Materials of Decoration Flashcards
known as fabric or cloth is a flexible artificial material made up of a network of natural or artificial fibres formed by weaving or knitting or pressed into felt.
Textile
refer to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for varying purposes such as a bedcover etc.
Cloth
any material made through various processes such as weaving, knitting, crocheting or bonding
fabric
it is fabrics from 500 BC have been discovered in Egypt
Linen fabrics
related to flexibility
Durability
refer to tensile strength
Tenacity
refer to the fabrics elasticity
Resiliency
fabric absorbs moisture without feeling wet
Hygroscopic
water loving; meaning fabric has special affinity for water, thus absorb moisture readily
Hydrophilic
a fabric’s stretching ability
Elongation
how well will the fabric absorb and/ or retain moisture
Absorbency
basic element of the textile
fiber
is the fine, hair like strand that forms the basis of a yarn
Fiber
long and continuous fibers, usually measured in meter or yards, laid parallel to one another and tightly twisted to produce smooth, strong yarns.
Filament Fibers
short fibers, randomly arranged and loosely twisted, resulting in softer yarns
Staple Fibers
formed by twisting fibers together to create a continuous strand.
Yarn
composed of staple fiber twisted together
spun yarns
composed of continuous strands made from either a spinneret generated synthetic fiber or from silk.
Filament yarns
This is classification of fibers that from animal,plant or mineral sources. Plant and animal based fiber are produced seasonally and are susceptible to the forces of nature, wounds, insects and too much eater or lack of it.
Natural
This is classification of fiber that man made and thoroughly modern, and developed twentieth century.
Synthetic
it is most widely used plant fiber
Cotton
This is a processed version of the fiber made into cloth that resembles satin. And has hydrophobic nature thus making it unfit for towels
Shinny cotton
This term applied on how plant is grown and cultivated. And must meet certain standard and it has to be grown with no presence of synthetic or chemical pesticides and fertilizers
Organic cotton
This term applied to how the fibers are processed. it is only washed with mild soap and must not be bleached. Although they can be dyed.
Green Cotton
This cotton that has undergone carding, a step in the refinement process of the fiber.
Carded cotton
This is a process for further refinement of the fibers and is done after the carding process, thus it is a higher form than carded cotton
Combed cotton
Also known as Mexican cotton, it is most widely planted species of cotton in the world
Unpland Cotton
It is kind of cotton product, and known to be superior to other products.
Long staple cotton
originated in Peru, but now mainly grown in Peru, Australia and United states.
Pima cotton
what is the well known term of the trademarked brand of this Pima cotton
Supima
Ability to absorb liquids, giving fabrics deeper, brighter and more resistant colors
Egyptian Cotton
It is derived from a seed
kapok
oldest fiber ever woven into fabric.
Flax
a fabric made from flax, is less soft and absorbent than cotton but more resistant to mildew
Linen
fiber which resembles flax, but is made from the stem and stalk of the jute plant which primarily grows in india.
Jute
A fabrics that is often made from jute. It is excellent resistance to microorganism and insects
Burlap
comes from the plant located in the temperate zone. it is a coarse fiber originally used in ropes and sacks, but is now being used by designers in clothing.
Hemp
known as Abaca, derived from Musa textilis plant. It is mainly grown in the Philippines but also found in smaller amounts in Africa, malaysia, indonesia and costa rica
Manila Hemp
East asia plant, it can be spun or woven into a fabrics. Sometimes called china grass or grass linen, ramie is produced from a perennial shrub.
Ramie
1920s Rubber, discovered that latex could be extruded into fiber.
Natural Rubber
originally made from abaca, and even banana fibers but modern ones may also be made with a mix of pina and silk fiber
Jusi
made from the leaves of the Pineapple plant, this fabric is commonly used in the Philippines.
Pina
it is a sheared from domesticated animals, primarily sheep.
wool
This comes from the Merino sheep, mostly found in Australia and New Zealand
Merino Wool
originally found in the Shetland islands in Scotland
Shetland Wool
This is the finest and softest fleece and it comes from a lamb’s first shearing, usually when it is six or seven months old
Lambwool
Term is used for wool that has not yet been previously processed
Virgin wool
This is the regular type of wool and may include reclaimed scraps from knits, broken threads and other source
ordinary wool
New wool or felted scraps shredded and then reused
Recycled wool
it is a high quality type of wool yarn and named after the small English village of worstead which was the center for its manufacturing in the 12th century
Worsted wool
from caramel, goat,mohair,alpaca,illama, the vicuna and horsehair
Hair
it is fine type of cashmere and actually is shorn from the undercoat of Himalayan Mountain Goats.
Pashmina
is a Persia word meaning “king of wools”
Shahtoosh
it is a sild-like fabric or yarn, made from the hair of the Angora Goat. it is durable and resilient and notable for its high luster and sheen
Mohair
This is considered the most beautiful of all fibers due to its marvelous, natural luster.
Silk
is the finest cultured silk yarn and is made from the longest filament
Organzine or Thrown silk
uses shorter strands and have less luster and sheen
Tram, spunsilk or Bourette
naturally tan in color, cannot be bleached and has a rougher texture than cultivated silk.
Tussah
silk that comes from the fiber formed by two silk worms that spun their cocoons together in an interlocking manner.
Duppion/Dupiopi
Produced from the cocoons of thai silkworms. And considered one of the finest fabrics in the world and it is a product of a unique manufacturing process with the end product coming out with unique patterns and colors
Thai Silk
first synthetic fiber, derived from the pithy sections of plant stalks and in refining, remains almost pure cellulose.
Rayon
called “ poor man’s silk” or “artificial silk” when spun and woven on the silk system
Rayon
both developed by the Celanese corp,. they have similar chemical compositions but they behave differently as fibers
Acetate and Triacetate
compound of cellulose acetate developed by the Celanese Corp in 1924.
Acetate
pure cellulose acetate developed by the Celanese corp in 1954
Tri-acetate
Developed by E.I Dupont de Numours and Co. in 1939
Nylon
Developed by the DuPont Co. in 1950
Acrylic
Developed by the Union Carbide in 1949
Modacrylic
Developed by Hercules Inc in 1961
Olefins
first olefin fiber to reach commercial importance, being used as upholstery for airplane seats for many years
Polyethylene
it is a derivative of coal, air water and petroleum
Polyester
Although glass has been used for centuries, it was not until the mid-1800s that it was first produced in fiber form
Glass-Fiber
Chemical fiber with make up similar to nylon. This fiber outperforms existing synthetics in wash ability,wrinkle resistance and ease of care
Polynude Nylon
used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening. When it is woven with other material, it can be used in curtains drapery fabrics and wall covering
Saran
A manufactured elastomeric fiber that can be repeatedly starched over 500% without breaking and will still recover to its original length.
Spandex
are marketed under the trade names Nomex and Kevlar
Aramids
a high temperature resistant fiber and is incredibly strong, stronger than comparably sized steel
Kevlar
a synthetic fiber that is very fine, smaller than the diameter of a strand of silk
Microfiber
the matting together of fibers to form a web by moisture, pressure and heat.
Felting
produced originally in sheet forms through extrusion through a wide die, forming in molds or rolling between rollers
Felting
now utilizes machinery wherein blunt rods or needles are used to form a single continuous yarn into a series of interlocking loops
knitting
what is the old English word of knitting
cnytton
produce a smooth face material; they used in making fine, thin or sheer fabrics
Plain Stitches
produce lines of wales on both sides of the fabric causing the fabric to be very elastic
Rip Stitches
formed by holding one loop on a needle while taking on one or more additional loops and then casting all of them onto another needle
Tuck Stitches
have successive course of stitches drawn to opposite side of the fabric, thereby making it very elastic in the lengthwise direction and quite elastic in the crosswise direction
Purl Stitches
made on a circular machine and produces a tubular fabric without seams
Circular Knit
made with two sets of needle to give a ribbed or corrugated surface to the fabric
Ribbed fabric
fabric is made by having the needle arranged in a straight line
Flat outerwear
fabric is made on a machine with only one set of needle
Flat Underwear
is a fabric knitted with a double stitch on a double needle frame to provide a double thickness that is the same on both sides
Double knit
is a special type of eight lock knit cloth that has a smooth surface on both side
interlock knit
is a plain stitch knitted fabric
knit pile
fabric is known for its high gauge,lightweight,fine texture and appeal in hand
Milanese Knitted
is a knit fabric that has one kind of yarn on the face while another type is found on the back of the goods
Plated
fabric is a versatile fabric that can be made from every type of yarn of any type or fiber in any form
Rachel Knit
is a fabric knitted on a single needle machine
Single Knit
is a type of warp knitted fabric that has a thin texture since it is made from fine yarn
Tricot
is a popular knit fabric with properties that are similar to woven velour
Velour
the interweaving or intertwinning of three or more strands of yarn or other material so that the strand pass over and under one another
Braiding
a fine lightweight expensive straw with a dull finish
Baku
a fine lightweight, glossy straw obtained from unopened palm leaf syems
Balibuntal
a fine braided straw made from special wheat grown in Tuscany that has been cut bleached and worked by hand
Leghorn
a fine closely braided straw
Milan
a fine hand braided, creamy colored Toquilla straw made primarily in Ecuador
Panama
a fine yellow straw woven from the tops of bleached wheat stalks grown in Tuscany
Tuscan
interwinning and sometimes knotting of yarns that run in two or more directions
Twisting
the interlacing of wrap or float and filling or weft yarns usually at right angles on the loom, then turning them into cloth
Weaving
a device used to weave cloth
loom
a type of floor loom that controls the wrap threads using a device called a dobby
Dobby loom
a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801
Jacquard Loom
made by the simple interweaving of warp and weft threads, when each warp yarn passes over then under the weft yarns
Plain Weave
one weft thread passes over each warp thread
Plain single weave
known as a tabby or taffeta weave
Regular Weave
when the warp and weft differ because of the different weight and textures of the yarn due to the fact that novelty yarns vary in appearance
Irregular Weave
two or more weft threads are interlaced into the same number of warp threads
Plain Double or Basket Weave
the weft yarn is heavier than the yarn with the result of a diagonal texture becoming more apparent
Rib Weave
the long threads of floats pass over and under the same number of yarns
Regular twill
the float pass over and under a different number of threads
Irregular
is a weave that emphasizes the continuous weft yarn; with as few interruptions of warp as possible
Satin Weave
a variation made of mercerized cotton.
Sateen
this refer to fabrics that are woven in such a way as to create loops or piles that stand out from the surface of the fabric
Pile Weaves
created by weaving one of the two sets of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back, while lifting the second set of warp yarns by means of a hook to form a loop slightly higher than the backing weave
Velvet Pile
same process used as in the velvet pile, except that the lifted yarns remain uncut
Frise
a decorative fabric made by weaving colored weft threads alternatively over and under the warp threads to form a pictorial or ornamental design
Tapestry
what is the first tapestries (after ancient word for carpets , tapis) a thick heavy texture
Rugs
known in the Western Hemisphere prior to the arrival of the Spanish
The art of tapestry weaving
perfected by Vaucanson in 1757
Swinging loom
was a well known art in Ancient Egypt, china, the near East and Peru
Inlay-Pattern
yarns are added to the fabric during the weaving
Extra Warp and weft pattern Weaves
known to the Peruvians
Double-Cloth Weave
a loose weave in which the warp threads are wound in half twists around each other and around a filter yarn,alternating in position on each row to form a knot to keep the yarn from slipping
Leno
warp threads maintain the same position in relation to the weft
Gauze
are weaves in which uneven tension in either weft or warp yarns produces an uneven surface effect
Tension and Texture related weaves
What is fabrics that are still rough, full of blemishes and impurities. They have to undergo different finishing processes before they can be ready for consumer use.
Grey of greige goods
defined as a process done to fabrics, sometimes to fibers and yarns, causing them to change in appearance,texture and performance
Finish
the kind of finish that lasts until the fabric is washed or dry cleaned
Temporary Finish
this lasts long than temporary but it may become unsatisfactory with the passing of time
Durable Finish
lasts until the garment is of service
Permanent Finish
include those finishes that affect the texture an appearance of the cloth
General Finish
include those finishes that affect the performance of the cloth
Special Finishes
this is common finishing process for linen
Beetling
an example of a fabric from abaca which has undergone beetling
Pinukpok
before the dyeing or printing processes fabrics are require to be what?
Bleached
a finishing process which makes the fabrics smooth and glossy
Calendering
a wool finishing process to prevent creases of other forms or uneven shrinkage in latter stages of finishing
Crabbing
this is finishing process improves the appearance enhance luster and hand of the material
Decating or Decatizing
is usually done on cotton rayon or silk the cloth is wound on a perforated drum, between layers of a blanket, than steam passes through from the inside to the outside layers
Dry Decating Process
the cloth is wound on a roller and treated in a hot water or steam boiler which is also has vacuum system
Wet Decating Process
important finish applied to wool fabrics
Fulling
discovered by John Mercer
Mercerizing
purpose of removing the fuzz of protruding fibers
Singeing or Gassing
other term for starching
Sizeing or Dressing
The cloth is filled with starch to increase strength , smoothness,stiffness or weight of the fabrics
Sizeing or Dressing
This process straightens and restores the cloth to its proper dimensions
Tentering,stentering or Heat-setting
Chemical treatment designed to make a fabric bacteria resistant
Antiseptic Finish
is a familiar trade name in the market today for an antiseptic finish and ready to wear clothing items
Sanitized of Sanitized, Inc
chemical treatment applied to synthetic fabrics to prevent the accumulation of static electricity
Anti-Static Fabric
applied mostly on fabrics from such fibers as cotton,linen,ramie, and rayon.
crease resistant finishes
Only mineral, asbestos, glass, or metal substances are really fireproof. Textile fabrics cannot be made absolutely fireproof.
Flame Retardant Finish
Glazed surface may be obtained through chemical and mechanical means. Resin-treated fabrics have greater durability than mechanically achieved glazed surfaces.
Glazed Finish
This is also called Insulated Finish
Heat-Reflectant Finish
This type of finish makes a fabric suitable for either hot or cold weather. Metallic particles are bonded to a drapery or garment lining fabrics of various types of construction.
Heat-Reflectant Finish
This is a chemical finish given mostly to rayon, cotton and linen fabrics which are mostly susceptible to attack by mildew in moist and humid conditions or climates. The finish is applied to a fabric to prevent the growth of mildew and mold.
Mildew-Resistant Finish
Sometimes referred to as moth-proofing finish. It is a chemical finish especially for wool fabrics to make them resistant to attack by moths and carpet beetles.
Moth-Resistant Finish
It is a mechanical finish of subjecting the surface of a fabric to a brushing process to raise the fiber ends thus creating a surface fuzziness.
Napping
It is a typical example of a napped fabric. Fabrics may be napped on one side only or on both sides which gives greater surface density, increased firmness and greater warmth,
Flannelette
In the textile mill, relaxation shrinkage is eliminated by overfeeding a fabric onto a dyeing frame and applying stretch in the crosswise direction of the fabric or applying controlled compression forces parallel to the surface of the fabric, pushing together the warp yarns, thus releasing the weaving strains.
Shrink-Resistant Finish (Mechanical Method)
label or mark applied to cotton or linen fabrics indicates a mechanical shrink-resistant finish that has met standard of less than 1% shrinkage
Sanforized
This finish is given to loosely constructed fabrics or fabrics with low thread count, It prevents the warp yarns from slipping along the filling yarns.
Slip-Resistant Finish
These are chemical finishes usually given to rug and upholstery fabrics to repel soil and stain.
Soil- and Stain-Resistant Finish
It is the compound used for this type of this soil and resistant finish.
Silicone
A group of repellents were developed to repel not only water-borne but also oil-borne stains.
Fluorocarbon compounds
This finish is also referred to as the drip-dry finish. It is of the same type as the crease-resistant finish.
Wash and Wear of Minicare Finish
A chemical finish which makes a fabric resistant to wetting but not waterproof.
Water-Repellent Finish
Unlike repellency, waterproofing totally coats the fabric thus closing the pores and enabling it to shed water under all pressures.
Waterproof Finish
are soluble substances which penetrate into the fabric and are fixed by a chemical action, heat or other treatment.
Dyes
are insoluble color particles which are held on the surface of a fabric by a binding agent.
Pigment
colored water-soluble organic compounds, mainly salts of sulphuric acid.
Acid Dyes
are the oldest among the artificial dyes and they differ from acid dyes in that they are basic in character and have the power of neutralizing acid.
Basic Dyes
These dyes form a very important group of coloring matters since they will color both protein and cellulosic fibers.
Direct of Salt Dyes
Direct dyes for cotton, linen, viscose and cuprammonium rayon are known as
Direct cotton dyes
formerly called acetate dyes. they were originally developed for acetate fibers.
Disperse Dyes
used for cotton, linen and viscose rayon.
Developed Dyes
The color is developed by additional treatment, which also makes the dye fast to washing. But developed dyes are not fast to light. As these dyes do not bleed, they are called
Tub-Fast Colors
These are water-soluble organic dyes which have affinity for cellulose in an alkaline bath.
