA to site in genome they want to cut
  3. repair pathways
    • introduce targeted, double-strand break in DNA for cell to repair using non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) but mistakes in repair ➔ indels (small insertions & deletions) that make DNA non-functional
    • homology directed repair (HDR) ➞ looks at pieces on end that match target site & replaces with new/changed DNA
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20
Q

how can genetic engineering/gene editing be used in animals

A
  1. ↑ growth: GE Salmon with ↑ growth rates
    • ↓ production footprint
    • better utilization of feed (digestion & absorption)
    • more efficient at converting feed into body mass
    • reach market weight twice as fast
    • can grow year round
  2. ↓ environmental pollution
    • pigs need P → all feed has phytate (good source of P) but cannot break down in GI so need supplementation → a lot of P comes out in manure = bad for envir
    • transgenic pigs express transgene in saliva of parotid gland so they can digest phosphorus & produce 75% less P in their manure
  3. ↓ heat stress
    • editing to produce SLICK cattle → less hair
    • color dilution phenotype → lighter coat attracts less heat
  4. ↑ disease resistance
  5. treat diarrha in children under 5 via SI villi & absorption
  6. pharmaceuticals
  7. pigs as medical models
  8. xenotransplantation
  9. change food composition
  10. antimicrobial proteins ➔ treat & prevent diarrhea
    • malnourishment damages intestinal villii
    • cannot absorb nutrients
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21
Q

sertoli cells

A

supportive cells ➞ aid in the formation of sperm

  • force spermatogonium in 1 direction towards lumen
  • guarding & directionality
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22
Q

Leydig cells

A

produce testosterone in interstitial space btwn seminiferous tubules

23
Q

accessory sex glands

A

addition of fluid, nutrients, & butters so sperm can be motile & help survive inside egg

  • bulbourethral gland flushes out urine & sperm
  • prostate: sperm motility
  • seminal vesicle secretes buffers, sugars, & vit to help sperm survive
  • ampulla: where sperm is stored right before ejaculation
    • widening of vas deferens
    • only bulls
24
Q

sigmoid flexure

A

“S” shaped configuration penis except during copulation

25
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

flushes out urine & sperm

  • sedondary sex characteristic
26
Q

prostate

A

sperm motility

  • sedondary sex characteristic
27
Q

seminal vesicle

A

secretes buffers, sugars, & vit to help sperm survive

  • secondary sex characteristic
28
Q

ampulla

A

where sperm is stored right before ejaculation

  • widening of vas deferens
  • only bulls
  • secondary sex characteristic
29
Q

duplex uterus

A

2 cervices + uterine horns

  • marsupials
  • rabbits
30
Q

bicornuate uterus

A

1 cervix + uterine horns

  • poorly to moderately developed: mare & cow
  • highly developed: dog, queen, sow
31
Q

oviduct in birds

A
  • infundibulum ➞ fertilized
  • magnum ➞ albumen (egg white) is added to egg
  • isthmus ➞ shell membrane is put on egg ➞ protection against bacteria & moisture
  • shell gland ➞ shell is formed & pigmented
32
Q

SI

A
  1. duodenum: neutralizes stomach acid & majority of enzymatic digestion
  • peristalsis mixes feed & enzymes & moves down GI tract
  • point of entry for digestive enzymes from pancreas + bile from gallbladder
  1. jejunum: digestion & absorption
  2. ileum: absorption of AA, sugars, & fatty acids
33
Q

LI

A

absorption & elimination

  1. colon: water absorption & drying
  2. cecum: blind pouch (important for hind-gut fermenters)
  3. rectum: connects colon to anus
34
Q

liver

A

processes, metabolizes, filters, & sorts nutrients

  • makes bile = water, salts, cholesterol, pigments ➞ emulsifies fat & keeps in soln
35
Q

gallbladder

A

secretes bile into duodenum to assist w/ lipid absorption

  • stores & concentrates bile until needed
36
Q

pancreas

A

secretes digestive enzymes

37
Q

rumen

A

arge compartment full of 80% microbes (yeast, protozoa, bact) secrete enzymes that break down cellulose

  • lined with papillae: small projections that ↑ SA ∴ ↑ absorption
38
Q

reticulum

A

catches large particles not broken down by rumen microbes

  • honeycomb inner surface
39
Q

omasum

A

hard ball of dried & condensed feed

  • many folds inner surface
40
Q

abomasum

A

digestion, acid secretion, starts chemical breakdown, storage

  • “true stomach”
  • smooth inner surface
41
Q

mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucus ➞ prevents degradation of proteins/nutrients by acid

42
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl & intrinsic factor

43
Q

chief cells

A

secrete enzymes

  • pepsinogen
  • rennin
  • gastric lipase
44
Q
A
  • polyestrous
  • 21 day cycle
  • d1: ovulation
  • d2-4: developing CL
  • d5-15: mature CL
  • d16-20: regressing CL
  • d21 or 0: estrus
45
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • M: stimulates sertoli cells in testis to produce sperm
  • F: induces follicle growth in ovary
    • acts on granulosa cells
46
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • M: stimulates testosterone production by leydig cells in testes
  • F: stimulates estrogen production in ovary & ovulation
    • acts on theca cells
47
Q

estrogen

A

produced by granulosa cells

  • helps w/ development & fx of reprod tract & important when F is in heat/ready to breed ➞ drives B that can signal to prod
  • early on: inhibits (- feedback) LH & FSH
  • later: + feedback later on → LH surge
48
Q

progesterone

A

made by CL ➞ maintain pregnancy

  • prepare uterus to for egg implantation
  • keeps uterine envir optimal for egg
  • prevents uterus from contracting & expelling egg
  • blocks FSH & LH
49
Q

prostaglandin

A

regression & breakdown of CL if no fertilization

  • luteolysis → CL regresses
  • progesterone levels drop → progesterone block released → LH & FSH ↑
  • new follicles can grow
  • key mediator if pregnancy does not occur
50
Q

luteal phase

A

has CL ➞ ↑ progesterone

  • longest phase
  • metestrus: CL is forming
  • diestrus: CL is mature
51
Q

follicular phase

A

follicles are growing & egg is maturing

  • proestrus: time btwn CL breakdown & heat
    • progesterone levels ↓
    • growth of follicle = ↑ estrogen & LH leading up to estrus
  • estrus: animal is receptive to breeding ➞ in heat
    • estrogen level peaks & right before LH surge
    • ↑ estrogen levels cause B signs
52
Q

oogenesis

A
53
Q

total digestible nutrients (TDN)

A

energy (E) value of feed

54
Q

digestible energy (DE)

A

feed that can be broken down by animal (animal can use)

55
Q

metabolizable energy (ME)

A

energy available to use

  • ME = digestible energy - E in urine & gaseous byproducts of digestion
56
Q

net energy (NE)

A

amount of energy left for animal to partition for 1. maintenance & 2. production

ANS 002 (16 decks)

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