Reactive Dyes
are used for cotton and viscose rayon.
Sulphur Dyes
are the fastest dyes for cotton, linen and viscose and cuprammonium rayon.
Vat Dyes
some of the man-made fibers may be dyed in a solution before filament is formed. This process results in excellent colorfastness, but it does not leave the manufacturer the same flexibility for the final design if the final choice of color or design is made later in the manufacturing process.
Solution Dye
are dyed before the yarns are spun and woven into a fabric.
Fiber Dye (or Stock Dye)
are dyed before they are woven into checks, plaids, stripes or herringbone designs.
Yarn Dye
Cloth is dyed after fabrication. Also known as dip-dyeing.
Piece Dye
the open fabric passes back and forth through a stationary dye bath.
Jig Dyeing
the fabric is continuously immersed without strain to the fabric.
Winch, Reel or Beck Dyeing
the fabric is run through the dye bath and then between rollers which squeeze the dye deeper into the yarns of the fabric.
Pad Dyeing
Fabric of two or more fibers is placed in a dye bath containing two or more different dyes. Each fiber will be dyed by the dye for which it has an affinity.
Cross Dye
Fabric from one fiber is dyed one color.
Solid Dye
This technique mixes dyes for fabrics made from two or more fibers so that the fibers will dye the same color.
Union Dye
produced in the process of making the fabric.
Structural Designs
placed on the fabrics after they have been made.
Applied Designs
is done to add colors and designs to the fabric surface, making the fabric more appealing to the consumers
Printing
this is the oldest method of printing design in fabrics
Block Printing
the design is cut on a cardboard,wood or metal, color id then applied
Stencil Printing
acid is use for this printing. It is one of the fiber used in the fabric is burned, leaving a lacy or shear and heavy design
Burn-Out Printing
the color is discharged or removed from the fabric , thus creating a design
Discharge or Extract Printing
also known as Cylinder Printing
Roller Printing
machine counterpart of hand-block printing
Roller Printing
a design which appears on the face and back of the fabric, simulating a woven pattern
Duplex Printing
a resinous substance cannot be penetrated when the fabric is immersed in a dye bath
Resist Printing
is stamped on the fabric creating a design
Resist Printing
First used in Indonesia and an example of Resist Printing
Batik Printing
The fabric to be printed is covered with chemicals that are sensitive to light
Photo Printing
The fabric passes between rollers which permit a caustic solution to contract certain areas of the fabric
Plisse Printing
usually use with the use of roller before they are woven into a fabric
Warp Printing
it can create large design with elaborate effect and variety in color
Screen Printing
The screen is put on top of the fabric to be printed and the dye or printing paste is sprayed, painted or rubbed back and forth with a rubber paddle called?
squeegee
it uses a cylindrical screen that rotates in a fixed position
Rotary Printing
is the process of transferring prints from pre-printed release papers to fabrics
Transfer Printing
is simplest method of fabric designing. It is by painting color directly to the cloth with the use of a brush
Free-Hand Printing
This is applying one piece of fabric to a larger piece of material
Applique’
are raised design found on the surface of the fabric
Embossed Design
what do you called a tiny piece of fiber?
Flock
made to stick to the fabric
Flocked Design
are cut out design held to the fabric surface by the use of glue or an adhesive
Glued or Pasted Design
often referred to as having a “watered appearance”
Moire Design
is processed animal skin, mostly that of cattle
Leather
the skin of a fully grown cow.Such skin are large hides, ranging from 46.6sq m to 5.5sq m
Cattle Hide
the center portion of the hide is called?
Bend
is the hide of a young animal and is considerably smaller, about 2.3sq m to 3.2sq m
Calfskin
sometimes called full-top-grain leather
Full-Grain leather
Kind of leather where surface has not been sanded, buffed, snuffed,embossed or altered in
Full-Grain leather
This is the second highest quality. Where the split is layer is separated away
Top-Grain Leather
The imperfections are sanded off and an artificial grain is then impressed into the surface and dressed with stain and dyes
Corrected-Grain Leather
this is created from the fibrous part of the hide that is left, once the top-grain has been separated
Split Leather
refer to the leather that has undergone a type of tanning process that uses animal brains or other fatty material to alter it.
Buckskin or Brained leather
is a type of leather that has been given a high gloss finish
Patent Leather
known as stingray skin/leather. Used in furniture production, since the art deco periods
Shagreen
this is leather from the skin of unborn calves. Particularly soft and is highly valued
Slink
known as “reconstituted leather” composed of 90% to 100% leather fiber,bonded together with latex binder to create a look and feel similar to that leather but only a fraction of the cost
Bonded Leather
a split leather with a layer of polyurethane applied to the surface and then embossed
Bycast leather
used to preserve the hide. It puts the life back into the leather hid by replacing the natural gelatinous material found in the skin
Tanning
Tanning solution based on chromium salts
Mineral tanning
tree bark, typically oak and water form the basis of this tanning solution
Vegetable tanning
a hide that is quite supple with a limited acceptance of dyes
Combination tanning
can color the leather and help to protect it from hard wear
Finishing
They are translucent and comparable to stains for wood that do not contain opaque pigments
Aniline Dyes
This contain some pigments and use of this help to ensure uniformly in color
Semi-Aniline Dyes
a natural textile made from the pulp of the bamboo grass
Bamboo Fabric
cotton fabric with a printed design of white and a contrasting color
Bandana
a rib weave usually done in a minute brick fashion, giving a pebbly appearance
Barathea
fabric made from or created to stimulate the bark of trees
Bark Cloth
a cord cotton like fabric with raised ridges in the lengthwise direction
Bedford cord
a sturdy warp faced fabric with pronounced cross wise ribs formed by bulky and coarse pile yarns or rubber thread
Bengaline
this is made when the yarn that is knitted into fabric is brushed with wire brushes to pull the material together and to fluff it up
Berber Fleece
has a small geometric pattern with a center do resembling a bird’s eye
Birdseye
two or more fabric layers held together with adhesive or fusible layer
Bonded
is the french word for “buckled”, ringed or curled
Bouncle
a twill weave that originated in France. The yarns are interspersed with nubs giving the material a dull rubbed surface effect
Bourette
a tightly woven plain weave with crosswise rib
Broadcloth
a rich Jacquard woven fabric of an all over interwoven design of raised figures of flowers with the pattern emphasized by contrasting surfaces or colors all are done in low relief
Brocade
a tightly woven jacquard fabric with a warp effect in the figure which is raised to give a puffed appearance
Brocatelle
a ply yarn scrim fabric with a stiff finish
Buckram
a twill weave cotton denim fabric that is soft but tough as nails
Bull Denim
a plain weave coarse fabric usually made from jute or hemp
Burlap or Gunny
a plain closely woven inexpensive cloth with an all over print usually of a small floral pattern which is discharge or resist printed onto a white or contrasting background color
Calico
a soft white closely woven cotton fabric calendered on the right side to produce a slight gloss
Cambric
The face is twill with a soft and loosely twisted filling yarn which is later brushed to produce a soft nap at the back
Canton Flannel
has a even weave that is heavy and firm for industrial or heavy duty purposes
Canvas
one of the softest fabric made
Challis
a plain weave fabric most commonly made from cotton fiber with colored warp often blue and white filling that gives a mottled colored surface
Chambray
a fabric woven from chenille yarns and has a fuzzy pile. it is named from french word meaning “caterpillar”
Chenille
broken twill or herringbone weave giving a chevron effect creating a design of wide V’s across the width of the fabric
Chevron
a thin diaphanous or gauzelike soft flimsy fabric but is strong despite its filmy look
Chiffon
a glazed cotton fabric often printed with bright figures and large flower designs
Chintz
It was named from Hindu word meaning Spotted
Chintz
an unglazed chintz is called?
Cretonne
fabric with a lacquer,varnish,rubber,plastic resin of polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene or other substance to make them longer lasting or impervious to water or other liquids
Coated
a cut pile cloth with narrow to wide wale that run in the warp direction of the goods
Corduroy
a lightweight fabric characterized by a crinkly surface produced by hard twist yarns chemical treatment, weave or embossing
Crepe
chain stitch embroidery made with a fine loosely twisted two-ply worsted yarn on a plain weave cotton fabric
Crewel
a fabric with an uneven surface created by use of caustic soda that causes it to shrink unevenly
Crinkle
is an example of crinkle crepe fabric
Plisse
a lightweight , plain weave stiffened fabric with a low yarn count
Crinoline
any fabric that has treated so as to have a permanently crinkled, crushed or rumpled appearance
Crushed
any velvet with an irregular pattern or nap going in different direction
Crushed velvet
appearance looks very lustrous
Crushed or rumpled
a firm glossy jacquard patterned fabric similar to brocade but flatter and reversible
Damask
a rugged serviceable, staple cotton cloth recognized by left hand twill on the surface
Denim
a thin sheer cloth in which cords or stripes may be woven into the fabric
Dimity
a sheer fabric embellished with small dot motifs that may vary in color
Dotted swiss
a closely woven heavy material and the most durable fabric made, according to the textile industry
Duck
a ribbed cloth with a crosswise rib effect
Faille
a compact matted woolen material.
Felt
The name derived from the Anglo-Saxon word meaning to filter
Felt
printed or woven fabric featuring a jagged undulating, flame like, multi-colored pattern
Flame Stitch
a medium weight, plain or twill weave fabric that is typically made from cotton, a cotton blend or wool
Flannel
a medium weight, plain weave fabric with a soft hand usually made from cotton
Flannelette
a type of raised decoration applied to the surface of the fabric on which an adhesive is printed on the fabric in a specific pattern
Flocked
is a high gloss mylar usually in metallic colors that pulls away from the clear backing
Foil
a lightweight cloth noted for its soft finish and feel
Foulard
generally made with uncut loops but is sometimes styled by sheering the loops at varying heights
Frieze
is a firm durable compactly woven cloth which shows a diagonal line on the face of the goods
Gabardine
a thin sheer fabric constructed with plain, leno or dobby weave used for curtains
Gauze
has dyed yarns introduced at given intervals in both warp and filling to achieved a block or check effect
Gingham
Name is derived from italian “Ging-gang” meaning “striped”
Gingham
a fine loosely woven fabric in leno weave and well known for its stiffness
Grenadine
a strong closely woven corded fabric usually of silk or rayon and often with cotton fiber, it is a heavy rather prominent ribbed fabric made from plain or rib weave
Grossgrain
from the Japanese for soft as down. It is a lightweight, plain weave silk fabric. Lighter than shantung
Habotal
woven, multi-colored effect created by blending fibers of different colors
Heather
a very stiff, wiry cloth made with a single horsehair filling usually on a cotton warp
Haircloth
broken twill weave composed of vertical sections that are alternately right hand in direction
Herringbone
herringbone is also called as?
Arrowhead weave
broken twill weave forming four pointed star. it always comes in a duotone pattern , and often comes in black and white
Houndstooth
a style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing process similar to tie-dye on either the warp or weft before the threads are woven to create pattern or design
Ikat
fabric woven with yarn of one color in the warp and another color in the filling so that the fabric seems to change color as the light strikes it
Irridescent
a fabric which has a series of faint stripes formed by light,medium or dark yarns
Jaspe
a fabric in which metallic threads or yarns are interspersed throughout or used in the base construction
Lame’
The term comes from french for “worked with gold and silver wire”
Lame’
a term used to describe fabrics which have been joined together through the use of a high-strength reinforcing scrim or base fabrics between two piles of flexible thermoplastic film
Laminated
a light, thin cloth of plain weave with a crisp and crease-resistant finish
Lawn
known its semi transparency , ranging from gauzy or sheer to an almost opaque effect
Lawn
Name is derived from loan, a city in France
Lawn
a jacquard stripe fabric simulating silk and embroidery
Lisserie
a fine firm cotton cloth with plain weave background. it usually striped or plaid in color
Madras
a soft double cloth which has a quilted surface effect and is woven on Jacquard looms
Matelasse
term is derived from the french word meaning “cushioned or padded”
Matelasse
a heavily felted, hard, plain face-finished cloth.It is napped and very closely sheared
Melton
Characterized by its net like open appearance and the spaces between the yarns.
Mesh
is available in a variety of construction including woven,knits,laces or crocheted fabric
Mesh
made of very coarse yarn and is rough, substantial rather bulky fabric with a tendency to sag
Monk’s Cloth
a generic term for a variety of cotton fabric. French term is mousseline and is actually a smooth,delicately woven cotton fabric
Muslin
a fine soft fabric with a plain weave with a strip and often mercerized to produce luster
Nainsook
a smooth transparent, high textured fabric made in plain or novelty weaves
Ninon
Ninon described as very delicate and lightweight and sometimes referred to as?
French Tergal
a soft white,closely woven cotton fabric . It is the sheerest and crispest cotton cloth made and when made from silk it is called “organza”
Organdie
a tough medium to heavyweight coarsely woven plain weave fabric usually made of a cotton or cotton/poly blend
Osnaburg
a tightly woven plain weave ribbed fabric with a hard slightly lustered surface
Ottoman
a soft somewhat porous , rather stout fabric with a silk-like luster finish.it launders very well but it known to soil easily
Oxford
named from french word for “plush” and is a satin faced material made with a high luster by a roller-pressure treatment during finishing
Panne
a medium weight, plain weave, low to medium count cotton like fabric. End uses include sheets, blouses and dresses
Percale
a medium weight or heavy fabric with raised cords that run in the warp direction
Pique
Used in many polo shirts and is generally distinguished as a?
Waffle weave
a fabric treated in a stripped motif or in spot formation with a caustic soda solution that shrinks parts of the goods to provide the crinkled or pleated effect
Plisse’
mainly cotton sometimes silk a leno, gauze, knotted or mesh woven fabric. it is made in France in 1834
Point D’esprit
a warp pile cloth covered with a surface of cut-pile yarns
Plush
combed and carded fabric in a satin construction which has been calendared to produce a high luster surface finish
Polished Cotton
was originally thin, natural , tan colored silk fabric made of wild chinese silk with a knotty rough weave
Pongee
Named from Chinese, pun-ki meaning “woven at home on one’s own loom”
Pongee
identified by a fine rib effect in the filling direction from selvage to selvage .
Poplin
Term is derived from the obsolete French term “papeline”
Poplin
is similar to poplin but has a more distinctive cross-rib cord. Used for upholstery and drapery
Rep
plain weave fabric where the majority of the fabric face is composed of warp threads
sail cloth
fabric made from yarns with low luster such as cotton or other staple length fibers
sateen
has a very smooth, lustrous face effect while the back of the material is dull
Satin
The name is originated in Zayfun, China ; it was termed after the latin “Seta” meaning Silk
Satin
originally a high grade coating fabric made from wool of Merino sheep raised in Saxony, Germany
Saxony
an open mesh , plain weave cloth in several construction and weights and usually used in buckram
Scrim
a lightweight cloth in which a base lies flat and a second warp becomes crinkled because of chemical treatment
Seersucker
woven cloth with errors of flaws
seconds
one of the oldest basic terms in textile. It has diagonal lines or ridges on both side
Serge
it uses raw silk made from Tussah. a silk fabric made of several fibers but designated by an elongated slub filling yarn. It was named for the city of Shantung, China
Shantung
made from a small twill weave and has a smooth compact surface resembling the skin of a shark
Sharkskin
a plain weave corded or combed cloth which comes in light,medium or heavy weights
Sheeting
a lightweight fabric made of two different colored yarns. The fabric has an iridescent look and a crisp but not stiff hand
Shimmer
fabric originated in Germany and Austria and were developed to provide greater freedom of body movement for the athlete
Stretch Woven
a soft,twill woven silk or rayon fabric often made in plaid effects. It is soft and flexible, lightweight and lustrous
Surah
a fine sheer, crisp stiff cloth which may be plain dotted or figured
swiss
a fine plain weave fabric, smooth on both sides and usually with sheen on its surface
Taffeta
a cloth made in plain weave or in a two up down twill weave. This multicolored fabric may be conventional or exceptional when made in variations of color effects
Tartan
This fabric is originated in Spain and called tiritana
Tartan
has uncut loops on both side of the fabric. It is very absorbent; the longer the loops, the greater the absorbency
Terry Cloth
broad term for extremely strong woven fabric which are used as a covering for pillows mattresses and box springs, home furnishings and for clothes and sports clothes
Ticking
made from 100% micro fiber polyester and cotton. It is also considered a utility cloth and used for table cloths, chair cloth, uniform and flags/banners
Trigger
a rough,irregular, soft and flexible,unfinished, shaggy cloth. Named for the Tweed River which separates England from Scotland
Tweed
is worlds first ultra microfiber. It feels like natural suede, but is is resistant to stains and discoloration; it can be machine washed and because it is non-woven fabric
Ultrasuede
a term loosely applied to cut pile cloths in general. a Fine raised finish fabrics
Velour
Term is from french meaning velvet and although it resemble velvet it has a lower cut pile
Velour
a warp pile cloth in which a succession of rows short cut pile stand so close together as to give a uniform, even surface
Velvet
when pile is more than 1/8 it is already called what?
Plush
a filling pile cloth in which the pile is made by cutting an extra set of filling yarns, usually made of cotton
Velveteen
a crisp, lightweight, plain weave cotton like fabric made with high twist yarns in a high yarn count construction
voile
a fabric with a characteristic honeycomb weave. When made in cotton it is called “waffle pique”
waffle
refer to fabric that have been laundered before shipping. Done to reduce shrinkage, soften the hand, wash down the color or to give the fabric a used, launched look
washed
is a cloth made from cross bred yarns and the fabric is strongly colored
Zibeline
ability of a fabric to take in moisture
Absorbency
a design featuring interlinking diamond shapes of varying colors, in a diagonal checkerboard pattern
Argyle
a small cloth placed over the backs or arms of chairs or the head or cushions of a sofa to prevent soiling of the permanent fabric
antimacassar
thin layer of natural or synthetic cloth used to line cushion,pillow,quilts or crafts
Batting
custom handmade or manufactured material used on a bed for utilitarian or decorative purpose
Bedding
square panel of fabric with or without elastic edge used to encase the top mattress on a bed
Bed Sheet
fabric bedding treatment, which spans between the upper and lower mattress beginning beneath a comforter to touch the floor
Bed skirt
fabric bedding treatment, which covers a top mattress
Bedspread
cut from one corner of a fabric to the opposite, diagonal corner. Some fabric will drape differently when cut on the bias and this treatment can require substantially more yardage
Bias-Cut
The removal of excess knots,bumps,loose threads and slubs from a fabric before the finishing process, by means of a burling iron or tweezers
Burling
quilt made of many, many small patches where each piece is a different fabric
Charm Quilt
painted linens that originated in Chita in 17th century
Chite
series of clipping attached to a purchase sample to show the color line
Color Mag
refer to the complete color range of a given series
Color Line
individual color of a particular style or pattern
Color way
waviness or curvature of fiber or yarn. Can be found naturally, as with wool, or can be mechanically produced.
Crimp
rubbing off of color from woven or printed fabric
Crocking
tightly woven or coated fabric used to prevent down feathers from penetrating surface
Down proof
Fabric with patterned cut-outs
eyelet
refer to the ability of a fiber or fabric to return to its original length, shape,size immediately after the removal of stress
Elasticity
calendering process, in which the fabric engraved with the use of heated rollers under pressure to produce a raised design on the fabric surface
Embossing
embellisment of a fabric or garment in which colored threads are sewn on the fabric to create design
Embroidery
a thin piece of material put under another material to add color or brilliance
Foil
is a layer of fabric inserted between the face and the lining of a garment,drapery or quilt. It is similar to batting, a thick layer of fiber designed to provide insulation,loft and body to quilt,pillow toppers and heavy winter jackets
Interlining
originally a type of English embroidery with a strong oriental influence of the first type done during the Restoration period
Jacobean
fabric made in the same shape as the outer fabric, a lining supports and protects the outer fabric and hides seams as well
Lining
fabric construction created in weft yarns with graduated or shaded tone or color pattern
Ombre
continuous filament rayon yarn with entangled slubs
Ondelette
hand quilting technique where stitches follow printed motifs on fabric
Outline Quilting
fabric or material used to provide additional cushioning
Padding
Intricate interlocking curvilinear pattern originating in India, it is a tear-drop shaped,fancy printed pattern
Paisley
fine silk fabric
Peau De Soie
fine hand stitched needlepoint design on canvas created with only one foundation thread, rather than multiple threads
Petit Point
the number of filling yarns per inch of fabric
Pick Count
to form undesirable clumps of loose fiber of fabric
Pill
fiber filament that break in yarn due to friction leaving small undesirable clumps of loose fibers on the surface of fabric
Pilling
fabric cover designed to protect pillow from soiling,utilitarian or decorative
Pillow Sham
combed and carded fabric in a satin construction which has been calendared to to produce a high-luster surface finish
Polished cotton
is a fabric construction in which a layer of down or fiberfill is placed between two layers of fabric and then held in place by stitching or sealing in a regular consistent all over pattern on the goods
Quilt
to turn fabric where selvages run horizontally rather than vertically often used when fabric are non-directional to avoid unwanted seams
Railroaded
dye-resistant product are applied which results in only the background or a fabric being dyed
Reverse Printing
decorative covering for bed pillow
Sham
french word for “Monkey Trick”, Decorative using monkeys in human costume,generally in humorous situation popular in Rococo ornamentation
Singeries
large panel of fabric usually in pairs used on top or bed
Sheet
cloth having a fine, irregular streaked pattern
Strie
slender , decorative cloth typically used in lengthwise down the center of a dining table, for surface protection and embellishment
Table Runner
small decorative spread or coverlet often woven with fringe
Throw
cotton or linen woven or printed documentary fabric, typically printed in monotone color on an off-white or white background, originally made in France
Toile
fabrics printed in one color with 18th and century scenes
Toile de Jouy
blended yarns of twisted linen and cotton yarns in the filler creating a textured surface finish
Union Cloth
material used to make soft seating including wood or metal frames eight way hand-tied spring, foam, batting, fabrics and cording
Upholstery
rayon fiber of superior quality used in many decorative fabrics, often used to imitate silk
Viscose
a tapestry, needlepoint or bound fabric panel hung on the wall, typically suspended from an iron drapery rod and adorned with cording and tassels
Wall Hanging
fabric procedure using commercial washing machines to mimic a worn effect
Washed Goods
Derived from the Old Norse word for wind, ‘vindr’ combined with the word for eye ‘auga’ to make “vindauga” literally translated to the eye of the house through which wind entered
Window
Four vital functions of windows
To admit light, admit air/ ventilation, to protect from outside elements, to frame or admit visual beauty of the exterior
Window with two sashes, one or both slide up and down
Double Hung window
Window with one or more sashes hinged on a vertical edge. The kind which opens from the side
Casement window
Most often, a wide window set high off the floor. Usually has sliding sashes and common to ranch type houses
Ranch or Strip windows
Has wide, horizontal sashes that open outward to any angle, can be left open when its raining
Awning window
Identified by narrow, horizontal strips of glass that open by means of a crank to any desired angle
Jalousie window
Window designed to frame the outside view. Fixed or may have movable sections
Picture Window
Usually a small window projecting from the house in an alcove-like extension of the room
Dormer window
Often called “cathedral” window. Main characteristic is the angle at top where the window follows the line of a slanting roof
Slanting window
Three or more windows set at an angle to each other in a recessed area
Bay window
A curved window sometimes called a circular bay
Bow window
Side by side windows; if more than one, often called multiple windows
Double windows
Come in pairs and often open into a porch or patio
French doors/ French windows
Any window that comes together in the corner of a room
Corner windows
Functional version of french doors.
Sliding glass doors
Shallow window set near the ceiling
Clerestory window
Arched top window with straight panes below the arch
Palladian window
Usually a group of basic window units made to fit together forming a veritable “wall” of windows
Glass wall
Six benefits of using window treatments
Privacy, energy conservation, light control, view enhancement, acoustics and noise control, aesthetics
Used to accent open, airy feeling in today’s homes. Made of very thin fabric and nearest to glass when at least two sets of curtains are used. Provide maximum amount of light but least amount of privacy
Sheers
Treatments that diffuse light for little privacy. During the day, people will not be able to see in the room but at night, when interior lights are open, they will be able to do so.
Semi-sheers
Provide partial blockage of light when curtains are closed. At night, you can only see shadows on the inside from outside
Semi-opaque
For the person who needs privacy and maximum light blocking. Include most hard window treatments and lined curtain
Opaque
Term which includes draperies, curtains and shades that are purely made of fabric
Soft window treatments
Uses a thick kind of fabric and is made with pleats. Decorative, for privacy and elimination of light. Usually lined.
Draperies
Stationary draperies used on either side of the window with other window treatments between them. Can be left straight or tied back
Overdrapes
Pleated panels that can be pulled across window. Uses a traverse rod, master carrier and pull cords. Operate or draw by opening and closing with a cord or hand. Generally hung straight to the floor and tied back
Draw draperies
Generally shirred or smocked and have headings attached to rods. Usually a term for informal window treatments
Curtains
Impart a homey, country feel to a room. Short in length, each about 1/2 height of the window in which they are hung. For kitchens or bathrooms.
Tiers
Invention of a French Restaurer. Used to allow seated patrons privacy beside window while allowing passerby a glimpse of within. Only lower portion is covered
Cafe curtain
Sometimes known as brise-bise which means “wind screen”. Curtain is gathered and hung with two rods top and bottom, cannot be drawn or traversed. Usually installed in casement windows or French doors
Stretch or sash curtains
Similar to stretch curtains but permanently tied with a tie back in the middle. Generally sheer.
Hourglass curtain
Curtains designed to be gathered at the side of the window and held by a decorative tieback, sleeve or cord
Tieback curtains
Aka Casement Curtains. Top, usually shirred forms a pocket through which fabric is then threaded onto a pole or rod
Rod pocket curtains
Rod pocket curtains with extra length so that sides can be gathered with tiebacks to create multiple poufs and often puddle on the ground
Bishop’s sleeve
Curtains that hang behind main curtains
Under curtains
Window treatment generally drawn up from the bottom
Fabric shades
Fabric covered shades of horizontal panels with wooden slats inserted horizontally at intervals down its entire length. Raised and lowered by pull cords while gathering soft folds while it does so
Roman shades
Vertical shirring that forms soft draping scallops generally made of sheer or lightweight fabrics
Austrian shade
Made of soft fabric with cords placed vertically along the shade to hold the fabric. With deep inverted pleats that cause the shade to billow out into puffs along the bottom edge
Balloon shade
Aka panel track blinds. Mounted on wall or ceiling. Large fabric panels that slide back and forth on a track with the ability to stack completely.
Sliding Panels
Finished bottom edges of the drapery. Usually the 4” of double fabric, however some have 5-6” to weigh them down.
Hems
At top of draperies
Header
Highlight the decorative hardware used to hang them. Loops of separate fabric sewn onto unpleated, flat drapery while a round rod slides through the loops.
Looped/ tab-top headers
Small strips of fabric attached to the head of the fabric and are used to tie over a curtain rod
Tie top curtains
Aka grommets. Similar to tab tops but have metal grommets fixed onto the head of the curtain at regular intervals.
Eyelets
Created by a row of gatherings on a pole or rod
Shirring
Curtains with shirred heading
Cased (slot) or gathered curtains
Uses double or triple rows of puckers which form x or diamond patterns
Smocking
Folds of cloth sewn or taped into place to create fullness
Pleats
Flat, symmetrical pleats formed by folding fabric to the back at each side of the pleat. Fabric folds in opposite directions
Box pleat
Box pleat in reverse. Fabric folds facing each other
Inverted Pleat
Round, 2” to 2 1/2” pleats filled with cotton or paper to hold shape. Generally spaced 2-3” apart.
Cartridge pleat
Aka Pinch Pleats. Three folds made by dividing one fat pleat into three smaller ones but not creasing them
French pleat
Similar to French pleats but instead of 3 folds, only two
Butterfly pleat
Aka Straight Pleats. Fabric folds all facing the same direction
Knife pleat
Curtain heading formed by a tape which when drawn up creates a row of narrow, densely packed folds
Pencil pleat
Neat, even folds that snap on and off a traverse track without hooks. Simulate look of accordion folds
Accordion pleat
Secure only the base by forming a short cup then stuffed with a rolled-up piece of interlining or Dacron to pad out the full shape
Goblet
Goblet pleats linked along their base by a hand-sewn cord
Flemish headings
Term that include blinds, shades and screens that are made of wood or strong fabric
Hard window treatments
Consist of horizontal panels that open and close at right angles
Horizontal blinds
Usually made of lightweight metal usually aluminum, coated with paint. 2” wide slats held together by 1” cotton braid ladder or nylon cord
Venetian blinds
Same as venetian blinds only that it has 1” wide slats
Miniblinds
Has slats that are 1/2” in size
Microminiblinds
Venetian blinds with strips made of wood
Wood blinds
Vertically aligned vanes. Made of PVC, fabric, wood, painted aluminum or polycarbonate plastic.
Vertical blinds
Made of fabric approx. 4” wide. When closed, these woven strips fold one in back of the other creating a look of a macrame panel on either side of window
Vertical woven blinds
Roll of material attached to a spring-wound tube or roller mechanism. Usually comes in 36, 45, 54, 72”
Roller blinds
Usually made of narrow horizontal strips connected with thread woven on both sides. Made of bamboo, tortoise shells or woven wood
Wooden shades
More like a blind than it is a shade. Made of accordion-pleated fabric which is raised and lowered with cords like a blind. Permanently pleated.
Pleated shades
Aka honeycomb shades. Consists of two or more sheets of accordion-pleated reinforced fabric that are bonded together.
Cellular shades
Wooden hinged and solid panels that may be folded across a window to diffuse light or add privacy
Shutters
Bigger than ordinary shutters. With wider louvers and offer more ventilation and clearer view
Plantation shutter
Type of freestanding furniture with several frames or panels often connected by hinges
Screens
Chinese wooden folding screen coated in dark lacquer
Coromandel screem
Traditional Japanese designed panel screens made of paper
Shoji screen
Has open framework with criss-crossed pattern of overlapping strips of building material
Lattice screen
Ornately carved screen with pinholes
Pierced screen
Used to protect draperies, adding to their durability and longetivity
Drapery Liners
Either in white or gray/ silver in color; eliminates inter-lining but is twice the cost of sateen
Milium Sateen
Most draperies are lined with this. May have to be interlined
Sateen
Used for lining but is generally interlined with white flannel
Glosheen or colored sateen
Used to change or enhance properties of draperies; generally not durable enough to withstand exposure to UV light, abrasion, moisture, and other environmental conditions, therefore they are inserted between the lining and drapery fabrics
Interlining
Lend a nice, airy feeling to a room with drapery hanging just below the pole with rings or with drapery fabric fully gathered on the pole. Usually 1 1/2” diameter for brass and 1 3/8” diameter for wood (with 2” rings)
Pole treatment
Soft horizontal treatments mounted across the tops of window and are always made entirely of fabric
Valances
Valance treatment that is arched along the lower edge
Arched valance
Valance constructed like the box pleats but the pleats are spaced further part
Kick pleated valance
Valance includes triangularly cut fabric pieces that overlap together
Banner valance
A long piece of fabric, usually designed to drape across the top of window and hang to the floor on either side
Scarf
Stiff paneled headings to curtains. Also valances made out of wood with edges cut either straight or curved. Depth usually varies from 4”-8”.
Pelmet or Corniceboard
Extends all the way down, either side of the window as well as across the top framing the window on three sides. Usually plywood covered with fabric.
Lambrequin
Aka festoon. Single or double draping fabric across top of the window. Hung from a foundation cornice.
Swag
French term which means bird’s crop. Pleated or draped lengths of fabric hanging down the side of the window.
Jabots
Can be the same fabric as the drapery itself, or in a contrasting fabric or may have a border or may be shirred or may use ornamental pieces or accessories
Tie-backs
Simple, ornamental knobs or hooks where you attach the tie-backs or use them by themselves
Hold backs
Defined as decorative cording, braids or fringes applied to edges or hems of draperies
Trim
Trim that may be silk, cotton, wood and crystal
Balls
Trim sewn onto the edges and hems of curtain panels. Also used to decorate pillows, lampshades and rugs
Fringes
Four types of fringes
Cut, looped, beaded and eyelash fringes
1/2” to 8” long bell shaped trims constructed entirely from yarns and are tied together at the neck. May be braided, looped or scalloped.
Tassels
Consists of round or elongated wooden turnings that are wound with one or more of a variety of yarns
Molded fringes
Formed of twisted loops of rope
Bullion fringe
A woven ribbon used as edging or trimming
Braid
A narrow close-woven band or braid used for trimming draperies and upholstery and commonly made of lace, metallic thread or embroidery. It is a heavy Gimpe.
Galloon
A narrow flat braid or rounded cord of fabric used for trimming
Gimpe/ Gimp
It is a length of cord covered with bias binding and used as a decorative edging
Piping
Strips of material sewn between upholstery seams or drapery
Welting
Four types of edging
Piping, welting, ruffles and pleats
Adjustable rods usually hung by brackets to the wall or window frame. Drawn manually and curtains may be shirred onto the rod or hung by hooks.
Flat Curtain Rods
Designed for double curtain treatments. Outside is longer than inside.
Double Flat Rods
Two or three piece adjustable rods, hinged for use on corner-meeting windows and angled bays
Corner and Bay Window Rods
Small, round, decorative rod which comes in white, brass or woodgrain finish; used to mount cafe curtains that do not have a rod pocket
Cafe Rods
Rods mainly used for decorative purposes. Curtains are attached to rings then to this rod.
Wood Poles
Small rod, usually mounted inside a window frame on the sash
Sash rods
Rods which stay in place inside the window frame through spring tension
Tension rods
Rods for use on windows with curves; may come in brass but usually aluminum is used
Custom Bent
Adjustable drapery rods that allow opening and closing of window treatment by means of cord and pulley that are actually track glides
Traverse rods
Type of traverse rod wherein curtains and draperies are drawn on both sides
Conventional Two Way
Type of traverse rod wherein only one panel moves in one direction; often used for sliding glass doors
Conventional One Way
Traverse rods meant to be exposed
Decorative Traverse Rods
Attachment placed at each end of curtain rod, originally to stop curtain rings from falling off but now used decoratively
Finial
Attached to ordinary brackets to extend the length of rod return. For multiple tier curtains to hang freely
Extension brackets
Used to mount brackets beyond window frame
Extension Plates
Usually lead or chain; inserted on hems or tacked in lower corners to make treatments hang crisply
Weights
Sewn in vertical seams and each corner of drapery panel
Lead weights
Small beads strung in a line along bottom hemline of sheers to insure even hemline and straight hanging
Chain weights
Type of ring that grip the curtain with spring-tension prongs. Easily attaches and detaches from curtains
Clip-on rings
Rings that are hand stitched to the top of the curtain and slid onto the rods
Plain rings
Rings that have additional smaller ring on the bottom which may be sewn directly to curtains or hooks that have been sawn on headers could be made to slip through
Eyelet Rings
Pinned directly onto drapery or curtain headings
Hooks or Pin-on hooks
Hooks that have prongs that fit into the slats of a pleater tape and creates a simple pinched pleat
Pleater hooks
Hooks that are easier to use because they are just slipped inside a heading
Slip-in hooks
Wood facing below the sill on windows
Apron
Type of bed with canopy suspended from the ceiling. Aka angle bed
A La Duchesse
Canopy resting on columns usually built over an altar
Baldachino
Used to frame or border a piece of work to add interest to the finished work
Banding
A line or cut across a fabric that is not at right angles to a side of the fabric
Bias
Strips of fabric cut on the bias
Bias binding
Happens when two fabrics are used in layers and darker color of the bottom gets seen from the top
Bleed through
Stitch frequently used for attaching applique pieces or binding; hidden under the top
Blind stitch
Draped covering over a piece of furniture
Canopy
Curtain heading consisting of a simple hemmed top through which a rod or narrow pole could be slotted
Cased heading or slot heading
Two or three drapery rods sharing one set of brackets
Combination rods
Colored fabric used as lining when parts of it will show from the front
Contrast Lining
Pair of draperies which open and close from the center of windows
Center Draw
Stiffening material similar to buckram in drapery headings
Crinoline
Coiled wire with plastic coating; slightly expandable and is fixed by eyelets screwed into the wire at each end
Curtain wire
Linings that hang by special heading tape; not actually stitched to the curtain fabric
Detachable linings
Distance from the top of the object to where you want the fabric to end
Drop Length
Wood board at top of the top treatments, cornices or valances; purpose is to prevent dust from settling
Dust cap
Casual curtains that do not pull back; bottom inside corners are hooked back to let light in
Envelope curtains
Similar to fan shade but used on half-circle windows with fan facing up
Fan curtain
Vertical fold of accordion action of the fabric that creates folds and helps hold the drapery
Fan Floded
Arcs of fabric pulled together in center by rings and cords that are fastened to the back; arc or fan facing down
Fan shades
Main fabric that faces the interior
Face fabric
Actual width after treatment is finished
Finished width
Place where the curtain stops
Finished drop line
Exact vertical measurement for draperies or curtains
Finished length
Ratio of the total fabric used to the finished width of a drapery; the greater = smaller spaces between pleats
Fullness
Rectangular canopy above a bed extending only partway from the bed
Half-tester
Extra fabric added to measurements to create hems
Hem Allowance
Installation of window covering inside window frame
Inside mount
Thin cords threaded through each slat that hold a blind together
Ladder cord
Inner vertical edges of the curtain that meets its pair at the center of the window
Leading edge
The control, typically a cord which raises or lowers blinds or shades
Lift
Gap on the side or in the center of window treatment through which light penetrates
Light strike
Trim that sets off smaller panes of glass in a window
Mullion
Installation of window covering beyond window frame
Outside mount
Fancy decorative trimmings such as tassels, tiebacks and ribbons
Passementerie
Random pattern repeats are matched vertically at selvage edge so pattern lines up horizontally at leading edge of fabric
Pattern Match
Interval between repetitions of the same pattern
Pattern repeat
Pre-made and evenly spaced fabric tape sewn onto a drapery heading for stiffness to receive and conceal drapery hooks
Pleating tape
Bed set lengthwise against wall and supported by small dome
Polonnaise
Term used to describe long draperies that are lying on the floor in a puddle fashion
Puddle
Refers to using fabric horizontally
Railroading
Distance from front of the window treatment to the wall
Return
Printed side of the fabric used as the finished side
Right side
Area required and used by pleated curtains when they are open
Stackback
Panel of fabric mounted on a board and attached to the inside frame of a narrow window
Stagecoach valance
Canopy framework over a four-poster bed
Tester
1-2” of extra fabric beyond what’s needed to reach the floor; more contemporary option for puddling
Trouser beak
Narrow bed with draped recess
Turkish bed
Hook and loop tape for attaching fabric to a mounting board
Velcro
Rolled fabric boarder stuffed to create a sausage shape
Wadded edge
Soft, bulky material for stuffing shapes as in like a goblet heading
Wadding
Back side of the fabric; least finished side; rougher look
Wrong side
Space between the finished ceiling and the structure above provided for HVAC, fire suppression layout and lighting system; may also be under a raised flooring or inside walls
Plenum
Type of flooring that resemble elements found in nature such as wood, stone or clay and establish a sense of permanence which may last the life of the building
Hard Flooring
Type of flooring that combines the comfort underfoot and quietness associated with textile floor coverings with imperviousness of hard flooring
Resilient flooring
Type of flooring that is relatively easy to maintain such as carpet which is unmatched among all floor coverings for a luxurious feel underfoot
Soft floor covering
Type of flooring that is impervious to most household liquids; waterproof and are usually most durable. Examples include slate, ceramic and quarry tiles.
Nonporous flooring
Waterproof and resistant but not impervious to oil and grease and they tend to react badly to spirit solvents such as petrol. Examples include marble, terrazzo, rubber, most linoleums, vinyl, vinyl asbestos and thermoplastics.
Semi-porous flooring
Type of flooring that is not waterproof or greaseproof and are likely to stain. When sealed, this becomes a nonporous surface. Examples include unsealed wood, cork, concrete, chipboard and some older linoleum.
Porous flooring
Natural building material made from sand, clay and water with some kind of fibrous or organic material shaped into bricks. Stores and releases heat very slowly.
Adobe
Block of ceramic material used in masonry construction; commonly made from clay.
Brick
Oldest bricklaying pattern wherein bricks are laid in alternate courses of headers and stretchers
English Bond
Type of bricklaying pattern where headers and stretchers are laid alternately in one layer
Flemish bond
Type of bricklaying pattern where only stretchers are laid each layer
Stretcher bond
Type of bricklaying pattern where bricks of different colors are used to make a regular pattern
Diapering
1/2 size of normal brick
Queen closer
3/4 size of normal brick
King closer
Made from clay or a mixture of clay and ceramic materials pressed into tiles and fired at high temperature. Natural clay is most commonly used but porcelain is also available
Ceramic tile
Composition of ceramic tile where it is usually clay with high bonding power and some fluxing ability
The Plastic
Composition of ceramic tile which reduces shrinkage in drying and firing and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which prevents deformation under heat
The Filler
Composition of ceramic tile which melts under intense heat and fuses the heat restraining elements into one solid mass
The Flux or Solvent
Type of tile with lowest absorption level
Impervious
Meaning glasslike which describes a tile that is slightly more absorptive than impervious tile but still at a very low rate
Vitreous
Tile which has an absorption level of more than 3% but not more than 7%
Semivitreous
Most absorptive tile at a rate more than 7%
Non-vitreous
Italian term for “double fired” meaning the tile is made to go through the kiln twice, one for the body and another for the body with glaze.
Biocottura
Italian term for “single fired” where the tile passes through the kiln only once with a temperature of 2200 degrees Celsius
Monocottura
Type of ceramic tile which after firing, a thin coat of liquefied glass is applied over top surface which makes the tiles so highly moisture and stain resistance and what gives it color
Glazed interior tile
Type of ceramic tile that is usually 6mm to 20mm (1/4” to 2/5”) thick. Refers to small size of tile with common sizes: 25mm x 25mm or 50mm x 50mm
Ceramic Mosaic Tiles
Essentially large ceramic mosaic tiles which are generally weatherproof and are especially suitable for heavy floor service
Paver Tiles
Type of ceramic tile that are unglazed, extruded and made from either natural clay or shale. Similar to bricks. Very durable, impervious to moisture, stains and dirt and are resistant to abrasion.
Quarry Tiles
Type of ceramic tile typically made with specific kinds of clays that have very specific properties and are fired at very high temperatures. Generally dense and are impervious, thus have a more superior chip resistance. Many offer appearance of natural stone without maintenance.
Porcelain Tiles
Type of ceramic tile which can be made of any kind of material and category is applied to the fact that its color is solid throughout
Homogenous
Type of ceramic tile finish composed of same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made
Unglazed tiles
Type of ceramic tile finish with glassy surface that is impervious to moisture
Glazed tiles
Type of glazed tile having a highly polished surface and reflects an image clearly
Bright Glazes
Type of glazed tile which do not reflect an image or are entirely without sheen
Matte Glazes
Tiles made from cement and aggregate
Concrete tiles
Basically concrete that is patterned, textured or embossed. Used for patios, sidewalks, driveways, pool decks and interior flooring.
Stamped Concrete
Type of resilient flooring with the outer layer of the cork oak tree which is grown in Mediterranean regions
Cork
Cork tile with laminated top layer of vinyl
Vinyl Cork Tile
Composed of granulated cork and natural or synthetic resins which are then compressed and baked
Cork Tile
Oldest wallcovering
Fabric
Type of fabric where a laminated paper is adhered to the reverse side of the textile which stiffens the textile and hides defects in wall.
Paper-backed fabrics
Type of fabric which involves a process stretching the textile in a frame and applying a latex compound. Less dimensionally stable than paper-backed textiles. Can improve ravel resistance and eam slippage
Latex-coated fabrics
Pre-treated fabrics suitable for sticking to the wall
Unbacked fabrics
Usually used for floors. Superior and less porous kind of concrete made from cement, granite chippings and granite dust. Most often used in factories than homes.
Granolithic
Placing something in between layers of plastic and gluing them with heat, pressure and an adhesive
Lamination
Produced with kraft papers and decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper; set before they are heated and pressed together
Plastic Laminate
Molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lbs per sq. in. (70kg per sq cm), more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 lbs per sq. in. (84 to 140kg per sq cm)
High-pressure laminate
Plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per sq. in.
Low-pressure laminate
Multi-layer synthetic flooring fused together with a lamination process which simulates wood or stone with a photographic applique layer under a clear protective layer
Laminated Flooring
Resilient flooring produced mainly with natural materials from sustainable crops and its waste is biodegradable. Composed of oxidized linseed oil, or other resins mixed with ground cork or wood flour, mineral filler and color pigments.
Linoleum
Man-made material usually composed of marble dust, bauxite, acrylic or polyester resins and pigments. Most frequently used in seamless countertop installations. Nonporous
Solid surface
Type of rock formed by deposition of sediments
Sedimentary
Rocks that have undergone a change in structure, texture or composition
Metamorphic
Rocks formed by crystallization of molten magma
Igenous
Loose, unfinished stones found on surface or in the soil/ Architectural stone.
Fieldstone
Consists of quarried stone having irregular mortar joints
Rubble stone
Quarried and squared stones, cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions and of specific thicknesses
Dimension stone
Hard, durable, low maintenance stone. Grainy igneous rock with visual strength. Extremely durable, highly resistant to stains, weathering and corrosion, Not as porous as other cladding stones.
Granite
Any stone consisting of crystalline and compact varieties of carbonate of lime or sometimes carbonate of magnesia with high polish. Metamorphic rock which is softer and more brittle than granite
Marble
Type of white or blue-grey marble with high quality and smaller and finer linear veining
Carrara Marble
Bolder and more dramatic veining than carrara and rarer
Calacatta Marble
Sedimentary rock formed by accumulation of organic materials like shells and corals. Most commonly used for exterior cladding. Susceptible to staining and should not be exposed to excessive soil.
Limestone
Fine grained homogenous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock. Used as contemporary interior floor or wall finish. Dense, non-porous stone with two lines of breakability, cleavage and grain.
Slate
Sedimentary rock; a natural precipitate of carbonate minerals typically argonite. When pure, it is white but usually brown to yellow due to impurities. Characterized by pitted holes and trough in its surface.
Travertine
Sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral rock grains. Resistant to weathering and easy to work with. Excellent material for making grindstones for sharpening blades and other implements.
Sandstone
Cryptocrystalline form of Quartz. Made up of crystals.
Onyx
Onyx with reddish brown with white and lighter reddish brands used for lighting fixtures, furniture and as inlays
Sardonyx
Crystal that is glossy to vitreous and waxy to dull. Comes in transparent, translucent and opaque forms with very good workability. For sculpture, flooring, wall, countertops and furniture.
Quartz
Composite material made of crushed stone bound together by polymer resin. Made in slabs.
Engineered stone
Engineered stone with 93% quartz, 7% polyester resin and pigment. Nonporous and resists stains
Quartz stone surface
Minerals and stone particles like the ones found in natural stones are carefully selected then subject to extreme heat and pressure which bonds them together permanently without using resins or bonding agents.
Sintered stone
From Italian word “terrassa” which means terrace. Flooring material. Very low maintenance, seamless and luxurious look, as durable as concrete.
Terrazzo
Composed of natural rubber or synthetic rubber (styrene butadiene) or both combined with mineral fillers and pigments. Highly resistant to wide variety of chemicals and solvents. Good for high traffic areas.
Rubber flooring
Most important and most expensive ingredient in vinyl flooring which gives it its wear resistance and durability
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) resin
Ingredient in vinyl flooring that provide color permanence and stabilize pigments against heat and light deterioration
Stabilizers
Ingredient in vinyl flooring that increase flexibility of the flooring so that it can be rolled without breaking or cracking
Plasticizers
Type of vinyl that allows for a continuous floor surface. It is popular for applications where spills, dirt or bacterial growth is a concern such as in hospitals.
Sheet Vinyl
Most popular and economical type of resilient flooring which is more brittle than vinyl sheet flooring
Vinyl Composition Tile (VCT)
Second to paint as the most popular choice for commercial interior wall surfaces because it is durable, easy to maintain and provides a wide variety of decorative effects in a myriad of patterns, textures and colors. Never need refinishing, can withstand stains, acid, food, lint and grease. Resist marking, scuffing, dents, scratches and peeling.
Vinyl wallcovering
Term most commonly used to distinguish between ordinary lumber and engineered wood, but also refers to structures that do not have hollow spaces. Naturally porous, thus moisture is often cause for failure.
Solid wood
Widest of all types of wood, about 75mm to 250mm (3”-10”) wide.
Planks
Most popular choice of wood which is about 40mm to 60mm (1 1/2”-2 1/2”) wide.
Wood strip flooring
Consists of small lengths of wood strips, either individual slats or preconfigured into tiles that are arranged to form patterns.
Parquet flooring
Composed of square units preassembled at the mill, usually installed with a sealant, adhesive or protective coating.
Block flooring
Type of block flooring made by joining short lengths of strip flooring edgewise
Unit block
Type of block flooring made by assembling narrow slats into larger units
Slat block
Thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3mm obtained either by “peeling” the trunk of a tree or by slicing large rectangular blocks; also used in marquetry.
Wood veneer
When alternating pieces of veneer are flipped over so they face each other as do the pages within the book. This creates a pleasing, symmetrical pattern
Bookmatching
Veneer pieces are joined in sequence without flipping the pattern. If grain is straight, joints will not be obvious.
Slipmatching
Knotty veneers are often laid this way; done to disperse characteristics such as clusters of knots more evenly across the sheet
Random match
Where pattern formed is diamond shaped
Diamond match
Manufactured wood panel made from thin sheets of wood veneer. One of the most widely used wood products. Flexible, inexpensive, workable and reusable
Plywood
Engineered wood product from wood particles such as wood chips, sawmill shavings or even saw dust and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder which is pressed and extruded. It is a composite material that is cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is used as substitute to them when appearance and strength are less important than cost.
Particle board or chipboard
Engineered wood product formed by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder. and forming panels by high temperature and pressure.
Medium density fiberboard
Can almost be described as cheap vinyl; can be washed or gently scrubbed but not with abrasives; usually hung with a paste containing anti fugicide due to its impervious surface thus making it harder to remove than standard papers
Washable wallpaper
Kind of vinyl wallpaper that has a fabric substrate laminated with a solid vinyl decorative surface
True vinyl
Most common type of wallpaper, made of paper but with a protective coat of vinyl, making it ideal for kitchens or bathrooms. Has better resistance to grease and moisture than plain paper and is scrubbable and strippable.
Vinyl Coated
Wallpaper designed for the do-it-yourself market. Backed with an adhesive coating and supplied with a plastic trough. Must be soaked in water immediately before hanging to activate the paste.
Ready-pasted or pre-pasted
Has a raised texture that you can feel
Relief
Recognized under the name “Woodchip”. Papers which contain small chips of wood.
Ingrain papers
Made from heavy white paper backed with another layer of ordinary wood pulp and embossed while damp so pronounced relief patterns remain when hung. Normally painted over.
Anaglypta
More rigid material made from a solid paper backing, coated with putty-like mixture of linseed oil and filler. Low-relief material that is pressed while still soft into patterns and textures.
Lincrusta
Papers that have relief patter which are often colored and gold/silver leafed.
Embossed
Wallcoverings made from and made to look like many materials other than paper
Fakes and Fantasies
One of the oldest forms of wallpaper; usually ornate and considered “old-fashioned” which includes a raised pattern in felt, fibre, powdered silk or wool which looks and feels like the alternate raise and flat pile pattern of velvet.
Flock
Clean textured fakes and fantasies wallcovering, Scandinavian feeling
Hessian
Paper is subtly shaded to look like watered silk or “shot” taffeta
Moire
Suedes and some very sophisticated reptile skin effects
Fake Leathers
Has a thin metal coating and is highly reflective under the brand name “Mylar”.
Foil paper
Photographically printed to resemble a variety of wood types
Woodgrain papers
Same process as woodgrain papers made to resemble marble; sometimes handmade
Marble papers
Natural material wallcovering which is extremely fragile and difficult to clean but easy to work with because they stay stiff when pasting to the wall. Dried grass is woven together before being stuck to a paper backing. One of the most expensive and exclusive. Requires felt-roller.
Grasscloth/ burlap
Type of paper used to prepare walls and ceilings for painting or papering. Should be hung in the opposite direction to the top paper.
Lining
Generally untrimmed and come from small exclusive outlets. Not recommended for amateurs as the surface is easily damaged.
Hand-printed
Cheapest type of machine for design production because design is printed directly onto the raw paper
Pulp
Accounts for the largest volume of printed papers. Originally done with wooden rollers but now done with engraved metal rollers.
Surface printing
Uses copper-covered steel rollers. photographically engraved to produce rotogravure patterns.
Rotogravure printing
Purely mechanized or partly by hand type of design production which was originally meant as a substitute to Block Printing. Designs are applied by individual screens; one screen for each color.
Silk-screen printing
Domestic ones usually oil-resinous containing oil and slower to dry or polyurethane in one-can or two-can form.
Sealer
Type of sealer that partly soaks into grain or surface
Oil-resinous
Type of sealer that forms a hard skin on top of surface
Polyurethane seal
Not really used as a finish but provides a very good base for various finishes. Seals and protects wood. Fills the pores and hardens the fine ends of grain so it can be sanded away smoothly
Sanding sealer
Makes material resistant to moisture, chemicals and corrosion which is noted for its flexibility.
Polyurethane
Used for wood to cover holes, cracks and other imperfections
Fillers
Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine and sometimes colors ground in oil.
Paste filler
Plastic wood putty, stick shellac etc. Used for filling nail holes, cracks and dents
Crack filler
Comes in either spirit-based (liquid or solid wax) or in emulsion (suspended in water form)
Polishes
Pigments derived from various earth clays. After they are dissolved in linseed oil, the coloring particles remain suspended between the oil molecules. For spreading, ground oil color is thinned with turpentine.
Oil wood stains
Made from aniline dyes and mineral extracts which have been dissolved in hot water; safest to use since it can be sealed without any chemical reaction. Raises grain of wood.
Water stains
Type of stain mixed with alcohol solution anilyne powders and warmed alcohol.
Spirit or alcohol stain
Made by refining seed lac and denatured alcohol. Natural color is orange. It is an under or preparatory coat for varnish and wax finishes. Used to cover wood knots before a priming lead and oil coat is applied because it kills the resin in the knot and prevents discoloration.
Shellac
Resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a volatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit varnish); contains no pigment; hardens into a smooth, hard and glossy coat.
Varnish
Usually contain polyurethane, acrylic or epoxy resin and come in a fairly wide range of colors
Paint
Quickest, easiest and most versatile of all faux painting techniques
Spongeing
Faux painting technique that produces a delicate, fabric-like texture with a soft variegated appearance; perfect way to create intimate mood
Ragging
Faux painting technique that creates a feeling of elegant silk fabric or wallpaper; pulling dry brush or combing device through wet paint
Dragging
Faux painting technique that has a rustic, country look and works best with earthy colors
Colorwashing
Faux painting technique that creates a striated effect producing vertical lines that mimic sheen of opulent silk. Can be used to create waves, horizontal strips or checkered patterns.
Combing
Faux painting technique that is very messy to execute thus used on smaller surfaces. Can be made to look like granite.
Spattering
Faux painting technique that simulates the grains of woods.
Woodgraining
Faux painting technique that serves as an alternative solution to costly, genuine, marble.
Marbling
Faux painting technique that uses stencils to add texture, prints, designs to the wall
Stenciling
Basically a painting on any large surface
Mural
Type of mural painting which makes use of water soluble paints and damp lime wash
Fresco
Basically means “Trick the Eye” in French and also called illusionism. Give the appearance of three-dimensional or photographic realism.
Trompe l’oeil
Type of paint sheen that has a non-reflective porous surface with a powdery feel. Hides surface imperfections and creates a formal feel. Easily attracts dirt.
Flat paint finish
Type of paint sheen that has the barest hint of luster and a little bit of reflectivity. More maintenance friendly than flat finish.
Eggshell/ Satin
Type of paint sheen that provides harder and glossier finish than eggshell/satin, thus more stain and wear resistant. Preferred for kitchen or bathroom, woodwork and cabinets.
Semi-gloss
Type of paint sheen that is very hard and shiny. It has the highest stain and wear resistance thus a good choice for cabinets, woodwork and railings.
High gloss
Type of ceiling system that is hung from the structure above
Suspended ceiling system
Can be attached to the suspended furring channels in the ceiling
Gypsum board or metal lath with plaster
High strength, high density gypsum reinforced with continuous glass fibers or chopped glass fiber strands
Glass reinforced gypsum
Suspended square or rectilinear frames that hold attached or loose laid panels where channel or angle-shaped sections are attached to the wall to support perimeter panel edges. Panels can be pushed up and temporarily moved out of place.
Exposed grid system
Provide traditional look of uniform ceiling along with increased acoustic performance. Ceiling tiles have a kerfed edge that slides into a T or NT shaped bar.
Concealed grid/ concealed spline system
Aka access flooring. Elevated flooring system comprised of panels which can be removed. Used in commercial applications.
Raised flooring
Stains that appear on paper face caused by bad pasting methods or poor paper handling
Adhesive stains
Floral foliage or scroll patterns covering the entire paper
Allovers
Applied or laid on as figures cut from paper and laid on to another paper
Appliques
Appearance of one color to another
Bleeding
Means that the paper is not flat on the substrate and has pockets of air trapped behind; caused by under soaking or not evenly brushing paste or insufficient smoothing while handling
Blisters or bubbles
Amount of rolls produced of a single color combination at one time
Color run
Designs that memorialize a historic event
Commemorative
Set of designs and colors to be used together in the same or adjacent areas
Companion papers
Design based on a document, an old paper, or a fabric dating from an earlier century
Documentary
Installation technique where two strips of paper are overlapped while a cut is made through the center of the overlapped seam and the excess paper is removed
Double-cut wallpaper seam
Printing surface is made of rubber, cut in relief
Flexography
Finely powdered silk, wool or other fibers glued onto paper
Flocks
Thin sheet of flexible metal on paper
Foils
Paper printed from copper plates, leaving the design slightly impressed
Gaufranes
Achieved by printing an adhesive to the areas that are to take the metal dust
Gilding
Other term for gilding
Silvering
Raw stock in which a coat of pigment is applied before the top colors are put on
Ground
Process of printing with blocks in which a separate block is needed for each color
Hand-blocked
Produced by hand-screening
Handprints
Trade name designating imported Chinese painted papers
India
Powdered over with ground up paints or having a thin metallic glaze
Lusters
Any kind of wall painting printed on paper
Mural
Wallpaper pattern matches
Matching
Where one length encroaches on the next; caused by poor workmanship, insufficient soaking or missing patches while pasting which makes the paper swell unevenly
Overlapping
Where the paper is poorly matched, creased, polished (shiny) or embossed papers are flattened; caused by bad paper handling and over brushing
Overstretch
Series of papers with a comprehensive presentation of a subject or area in every direction
Panoramas
Process of photographic separation using copper or steel cylinders
Photogravure
An enlarged photograph used as a mural on the wall
Photomural
Pictorial design continuing over several strips of paper
Scenic
Produced by the silkscreen process
Screen print
Having scenes spaced at intervals
Semi-scenic
Containing 36 sq.ft. of surface after trimming
Single roll
Made from maize, corn, potato or wheat; in powdered form, made to paste by adding water; has fungicide added during manufacture
Starch paste
Sealer used to prepare the wall before paper is applied
Size
Paper fused or coated with vinyl plastic, rendering it impervious to steam and damp
Vinyl
Wallpaper repeat where design elements run diagonally between 3 strips to complete the design
Wallpaper half-drop match
Wallpaper pattern repeat refers to the vertical distance between one point to another identical point on the wallpaper roll
Wallpaper pattern match
Wallpaper pattern will match from roll to roll regardless of how it is position
Wallpaper random match
Wallpaper design will match at the same position on each strip of paper
Wallpaper straight match
Ability of a surface to resist being worn away by rubbing and friction
Abrasion resistance
Substance which when added to concrete, mortar or grout increases the rate of hydration of hydraulic cement, shortens the time of setting or increases the rate of hardening of strength, development or both
Accelerator
Term frequently used as synonym for addition or admixture
Additive
State in which two surfaces are held together
Adhesion
Material other than water, aggregates and hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, added to concrete immediately before or during its mixing
Admixture
Granular material used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic-cement, concrete or mortar
Agglomerate
Pre-casting of stone, slag, sand and gravel bonded together into an integrated mass; major component of plaster, concrete and asphalt
Aggregate
Chemical substance which effectively neutralizes acid material so as to form neutral salts
Alkali
Pliant material used as wall covering
Applied
Masonry constructed of flat-surfaced stones with straight, clean-cut jointing
Ashlar
Any material used as a base over which finish material is to be installed
Backing
Narrow wood strip used to cover joints between boards and panels
Batten
Wall that slopes backward; also walls that may gently sloped inward
Battered
Any fractures in the body of a tile visible both on the face and back
Bisque cracks
Adherence of one material to another
Bond
Substance applied to a suitable substrate to create a bond
Bonding agent
Ceramic tile installation featuring each row offset for half its length
Broken joint
French term designating a plain or carved wood-paneled wall
Boiserie
Projecting ornament placed at the intersection of beams or moldings; often a carved head of an angel, flower or foliage motif
Boss
To polish or grind down to a smooth finish
Buff
Wall or partition that supports the portion of a building above it in addition to its own weight
Bearing partition
Plain square joint between two members
Butt joint
Tiles that have projections on bondable side; many of these projections are round
Buttonback tile
A copolymer of about 98% isobutylene and 2% isoprene; has the poorest resistance to petroleum oils and gasolines of any rubber; excellent resistance to vegetable and mineral oils; to solvents, water and gas absorption; heat resistance is above average; excellent sunlight resistance; low permeability to gases
Butyl rubber
Any substance which markedly speeds up the cure of an adhesive
Catalyst
Soft, plastic material consisting of a pigment and vehicle, used for seating joints in buildings
Caulking compound
Any material fixed as “clothing” to walls and roofs; weathering surface that protects a building
Cladding
Thin wall supported by structural frame and not dependent on load-bearing capacity of the wall below it
Curtain wall
Constant load in structures due to mass of the members
Dead load
Partitions that can be removed from its mounted position
Demountable
Screen or partition
Divider
Tile decorated with colored clays inlaid and fired
Encaustic
Prints from a copper plate upon which a drawing or design has been made by a metal tool or by “biting” with acid
Etching
Area of tile covering a wall or floor; bordered by a tile trim
Field tile
Partitions with joined sections that can be folded together together
Folding
Hollow brick of glass that is translucent but not transparent, used mainly in conjunction with brick
Glass brick/ glass block
Lattice or trellis openwork screen or wall
Grille
Wood strip or metal mesh which acts as a background or reinforcing agent for the scratch coat or mortar coat
Lath
Moving load or variable weight
Live load
Force provided by weight or mass
Force
Opening in a wall or ceiling protected from the rain by slats placed at an angle
Louver
Organic tile adhesive
Mastic
Can be replaced in storage
Movable/ Portable
Projecting shelf surmounting the fireplace
Mantel
Recess in a wall for a statue or ornament
Niche
Wall or partition that supports its own weight
Non-bearing
Front dividing line of a step where the top or a riser joins the front of a tread
Nosing
Movable wall that is hinged or slides serving as room divider
Operative
Flat surface, raised or recessed
Panel
Interior partial wall
Partition
To last indefinitely, fixed and changeless
Permanent
Rectangular shaft built into wall and projecting slightly from it
Pilaster
Traditionally a mixture of lime, sand and water, sometimes with hair or other fiber added used for coating walls and ceilings
Plaster
Material that increases plasticity of a cement paste, mortar or concrete mixture
Plasticizer
Made up of thin layers of plies of timber that get bonded together
Plywood
Easily movable
Portable
Rock composed of crystals or white or red feldspar in a red ground mass
Porphyry
Prominent or accent wall
Prestige wall
In panelling, any horizontal strip forming a portion of the frame
Rail
In panelling, any vertical strip forming a portion of the frame
Stile
Small receptacle designed to hold a sacred relic
Reliquary
Aggregate, ceramics, glass, marble, metal, plaster, plastics, slate, terrazzo or wood used as finishing surface for a wall
Rigid materials
Mixture of Portland cement, sand and water
Scratch
First coat of plaster or stucco
Scratch coat
Movable partition intended to divide, conceal, or protect part of a room
Screen
Condition reached by a cement paste, mortar or concrete when it has lost plasticity
Set
Maximum interval during which a material may be stored and remain in usable condition
Shelf life
Fine plaster or cement made of Portland cement, sand and lime applied to a structure used as ornamentation
Stucco
Underlying support for ceramic tile installation
Substrate
Small cube of stone, glass or marble used in making mosaics
Tessera
Term used to describe bonding of tile with suitable materials applied approximately 1/8” thick
Thin-set
Decorative treatment of the space over a mantel, door or window; over-the-mantel panel treatment
Trumeau
Patterns created by placing thin slices of wood together featuring the grain in various combinations
Veneer match
Pierced lattice effect in woof
Treillage
Stylized leaf motif; classical architecture
Acanthus leaves
Motif resembling a conventionalized fanlike arrangement of petals; used especially in ancient Greek and Roman eras
Anthemion
Anthemion in ancient Egypt
Palmette
Other word for anthemion
Honeysuckle ornament
Moorish design or scrollwork, leaves, flowers and interlaced branches; based on Assyrian Tree of Life; usually a symmetrical horizontal composition
Arabesque
Other term for Arabesque
Rinceau
Full or half male figure used instead of a column or in place of a furniture leg
Atlantes
Board placed at base of a wall and rests on the floor; usually treated with moldings
Baseboard
Decorative strip or molding that resembles a string of beads
Beading
Edge of any flat surface that has been cut at a slant to the main area
Bevel
Tortoiseshell, ivory, mother-of-pearl and metals of various colors used as inlay
Boulle
Rounding of an edge or aris
Bullnose
Form of an unrolled scroll with an oval center; conventionalized shield or ovoid form
Cartouche
Column carved in human form
Caryatid
Molding of concave form approximating a quarter circle
Cavetto
Generally made of plaster, circular, decorative molding fixed to the ceiling; often has a pendant light fitting suspended from it
Ceiling rose
Topmost molding of a dado; placed at height of a chairback to protect wall finish
Chair rail
Other term for chair rail
Dado cap
Bevel or slope made by pairing off the edge of anything originally right angled
Chamfer
Pattern consisting of alternating light and dark squares
Checkerboard
Square block used to form a junction between sides and head strip of door and window trim
Corner block
Ornament used on the sides of pinnacles, usually leaf or bud shaped; commonly seen in Gothic art
Crocket
French term meaning “five leaves”; pattern resembling five-leaved clover
Cinquefoil
Ornament sunken panel in a ceiling, vault or the lower surface of an arch, beam or other architectural feature
Coffer
Formalized bunch of leaves carved at intervals on the edge of wood mouldings prevalent during Gothic period
Crocket
Molded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally
Cornice
Decorative molding at junction between a wall and ceiling of a room or the uppermost horizontal molding of a classical entablature
Crown molding
S shape curve which begins and ends horizontally
Cyma recta
Curve starts and end vertically
Cyma reversa
Lower portion of a wall; when treated differently from the surface above it; usually has a base, shaft and cap molding and often paneled or ornamented
Dado
All over or repeating pattern without definite limits
Diaper pattern
Small square projecting block in a cornice
Dentil
Ovoid shaped molding forming part of a classical capital; just under the abacus
Echinus
Classical motif; repeated and alternate dart and oval shapes
Egg and dart molding
Female head and bust used at top of a volute; also term for locking device for doors
Espagnolette
String of many kinds of material hanging in a curve between two points
Festoon
Divider with an openwork design; produced by twisting and curling wire together or the open work in porcelain
Filigree
Narrow flat molding or area; raised and sunk to separate larger moldings or areas
Fillet
Stylized three-petaled iris flower tied by an encircling band; used as heraldic bearing of the royal family of France
Fleur-de-lis
Channels in a vertical position used to embellish columns, pilasters or furniture legs; parallel concave grooves
Flutes
Greek geometric band or border motif; consisting of interlacing or interlocking lines
Fret
Other term for Fret
Meander or key pattern
Elongated ovoid forms placed in a parallel series and projecting beyond the surface they enrich
Gadroon
Pilaster that narrows toward the bottom and is capped with a topless female half figure
Gaine
Grotesque animal or human form used as water spout
Gargoyle
Prepared plaster of chalk and white lead which may be cast to make repeating ornamental forms in relief to apply to wood panels, plaster surfaces etc.
Gesso
Monster with body of a lion and head of and wings of an eagle
Griffin
Combination of a monstrous animal and human forms
Grotesque
Band or border running pattern having the appearance of overlapping or interlacing circular forms
Guilloche
Squared stone pillar tapering inward from top to bottom bearing a male head or bust usually of Hermes; used in ancient Greece as boundary marker or signpost
Herm
Panel resembling folded cloth; prevalent in Gothic period
Linenfold
Alternate name for conventional diamond-shaped motif
Lozenge
Form resembling a crescent or half moon
Lunette
Grotesque head or mask
Mascaron
Highly ornamented turning in two sections
Melon bulb
Overall pattern of stylized flowers and plants
Millefleur
Leading or prominent edge of a molding or drip
Nosing
Two opposing cyma curves whose convex sides meet at a point; forming an s but somewhat elongated compared to a cyma
Ogee or Ogive
Variety of brass made to imitate gold or bronze
Ormolu
Convex molding used in classical architecture; usually an exact quarter of a circle but in Grecian it is flatter and quirked on top
Ovolo
Using veneers cut as cross sections to resemble the irregular concentric rings in oyster shells
Oystering
Flat circle or oval containing acanthus leaves in a rosette arrangement
Patera
Boss elongated so that it hangs down from the intersection of coffers in ceilings or from tables
Pendant
Compound of paper pulp or shreds of paper mixed with paste or glue to be molded into various shapes
Papier-mache
Round or oval shaped disk often enriched by a rosette or other ornament
Patera
Horizontal molding near a ceiling which pictures can be suspended
Picture Mold/ Picture rail
Rail of narrow shelf fixed along a wall and grooved to hold plates especially for ornaments or display
Plate rail
Four lobed ornamentation
Quatrefoil
Long, semi-cylindrical, stem-like form or a grouping of such used to enrich moldings
Reeding
Ornamental motif formed by a series of leaves arranged around a central point
Rosette
X-pattern
Saltier
Semi-circular shell with ridges; common in furniture design during Queen Anne and Georgian periods in England and US; also extensively used in early Spanish Renaissance
Scallop shell
Parchment roll used as an ornament
Scroll
Broken pediment with each half shaped in the form of a reverse curve and ending in an ornament scroll; usually a finial or some sort is placed in the center
Scroll pediment
Used as marquetry in furniture panes
Seaweed
Other term for seaweed
Endive
Figure having head and breasts of a woman, wings of an eagle and body of a lion
Sphinx
Consisting of enriched interlacing flat bands and forms similar to fretwork
Strapwork
Stonework formed in the head of a Gothic window; applied to surface on door or wood panel
Tracery
Pattern resembling tree or vine; originating in ancient Assyria, borrowed by the Persians, East Indians and early English Renaissance
Tree of life pattern
Three lobed ornamentation like a clover
Trefoil
Millwork around openings
Trim
Other term for trim
Casing
Convex semi-circular molding
Torus
Ornamental motifs, patterns, or portraits centered on a large field
Vignettes
Series of breaking wave crests
Vitruvian scroll
Other term for vitruvian scroll
Wave pattern
Spiral scroll forming principal characteristics of the ionic capital
Volute
Wooden lining for interior walls, usually paneled
Wainscot
Conventionalized leaf pattern of classical origin used to enrich a cyma reversa molding
Waterleaf
Other term for waterleaf
Leaf and dart pattern
Decorative band core garland of flowers, foliage or other ornamental material
Wreath
General class of resinous polymers derived from esters, amides or other acid derivatives
Acrylic
Paint used on new plaster which is durable in contact with lime
Alkali resistant
Mechanical bonding of a coating to a rough surface
Anchoring
Metal paint designed to inhibit corrosion
Anti-corrosive paint
Paints with toxic compounds which kill any fungi attempting to feed from it; do not last the duration of the paint films life
Anti-fungus paints
Paint that contains a grit that forms a grippable surface that breaks the tension of the water
Anti-slip paint
Process of artificially ageing paint; rubbing over new paint with a darker glaze or color wash
Antiquing
Imitation of bamboo
Bambooing
Undercoat staining through the topcoat
Bleeding
Bubbles or blisters on paint film
Blistering
Milky opalescence in lacquer usually caused by lack of compatibility in the paint or being applied in cold or wet weather
Blushing
Powdery deposit being formed on a dry paint film surface; caused by painting over surfaces that haven’t been sealed sufficiently or paint is deficient in binder caused by over-thinning; can also occur when using interior paints on exterior surfaces
Chalking
Splits that appear in the film of the surface coating; caused by use of excessive dryers or recoating before the undercoat is dry
Checking, cracking, crocodiling, alligatoring
Diluted layer of paint; often used in country homes
Colorwash
Imitates old peeling paint and provides a cobweb look; applied between two water based coats of differing colors
Crackle-glaze paint
Process imitating the crazing of very old varnish; achieved when applying two varnishes that dry at different rates
Craquelure
Scratching plaster to prepare the surface for the next coat
Deviling
Type of paint made by mixing pigment with glue or size; now largely superseded by emulsion paints
Distemper
Making a finish look older making it time worn and rugged
Distressing
Chemical preparation added to paint causing it to dry quickly
Drier
White fluffy surface deposit caused by salts in plaster being drawn to the surface
Efflorescence
Aka semi-gloss paint; finish between matt and gloss
Eggshell paint
Final color and gloss level; protection layer; aesthetic layer
Finishing coat
Paint or varnish lifting away from surface in flakes because of a breakdown of the adhesion; occurs when painting damp surfaces
Flaking
Method of painting on wet plaster with tempera colors; plaster absorbs the pigment and when dry, painting becomes hard and durable and a part of the plaster
Fresco
Application of gold finish; applying gold leaf or by using metallic powder
Gilding
Putty used to set glass in window frames and to fill nail holes and cracks
Glazing compound
Painted imitation of the fiber lines of wood
Graining
Swelling and standing up of the wood grain caused by absorbed water and solvents
Grain rising
Type of varnishing; used to imitate the lacquering work from east; 1660s; using heat hardened spirit based varnishes now oil
Japanning
Glossy type of paint finish; usually applied by spraying
Lacquier
Layering of numerous coats of varnish, sanding in between coats; creates smooth lustrous effect
Lacquering/ Japanning
Paint is passed through voids that surround the design
Negative stencil
First coat of paint; used to “stick” to the substrate and provide adhesion; provides a smooth, stable surface
Primer
Wrinkles occurring in paint film as it dries; happens because paint has been applied too thickly
Revelling
Solvents used to thin coatings
Thinners
General designation for fabric used as floor covering; absorb sound, reduce impact noise and provide a comfortable and safe surface
Carpet
Term carpet came from Old Italian “carpire” meaning ________
to pluck
Standard against which other carpet fibers are judged
Wool
Wool that absorbs dyes easily, colors with great clarity and uniformity, staple are lustrous and tough and color is almost white
New Zealand wool
Noted for its gloss and sheen with natural resistance to soiling; not as white as New Zealand wool
Argentinean wool
Crush resistant wool
Indian wool
Among the most luxurious and costly of wool, high abrasion resistance and durability
Iraqi wool
Scottish black face sheep bear finest of all carpet wool with staples as long as 15”
Scottish wool
Natural product that grows like a grass; strong woody fiber from leaves of agave plant; color fast and static free; used mostly in twine, rugs, floor mats and rope
Sisal (Scratch rush)
From corn husks; natural, organic, and eco-friendly as well as incredibly stain resistant
Maize
Strong, flexible hair like fiber from coconut shells; pale yellow fibers; tough, does not pill, can withstand a great deal of abrasion, highly resistant and is proven to be unfriendly to insects
Coir (coconut plush)
Softer than wool but less durable; does not resist stains and also absorbs moisture
Cotton
Softest of all natural fibers; fiber is absorbent so it may deteriorate; may fade or darken in color when exposed to sunlight and its fiber disintegrates with prolonged exposure to moisture
Jute
Most popular manmade carpet fiber used today; versatile and easy to maintain; withstands heavy foot traffic; often combined with wool for durability
Nylon
One of the first synthetic fibers to be used successfully in the production of carpet; lowest static build up; highly resistant to sunlight, stains and mildew; mostly used in bath mats and rugs
Acrylic
Aka modified acrylic; better heat retention and is flame retardant as compared to acrylic
Modacrylic
Soft and luxurious; strong, durable with high abrasion resistance; dyes well producing clear colors which resist fading; low static build up factor; more popularly used in residential carpet application
Polyester
Lightest commercial carpet fiber; fibers are solution dyed; absorbs little moisture, resists stains, cleans well and almost completely free of static build up; most resistant synthetic fiber
Poplypropylene Olefin
Synthetic fiber with brand names like Avisco, Celaire, Cromspun, Estron
Acetate
Synthetic fiber with brand name like Vicara
Azlon
Avicolor, Avicron, Avsio, Corval, Fibro, Kolorbon, Skybloom, Skyloft, Soluran, Spunvis, Staylux, Tufton
Rayons
Brand names like Rovana, Saran
Sarans
Brand names like Arnel
Triacetate
Combination of two or more fibers into a single carpet yarn
Blends
Part of carpet composed of the Pile; forms wearing surface of carpet
Face
Part of carpet where “ground” hook themselves; canvas on which yarns are woven (handtufted)
Primary Backing
To glue on the roots of the yarns onto the cotton canvas backing; to provide superior tuft lock and resilience in stretching
Latex
Aka carpet pad; bonded to primary backing in latexing stage
Secondary backing
Usual secondary backing materials
Jute
Polypropylene
Dimensionally stable and heat resistant backing; when wet, tends to shrink and can stain
Jute
More popular backing material; moisture resistant
Polypropylene
Method of manufacturing carpet which is far less expensive and faster to produce than woven carpet; process which enabled mass production
Tufting
Traditional way of making carpet on a loom; intertwining the surface pile and bracing simultaneously into an integrated whole; does not require secondary backing
Weaving
Least complex weaving method and most inexpensive; produce solid color carpets; made on looms similar to Wilton looms but without Jacquard mechanism; all the yarn in this type appears on back of carpet
Velvet
Carpet weaving process named after a town in England; constructed on a modified Jacquard loom; perforated cards control the creation of the pattern; carpet of more than one color as many as five
Wilton
Named after town in England where it was first made but was actually developed in US in the 18th century; inspired by European and Oriental patterns; each tuft is inserted separately; emulates hand weaving process; closest in versatility to a hand woven carpet
Axminster
Similar to woven carpet because pile and backing are made in single operation; uses 3 sets of needles to loop the pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together; known for their plush piles because it has more yarn in the wear surface; has a tendency to stretch on the diagonal and is difficult to seam during installation
Knitting
Fibers punched into a web of synthetic fiber to form a homogenized layer of fiber
Needlepunched carpet
Uses an electrostatic method; dyed short ends of fiber are electro statically treated and sprayed onto an electrically charged backing sheet which has been treated with adhesive; designs are usually print-dyed
Flocked carpet
Weight of pile yarn in a given volume of carpet face; larger the density value, the more compact the pile, the less weight each individual tuft has to support which yields a firm walking surface
Pile density
Widthwise density measurement; for tufted carpets; it is the distance between the needles; measured in fractions of an inch; frequency of tufts across width
Gauge
Widthwise density measurement; for woven carpets, it is the number of ends in a 27” (685mm) width of carpet; can be divided by 27 to compare widthwise density with that of a tufted carpet
Pitch
Lengthwise density measurement; for tufted carpets, also referred to as stitches per inch, defines number of times per inch a stitch occurs
Stitch rate
Term in Axminster which refer to number of ends per inch lengthwise
Rows
Term in Wilton and velvet carpets which refer to number of ends per inch lengthwise
Wires
Length of the tuft from the primary backing to the tip; with all other factors being equal, higher height, more yarn on the wearing surface, more durable
Pile height
In woven carpet, term for pile height; height of steel blades in the 100m on which the tufts are formed; decimals of an inch
Wire height
Aka pile weight or yarn weight; weight of pile yarn; ounces per square yard of carpet; describes amount of yarn in the wear surface of the carpet
Face weight
Aka finished weight; includes the face weight and weight of backing, materials, finishes and coatings; ounces per square yard of carpet
Total weight
Expressed as count; fineness or coarseness
Yarn weight
Number of running yards in one ounce of finished yarn
Woolen count
Measurement of weight in grams of a standard 9000 meter length of yarn
Denier
Affects color, surface texture and feel underfoot; number of strands of a single yarn twisted together to form one pile yarn
Ply
Rarely examined; enormous impact on performance; the higher this is, the longer the tendency to hold their original appearance
Twist level
Prime visual characteristic of a carpet after color; result of pile construction, pile height, and manner with which carpet is cut
Texture
Created by cutting each loop of pile
Cut pile
Smooth cut pile; subject to shading and shoes footmarks
Cut pile plush
When the dense pile is cut closely; luxurious look and feel
Velvet plush
Texture between cut pile plush and cut pile shag; makes use of thicker yarns; has a twisted yarn; made with heat-set yarn usually in a dense, low-pile construction
Saxony plush
All cut pile surface made from yarns that have been lightly twisted and twist set by a special heating treatments that imparts a grainy appearance; has a heavier, rougher texture than cut pile plush; hides dirt well
Twist/Frieze
Multi-directional, high pile twist with an attractive; has heavily textured surfaces created by long twisting yarns
Shag
Created by weaving, tufting or knitting the pile yarn into loops; left uncut and sometimes referred to as “round wire” in woven carpets; tougher and more easily maintained than cut pile but is less versatile in color and pattern
Loop pile
Entire surface is made of uniform uncut loops which are of the same height; has pebbled surface that conceals soliage and hides footprints; recommended for heavy traffic areas and commercial installations
Level loop pile
Surface made of different pile heights. uncut loops producing sculptured patterns
Multilevel loop
Adds a degree of warmth to an all-loop pile; tufted/woven
Combination Loop and Cut Pile
In the loop surface, some of the loops are cut and some remain uncut; adds interest to colors and gives desirable pattern effect
Level type shear
Loops are sheared to different heights, forming a pattern that can be definite or irregular; produces tonal contrast
Random shear
Process of incising a design into a carpet or rug which has already been woven
Carving
Used between colors in multicolor design rug in order to accentuate and give a design some dimension
Harline carving
Process of actually weaving a design into a low level rather than shearing down or carving it into the carpet
Recessing
Process of weaving a design in a higher level
Embossing
Rounding off those parts of a carpet that have already been carved, recessed or embossed
Beveling
3 types of predyeing methods of coloring carpets
Stock Dyeing
Skein or Yarn Dyeing
Solution Dyeing
Most common post dyeing method of coloring carpets
Piece dyeing
Type of dyeing where the carpet ends are attached to form a large loop; submerged in dye vat
Open Beck Dyeing
Achieves a very consistent level of color; carpet is sewn together end to end forming a continuous loop placed in large circular tubes
Jet Beck Dyeing
Process whereby different colors are “printed” along the length of the yarn before it is manufactured in to carpet
Space Dyeing
Opposite of differential dyeing; yarn is treated to resist additional dyes; used for shading only
Resist Dyeing
Process of dyeing carpet in a continuous production line
Continuous Dyeing
Under heat or pressure, dyes are forced through the perforation and onto the yarns
Package Dyeing
Achieved with a random dye application or a TAK random pattern machine which disperses regulated amounts of dye on carpet that is already dyed
Random Multicolor Dyeing
Simulates intricate patterns of woven carpet at a much lower cost
Printed carpet
Employs flat templates or screens through which dyes are forced to form the finished pattern on carpet pile
Screen printing
Similar to screening; an electrostatic charge forces the pre-metallized dyes used in this process deep into the pile
Deep-dye printing
Employs embossed cylinders to deposit the design on the face of the carpet; each cylinder paints a different color
Roller printing
Utilizes rows of very closely spaced jets which spray the carpet with color as it passes by; texture often preferred
Jet printing
Separated foundation for traditional method of carpet installation
Lining/ Cushioning
Made by needlepunching natural fiber, synthetic fiber or both; tend to have a firm feel underfoot
Fiber cushion
Flat sponge, ripple (waffle) sponge, or reinforced foam rubber
Sponge rubber cushion
Include bonded, modified prime and densified prime urethane foam
Polyurethane foam cushion
Aka stretch-in installation; traditional method; pre-tacked thin strips of plywood fastened all around perimeter then carpet is stretched up to these strips and then edge attached
Tackless stripping
Usually employed with a bonded carpet; high-density foam rubber used as secondary backing and is cemented directly to the floor
Glue-down method
Most common method of commercial installation; carpet glued directly to the floor; economical and practical
Direct Glue-down
Installation method that combines underfoot comfort and stability; carpet cushion is adhered to the floor and carpet is then glued to the cushion
Double Glue-down
Flexible adhesive layer applied to the carpet backing and covered with a protective plastic film
Self-stick
Single piece of compact, woven, knitted or tufted fabric; has borders and intended as a floor covering; meant to cover only a portion of the floor area
Rugs
Earliest surviving pile carpet; 5th-4th century BC; excavated by Sergei Voinovich Rudenko in 194 from a burial mound in Altai Mountains Siberia; richly colored carpet framed by a border of griffins`
Pazyryk carpet
100 years or more
Antique
Purists believe that Oriental rugs are antique only if it dates prior to ______ before synthetic dyes were used
1856
Between 50 and 100 years old
Semi-antique or old
Value of oriental rugs based on durability
Utility value
Value of oriental rugs based on color and design
Art value
Value of oriental rugs based on rarity
Collector’s value
Parallel strings upon which rows of knots are tied; strongest part of rugs
Warp
Filling yarn that are woven through warps; run across the width
Weft
Surface yarn that makes up face of the rug
Pile
Tied by looping yarn around pairs of warps and cutting off the standing end; its ends become the pile or nap
Knot
Made by wrapping several wraps at the edge of the rug with yarn to reinforce
Edge bindings
Hold knots and wefts from working off the rug’s warp strings
End finishes
Formed by gathering and knotting together bundles of warp strings at both ends after the rug has been cut from the loop
Fringes
Background of the rug inside the borders
Field
Composed of decorative designs repeated in one direction around the outside of the rug
Border
Widest decorative design around the outside of rug
Main border
Narrow decorative design around outside of rug
Guard border
Round, oval or polygonal design element that occupies center of field
Medallion
Fill corners of field
Corner brackets or spandrels
Most expensive rug weaving method as two loom operations are required; woven then cut into strips to make filling for the second loom
Chenille
Type of hand woven rug weaving method where weaver pushes a hooking tool through the foundation cloth to the front of the rug then pulls yarn to the back leaving a loop
Hand hooked
Inked-on foundation cloth stretched over a loom then a manually operated hand-tufting gun pushes the yarn through the back of the cloth; when the rug is taken off the loom, a scrim and layer of latex is placed on the back; back cloth is then sewed
Hand tufted
Each knot is individually tied by hand; best kind of rug construction
Hand knotted
Asymmetric knot invented by Persians
Persian knot
Other term for Persian knot
Sehna/ Senneh
Has a symmetrical structure; short piece of thread is laid across two warps and ends are carried down outside and up between them and pulled tight
Turkish knot
Other term for Turkish knot
Ghiordes knot
Rug type that is woven without knots; constructed without a pile but colored weft yarns are woven through warps to create a pattern
Flat weave
It is widely known that almost all rugs woven in Turkey are ________.
geometric
Rugs of the tribal and primitive people of Persia
Geometric Rugs
Geometric rug woven with sharp reds, blues and off whites
Kazakh
Bright yellows, greens and reds predominate
Bachtiari
Woven rug usually in some shade of red and until recently, some in ivory
Boukara
Made by educated urban people in Oriental art and handwork; usually made of fine quality wool; intricate flowing patterns show sophisticated lifestyle
Floral rugs
Rugs made by townspeople who make their living weaving during the winter months; tend to use repetitive, stylized, conventionalized rugs
Conventional rugs
An authentic ________ rug is a handmade carpet that is either knotted with pile or woven without pile
oriental
Generally have a delicately colored all-over pattern of flowers, vines or leaves which start from a center medallion and almost completely cover the background color; soft and delicate colors blending with one another
Persian
Persian rug with entire field covered with a repeating pattern of palm leaves with rose or blue ground; sourced in Mir village
Saraband
Coarse pile weaving intricately done and stately design on claret ground Ispahan (modern) using Turkish knot
Ispahan Herat
Camel’s hair rug with a coarse weave in light browns, reds and blues
Hamadan
Fine pile in soft cream, rose, light blue and other pastel colors
Kerman and Kermanshah
Fine pile in dark reds and blues mixed with lighter colors
Sarouk
As thick as two or three ordinary rugs
Bijar
Delicately colored antique silk rug
Polonnaise
Close woven small rug with minute pattern
Sehna
Usually produced with a small all-over design of flowers or conventional forms arrayed in rows
Feraghan
A hand woven pile rug of coarse quality with abstract design that relies upon open fields of color and playfulness with geometry; much thicker and coarser than other Persian carpets
Gabbeh
Decorated with motifs of flowers, vines and animals; characterized by more brilliant colors and a more naturalistic style
Indian
Closely woven with a short, firm pile, predominantly red with designs including squares, diamonds, octagons and other angular motifs; woven by nomadic tribes of Boukara, Afghanistan, Belouchistan and Turkestan
Turkoman
Small rugs with contrasting, strong colors woven by nomadic tribes with geometric designs often incorporating stylized people and animals
Caucasian
Woven in both geometric and floral designs but with smaller patterns than the Persian or Indian and brightly sharper colors than the Turkoman or Caucasian
Turkish
Recognizable by their soft ground colors of yellow, rose, salmon-red beige, browns; designs are religious symbols
Chinese
Colorful hand woven rug of wool; motifs are primitive geometric patterns, stripes and borders; weave is flat
American Indian
Coarse, heavy rugs originally meant as bedspreads, hand-loomed by peasants in Spain since 15th century
Alpijarra
Portuguese hand-embroidered accent rugs made in either bright or pastel colors
Arraiolo
Name for the French town; made of wool, linen, and cotton; weave resembles needlepoint; usually has a pale cream ground with floral designs and arabesques in pastel shades of rose, blue, lavander, green and beige
Aubusson
Handmade by Americans in late 18th century consisting of many fabric scraps braided and sewn together into colorful round or oval rugs
Braided
Tibetan carpet of Kelim weave; flat woven and reversible rug
Dhurrie
Shaggy wool area rugs made in Greece in solid colors and natural off-white shade
Flokati
From Turkey, Italy, Romania, Persian Gulf States, Morocco or Hungary; hand woven rugs with all-over geometric patterns with a center motif; strong colors like deep red or blue; very durable
Kelim/Kilim/Kelem
Hand-woven; thick, shaggy pile and fringed edges; dominant geometric patterns with strong, contrasting colors like black and rust-brown, white or bright orange on red grounds
Moroccan
Tapestry-stitch embroidery worked with wool yarns on a canvas mesh backing
Needlework (Needlepoint or Gros-point)
Scandinavian rugs of hand-knotted shaggy weave with alternating short and long pile in abstract or contemporary peasant designs
Rya
Handwoven rug with with a high pile in pastel colors and floral and scroll patterns; designed for the 18th and 19th century houses and palaces ; very much in demand; command high prices
Savonnerie
Grass-like product twisted together into strands and sewn into squares; squares attached together; contemporary settings and country homes
Sisal
Variation or striation of color in a rug
Abrash
Chemical treatment added to carpet to reduce the growth of common bacteria
Antimicrobial
Carpet’s ability to dissipate an electrostatic charge before it reaches a level that a person can feel
Antistatic
Fiber fuzz on level loop pile carpets
Bearding
Modern style of carpet distinguished by loop pile construction type and with small flecks of dark color on lighter shades of background colors; typically plain color mix with no pattern and are relatively cheap and durable; for heavy use
Berber
Traditional handwoven carpet of people from North Africa; used a distinct knot but are brightly colored
Berber rugs
Handmade fabric edge applied to soft floor coverings to prevent fraying
Binding
Opening and untwisting of pile yarns; very common and desired trait with tightly woven wool products
Blooming
Often a narrow width product to enhance aesthetic ; 3, 6, 9, 13”
Border carpet
Refers to the span across the weft and generally used when several sections are seamed together
Breadth
Padding used as underneath carpet or area rugs; made of felt, polyurethane foam, rubber; provide comfort and durability
Carpet cushion
Seams created by joining carpet end to end
Cross seams
Separation of the secondary backing or attached cushion
Delamination
Pattern that drops down to create a diagonal repeat
Drop match
Expected on any type of carpet in high traffic areas
Flattening
Multicolor effect provided by blending fibers of different colors prior to spinning carpet yarn
Heather
Historic “reversible” weave that is a double faced pile-less carpet of colored filling yarns; when reversed, design and colors are often opposite from the other side commonly referred to as summer/winter
Ingrain Carpet
Aligning of the pattern
Pattern match
Distance traveled within the materials to arrive at the same location on the next pattern
Pattern repeat
Carpet installation tool used to stretch carpet for installation; prevent wrinkles and ripples
Power stretcher
Carpet seam flaw due to poor layout or stretching
Puckering
Ability of carpet fibers to spring back to original shape after being crushed
Resilience
Wavy or puckering around the perimeter of a room for improper stretching angles
Scalloping
Pulling apart of a sewn seam
Seam slippage
Patterns that match straight across; of particular relevance when working with narrow width goods
Set match
Irregular light and dark patches; similar to tracking but it is not temporary
Shading
Basic term for coatings applied to the back of woven products to enhance stiffness and reduce raveling
Sizing
Chemical finish which inhibits attachment of soil
Soil retardant
Afghanistan rug originating in the decade of Soviet occupation from 1979
War rug
Deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect
Illumination and Lighting
Refers to daylight; achieved using windows, skylights or light shelves
Natural light
Light from electrical sources and is man-made; can be turned on and off
Artificial light
Also known as background lighting or ambient lighting; direct replacement of natural light; uniform level of illumination
General lighting
Lighting designed to provide a relatively high level of illumination over a small area; employs lamps at definite points where light is especially needed
Local lighting
Lighting for users to perform specific tasks; provides localized light in certain areas where work is typically done
Task lighting
Key element of creative lighting; reveals color, texture and form; pure aesthetic; creates point of interest for viewer by highlighting and painting specific objects around us
Accent lighting
Used to emphasize an object by illuminating with a strong light
Highlight
Illuminates something from behind in order to enhance depth or to separate the subject from its background
Backlight
Light coming or produced from the side
Sidelight
Diffused light that produces little contrast and poorly defined shadows on the subject
Soft light
Direct light that produces high contrast and distinct shadows on the subject
Hard light
Aka orientation or utility lighting; provides visual information for our safety and comfort; based in areas of total blackness
Information Lighting
90% to 100% of light output directed towards the ceiling and upper walls
Indirect
60% to 90% light directed upwards, 40% to 10% downwards
Semi-indirect
Provides approximately equal distribution of light upwards and downwards
Direct-indirect
60% to 90% light directed downwards, 40% to 10% upwards
Semi-direct
90% to 100% of light directed downwards
Direct
Light distributed on all sides
General
System where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall and attached to the ceiling to distribute light downwards over the wall
Cornice lighting
System where light sources are shielded by a ledge to distribute light upwards over the ceiling and upper wall; form of indirect lighting
Cove lighting
System where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall usually across the top of a window; provides light both upwards and downwards
Valance lighting
Defined as any of various devices for producing light; source of light in a fixture
Lamp
Colloquial term for lamp
Light bulb
Source of artificial light that works by incandescence; first type of modern electric lamp introduced in early 19th century
Incandescent lamp
Threadlike conductor of an electric lamp that is heated to an incandescence by the passage of an electric current
Filament
Glass housing of a lamp
Bulb
Part of bulb that connects to a lamp holder
Lamp base
Standard rounded shape for the bulbs of general service incandescent lamps
A bulb
Flame-shaped bulb for low wattage, decorative incandescent lamps
B bulb
Cone-shaped bulb for low wattage, decorative incandescent lamp
C bulb
Candle-shaped bulb for low wattage, decorative incandescent lamp
CA bulb
Reflector bulb of blown glass for incandescent and high intensity discharge lamps, having an internal reflective coating and either a clear or frosted glass front to provide the desired beam spread
R bulb
A parabolic aluminized reflector bulb cast glass for incandescent and high intensity discharge lamps having a precisely formed internal reflector and a lensed front to provide the desired beam spead
PAR bulb
Ellipsoidal reflector bulb for incandescent lamps having a precisely formed internal reflector that collects light and redirects it into a dispersed pattern at some distance in front of the light source
ER bulb
A-bulb having a hemispherical reflective silver bowl opposite the lamp base to decrease glare
A/SB bulb
Globe-shaped bulb for incandescent lamps, having low brightness for exposed use
G bulb
Pear-shaped bulb for large incandescent lamps
PS bulb
Straight sided bulb for low wattage decorative incandescent lamps
S bulb
Disadvantages of incandescent lamp
- Low efficacy
- Shorter life
- Sensitive and critical to voltage changes or fluctuations
- high maintenance cost
- produces more heat than light
Aka quartz or quartz-iodine lamps; uses halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid depreciation of the lamp filament and darkening of the transparent envelop
Tungsten-Halogen
Broad-beamed, intensity bulb; used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or stage lighting
Floodlight
Type of floodlight that looks like average incandescent bulb labeled as R or BR; for indoor use only
Soft glass
Type of floodlight labeled as PAR; made using an aluminized reflector that is parabolic in shape; can be used indoors or outdoors; only halogen bulb style covered with glass thick enough to withstand harsh weather conditions
Heavy glass
Double ended and commonly used as security lighting; when handling, it should not touch bare skin because natural oils of human skin can reduce the life of the bulb
J type bulb
Low voltage bulb commonly found under counters, in desk lamps or as accent light; come in capsule shape with 2 pins at base; shouldn’t come in bare contact with skin
JC type bulb
Commonly used in under-counter lighting, desk lamps, accent lights or pendant light; similar to JC type but use higher voltage; 3 diff sizes- G6.35, G8, G9
JCD type
Generally used in food service industry; have halogen filament enclosed in glass and surrounded by overall glass jacket
JDD type
Small reflector floodlights commonly used in range hoods or as track lighting
JDR type
Multifaceted reflector bulb for tungsten-halogen lamps with highly polished reflectors arranged in discrete segments; originally used for slide projectors; can be used for residential and retail lighting
MR bulb
Comprises a cylindrical glass tube, sealed at both ends containing a mixture of an inert gas usually argon and mercury; requires a ballast
Fluorescent lamp
Emission of radiation especially of visible light by a substance when exposed to external radiation
Fluorescence
Emit light when energized by radiation
Phosphor
Fluorescent light known as T-bulb; tubular in form
Standard
Fluorescent light
T12, T8, T5, T4 where the number indicates ___________ with units of _______ of an inch
bulb’s diameter
eights
Fluorescent light that does not require a starter, have single pin bases; comes in diameters 3/4”, 1” and 1 1/2” and in lengths 42” to 96”
Slim-line
Fluorescent light that is doughnut shaped for circular luminaires
Circline
Fluorescent light that is U-shaped and used for square or rectangular luminaires
U-bent
Fluorescent light that requires a starter which preheats the cathodes so that less voltage is required to strike an arc; 2-5 second delay in the start of lamp
Pre-heat/ Switch-start/ Starter-start lamp
Pre-heat lamp where the starter can be eliminated
Trigger-start ballast
Fluorescent light where when the lamp is first switched on, a sufficient voltage is applied between the electrodes to strike the arc without preheating them; start as soon as current is turned on
Instant start
Fluorescent light that is most widely used; use low-resistance electrodes which can be heated continuously with low current loses; only fluorescent lamps that can be electrically dimmed or flashed; start quickly; require no external starters and smaller ballast
Rapid start
Control device or an auxiliary for fluorescent lamp located in the metal base; serves to supply the high voltage necessary to start the arc and limiting the current in the arc after it is formed
Choke coil or ballast
Self contained in a small tubular jacket inserted in the fixture body and is a replaceable part; ordinarily closed but when the lamp is turned on, the starter opens a second or so after the current starts to flow and then stays open until lamp is turned off again
Automatic switch or starter
Type of lamp designed to fit into roughly the same space as an incandescent lamp but with advantages of fluorescent lamp; longer rated life and use less energy; costs more
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Most popular type of CFL which can be used anywhere that a traditional incandescent light bulb works
Spiral
CFL that is basically an A-shaped bulb; gives a good approximation of more traditional lighting because it’s nearly impossible to tell that it’s a CFL at first glance
Incandescent shaped
CFL meant to be on display such as in a bathroom vanity fixture or a pendant light; great choice for more retro look
Globe
Some of the first CFL bulbs; come in quad tubes, twin tubes and F types
Tube
CFL shaped like an incandescent candle light bulb; smaller, sleeker and more appropriate for decorative lighting tasks
Candle shaped
Basically spiral CFLs on the inside with a durable cover on top that is sealed to withstand wind, rain and snow; designed for long life in outdoor conditions
Post
CFL used in place of incandescent floodlights because they provide directional light; can be used in recessed or track lighting
Reflector
Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp emitting a glow when a high voltage is applied across two electrons in gas filled glass tube
Neon vapor lamp
Discharge lamp having cathodes that emits electrons without having to be heated
Cold cathode lamp
CCFL with tube diameter less than 15mm
Neon lamp
Members of electric discharge family of light sources; light produced when a high-pressure electric arc is passed through a gas vapor; used when high levels of light over large areas are required; gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, movie theater etc.
High-Intensity discharge lamps
Contains mercury vapor in a clear quartz arc tube; blue-green color; suitable only for limited industrial areas, general outdoor applications and street lighting
Mercury vapor lamp
In addition to mercury, the arc tube contains metallic vapors such as indium iodide, thallium iodide or sodium iodide; increased light output, improved color rendition without use of phosphors and small source size
Metal halide lamps
Arc tube made of high density polycrystalline alumina and contains a mixture of primarily sodium
High Pressure Sodium Lamps
Type of lighting that utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs); light emitted from a solid object; creates visible light with reduced heat generation
Solid-state lighting
Complete lighting unit
Luminaire/ lighting fixture
Surface for reflecting light heat; controlling the distribution of light emitted by a lamp
Reflector
Piece of transparent material; used to focus, disperse or collimate the emitted light; designed to control the light being emitted and direct it
Lens
Any of a variety of translucent materials for filtering glare and distributing the light; purpose is to create a lit environment with minimal shadows
Diffuser
Grid type of optical assembly used to control light distribution
Louver
Most common type of light fixture offering the greatest variety of designs; tends to flatten shadows and look obtrusive when used as the sole light source
Suspended ceiling lights
Decorative lighting usually having branched supports for a number of lamps
Chandelier
Lighting fixture suspended by a flexible cord by which it can be raised or lowered
Droplight
Like a droplight but is fixed and suspended by a cord, wire or chains
Pendant
Wall mounted light fixture that diffuses light into room, usually through translucent housing
Wall lights
Decorative wall bracket for candles or other lights
Sconce
Used to bathe a wall in an even stream of light usually ceiling mounted, recessed into the ceiling or mounted on a lighting track
Wall washers
Ceiling mounted lighting that is not recessed, provides general lighting
Ceiling lights
Provides directional light in a downward stream
Downlights
Rectangular light fixture that fits into a modular dropped ceiling grid
Troffer lights
Type of troffer light that uses prismatic lens; the lenses take glare off; uneven light distribution
Prismatic
Type of troffer light to address the uneven distribution of light of prismatic fixture; popular for ability to reduce brightness and glare
Parabolic louvered
Type of fixture that sens light upward
Uplights
Flexible, adjustable luminaire that directs light a controlled beam; most effective for accent lighting and track; originally for commercial use
Spotlights
Light fixtures that are freestanding
Floor lamps
Gives a soft glow; general and accent light; can be used as bedside reading light
Table lamp
Essential to provide task lighting; gives a concentrated directional light to a specific area
Desk lamp
Right flexible tape with exposed low voltage light source
Strip lighting
Used to illuminate spaces with high ceilings usually above 20 ft in height; powerful light source which can brighten up a large area
High-bay light
Usually designed for visual impact rather than the way they distribute light; provide aesthetic stimulation and amusement
Visual Oddities
Intensity of light per unit area; man-made lighting
Illumination
Essential to provide task lighting giving a concentrated directional light to a specific area
Electric Illumination
Light emanating from the object being viewed
Brightness
Difference in brightness between an object and its background
Contrast
Excessive luminance ration in the field of vision; strong, steady, dazzling light or reflection
Glare
Annoying brightness of light in the normal field of vision
Direct glare
Excessive brightness, either binding, disabling or discomforting from reflective surfaces
Indirect glare
Control of shadows cast by light; degree to which light is shadowless
Diffuseness
Amount of illumination or luminous flux per unit area; can be measured and easily handled; number of light fixtures required for certain area
Quantity of light
Distribution of brightness in the lighting installation
Quality of light
Basic method by which light is measured; equal to amount a candle throws on an object at a distance of one foot
Foot candle
SI derived unit of illuminance; measures intensity of light hitting the surface
Lux
Measures brightness of the light source; SI derived unit of luminous flux
Lumens
Amount of energy it takes to produce a certain amount of light; the higher, the brighter and uses more power
Watts
Way to describe the light appearance provided by a light bulb; measured in Kelvin (K)
Color temperature
Color temperature 2000K to 3000K
Warm white
Color temperature 3100K to 4500K
Cool white/ bright white
Color temperature above 4500K
Daylight
Lamp invented by a Swiss named Argand in 1783; has round wick with provision for the introduction of air inside the wick as well as around the outside
Argand lamp
Oil lamp with swinging tubular arms; generally furnished with an Argand burner; used in early 19th century
Astral lamp
Process by which eye adjusts to a change in light level
Adaptation
General light, often indirect or entering a room from an adjacent space
Ambient light
Opaque or translucent element used to shield a lamp from view or to absorb unwanted light
Baffle
Unshielded light source
Bare lamp
Glare so intense that you cannot see for a short period of time
Blinding glare
Any artificial light source, concealed behind a decorative facing which allows the light to diffuse over its edges and through it if facing is translucent
Concealed light
An optical filter that selectively reflects some wavelengths while transmitting others
Dichroic mirror
One that appears scattered either in reflection or transmission
Diffuse reflection
Device used to regulate the intensity of light from a lamp
Dimmer
Light focused and forced to travel in a particular direction
Directional light
Glare that reduces visibility and visual performance
Disabling glare
Annoying glare that does not reduce visibility and visual performance
Discomfort glare
Recessed or semi-recessed lighting unit with a rotating spherical element that may be turned to project light in any direction
Eyeball
Way of transmitting light through long flexible glass or plastic fibers using principle of total intern refraction
Fiber optics
Device to change, in transmission, the quality of light affecting the magnitude and/or spectral make-up
Filter
Emission of light, only during the absorption of radiation
Fluorescence
Density of light on a surface
Illuminance
Lighting unit which by means of lenses and mirrors, concentrates light in a limited angle and intensifies it
Projector
Describe devices that block, diffuse or redirect light such as a louver or lampshade
Shielding
Term applied to any stray light outside the main concentration of the beam
Spill light
Glare where reflection reduces contrast and prevents detail being discerned
Veiling reflection
Usually the horizontal surface at which a task is performed and at which light levels are specified and measured
Work plane
3D art of fashioning figures of wood, clay, plastics, metal, stones etc.; carved, cut or molded
Sculpture
Process in art of sculpting where material is added again and again to build up the form as in clay
Additive process
Process in art of sculpting where removal or subtracting of materials to create form as in carving
Subtractive process
Process where artist subtracts or cuts away superfluous material until desired form is reached; resulting image is hard, weighty and compact
Carving
Process in art of sculpting consisting of addition to or building up of form; materials are soft and yielding and can be easily shaped, enabling rapid execution
Modeling
Process in art of sculpting where liquid material is usually poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, then allowed to solidify
Casting
Oldest surviving casting is _________ from 3200 BC
Copper frog
Lost-wax process
Cire perdue
Process in art of sculpting which originated from collage- painting technique devised by Picasso and Braque
Construction and Assemblage
Raised form of sculpture that projects from a background
Relief sculpture
Aka bas relief or basso-relievo; projecting figure is closer to the surface and no part is entirely detached from background
Low-relief
Aka haut relief or alto-relievo; figure may almost be detached from surface
Half-relief
Aka relievo sticciato; lowest degree or relief in which the projection barely exceeds the thickness of sheet of paper
Crushed relief
Aka cavo-relievo; relief in reverse in which all the carving lies within a hollowed-out area below the surface plane
Hollow plane
Freestanding sculpture and is often on a pedestal or base; meant to be seen from many directions and angles
Sculpture in the round
Representational sculpture depicting a specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or object
Statue
Representation of a person from chest up
Bust
Typically showing a significant person on horseback
Equestrian statue
Sculpture constructed from found objects; typically does not disguise the original objects used
Assemblage
Mere 11.5cm high and had bulbous proportions; painted red to resemble blood signifying life; primitive sculpture
Venus of Wilendorf
Human-headed winged lion from 883-859 BC; excavated in Nimrud
Lamassu
Egyptian sculpture in which design is made prominent by raising it from the background
Bas relief
Egyptian sculpture where the inside of the outline is the one that is carved out
Incised
Decrees that the body of the figure in the round must not be twisted in any way; face must look ahead and each side must be exactly like the ther
Law of Frontality
Clay mold technique mainly for frontal figures; front facing ahead, flat and triangular in outline and possesses long formless bodies
Daedalic style
Only sign of life in archaic sculpture
Archaic smile
Monumental archaic sculpture in male form
Kouros
Monumental archaic sculpture in female form
Kore
Sculptural pose where weight mainly rests on one leg
Contrapposto
One of the important sculptors who revised the ideal proportions of High Classical works by making heads of his statues smaller in relation to body; broke with frontal traditional and conceived his statue in the round
Lyssipus
Great monument of the Late Classical period similar to Great Pyramids because it was the burial place for an ancient King and was also one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Sculptor famous for the boldness of which he fixed moments of violent action in bronze; e.g. Discobolus the discus thrower
Myron
Greatest name in Greek sculpture; designed and directed Parthenon and statues of gods which initiated Greek Classical Style of Art
Phidias
One of the most admired sculptors of the Classical Period; aim was to depict people as they were; used scale of proportions
Polycleitus
Scale of proportions which states that the palm of the hand is 4x the breadth of the finger, length of foot is 4x breadth of the palm, breadth of shoulders is 4x breadth of head and height of figure 7x length of head
Canon
Pose during late Hellenic period exhibiting exaggerated contrapposto, a sensuous, even erotic, modeling of the body and a serene countenance with an unmistakable gaze
Praxitelian curve
Golden Age of Roman sculpture was during the reign of _________
Harden
Technique introduced by Romans; undercutting with a drill around the figure rather than modelling them in rounded form
Negative relief
Ancient writing table with two hinged leaves and waxed inner sides
Diptych
Byzantine period was period of ________- rejection of images
Iconography
Two prominent sculptors during Gothic period (father and son)
Nicola Pisano
Giovanni Pisano
Renaissance sculptor who gave a practical and theoretical lead to painters and sculptors; gave them principles of style
Leon Battista Alberti
Developed Renaissance sculpture from its previous Gothic styles; most notable of his works was the Gates of Paradise in the Baptistry of Florence
Lorenzo Gihberti
Said to be the greatest sculptor of Early Renaissance; maser stonecutter
Donatello
First major work of Renaissance sculpture and at the time of its creation, was the first free-standing nude stature since ancient times; by Donatello
David
Influential sculptor, goldsmith and painter; created a version of David which was underage and modestly clad/clothed
Andrea del Verrochio
Said to be the towering genius in sculpture; carved first monumental sculptures of Renaissance era, Pieta and David
Michelangelo
Artist of genius known to have terrible character; carried out works inspired by drawings of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rafaello among others
Bienvenido Cellini
Created his own personal style around an elegant and carefully studied formalism with refined and dynamically balanced figures; Mannerist sculptor
Giambologna (Giovanni de Bologna)
Work: Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini
Said to be the greatest of the Rococo sculptors; worked mostly in terra-cotta; work: arc de triomphe du carrousel relief; had apparent unwillingness to be seriously monumental
Clodion (Claude Michel)
Belonged to first generation of artists born in 18th century; active under Louis XV; became director of sculpture at Sevres porcelain factory; forte was gentle erotic figures such as the Bather
Etienne Maurice Falconet
Said to be the greatest Italian sculptor of modern times; famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh; e.g. Cupid and Psyche
Antonio Canova
Works inspired by the antique; so famous in his day that a special museum was built in Copenhagen as a memorial to him; first internationally acclaimed Danish artist
Bertel Thorvaldesen
Foremostly a French painter; most famous works consisted of ballet dancers, women bathing and racehorses; aimed to catch action of the moment; disliked painting directly from nature
Hillaire Germaine Edgar Degas
Known as towering sculptor of 19th century; centered on anatomy; reveal inner life of human being through gestures and attitudes of body
Auguste Rodin
Revolutionized art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture
Pablo Picasso
Revolutionary mode of sculpture- truth to materials; aimed to give viewer pure joy
Constantin Brancusi
Widely known by 1930s; won Sculpture Prize in 1948 at Venice; English sculptor known for scale abstract bronzes
Henry Moore
Created a personal mythology; works were found shocking; traditional anatomies savaged or decomposed in places
Germaine Richier
Worked on human figure from life then from memory
Albert Giacommetti
Conceived as a sculpture, as a colossal monolith encrusted with extraordinary wealth of sculptured forms
The Kandarya Mahadeva Temple
Terracotta army was from what Chinese dynasty?
Han Dynasty
Deep relief done in plaster or stucco introduced by Islam/ Moorish sculpture
Yesseria
Motif; serpentine writing of lines that represent Arabic tree of life
Arabesque
Father of Philippine sculpture; created oblation in UP; Bonifacio monument in Caloocan
Guillermo Tolentino
First modern Filipino sculptor; Father of Modern Philippine sculpture; stylization bordering on the abstract
Napoleon Abueva
Said to be one of Asia’s most progressive and original sculptors; started as jewelry designer but now specializes in embossed copper, constructed and welded brass; People power monument
Eduardo Castrillo
Used blowtorch to weld strips of metal together; best known for tikbalang series; GOMBURZA in front of Manila cathedral
Solomon Saprid
Foremost glass sculptor of Philippines
Ramon Orlina
Best known for her Benevolent Force Exhibition
Impy Pilapil
Fine-grained stone with smooth milk-white surface for ornaments and statuary; slightly translucent
Alabaster
Framework of metal wire or tubing used in fashioning a work in clay, wax or plaster of Paris
Armature
Small terracotta sketch of a sculpture, Italian
Bozzetto
Mechanical process of finishing metal surface
Chasing
Type of dark-colored, hard stone much used in Egyptian sculpture
Diorite
Small moulded statuette
Figurine
Form of incised relief; design sunk below surface
Intaglio
Small scale model for finished sculpture used to visualise and test shapes and ideas
Maquette
Oil-based clay for modelling sculptures
Plasticene
Inorganic, non-metallic solid made up of either metal or non-metal compounds that have been shaped and hardened by heating to high temperatures; hard, corrosion-resistant and brittle
Ceramics
Greek word meaning pottery
Keramicos
Greek word meaning potter’s clay
Keramos
Process of forming vessels and other artifacts with clay and other ceramic materials fired at high temperatures to give them a hard, durable form
Pottery
Stage wherein ware is formed but hasn’t gone under firing; very brittle and fragile but can be handled with care; most plastic form
Clay state or Greenware
Refers to a specific sage during the drying of the object; clay is still visibly damp but has dried enough to be able to be handled without deformation; where trimming and handle attachment is done
Leather hard
Greenware pottery that has dried as much as possible before it has gone through it first firing; when held, feels to be at room temperature; extremely brittle and will break apart very easily
Bone dry
Means “half-baked”; when ware has undergone a preliminary low range firing; any pottery that has been fired without a ceramic glaze
Biscuit state/ Bisque
Nonporous ware even without glazing
Vitreous wares
Unglazed white porcelain that is treated as a final product, with a matte appearance and texture to the touch; mainly for sculptural and decorative objects
Bisquit Porcelain/ Bisque Porcelain
19th century type of bisquit
Parian ware
Mixture of chemicals, mostly silica, clay, a melting agent, water, colorants and a suspension agent; may be applied by dusting the unfired composition or by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on a thin slurry
Glaze
Glaze firing is more formally known ____________.
Glost firing
Chinese potters used two kinds of glazes
One composed of feldspar and another produced by fusing silica or sand by means of a flux, generally of lead oxide
4 traditional glazes
- Salt
- Lead
- Tin
- Feldspathic glaze
Traditional glaze, high firing and usually used on stoneware; where common salt is introduced to the kiln during the firing process; now process is obsolete
Salt glaze
Ash from the combustion of plant matter has been used as flux
Ash glaze
Low-high firing depending on the alkaline flux, such as borax, potash or soda ash; although frequently transparent, this can produce brilliant colors using low temperature firing
Alkaline glaze
Another traditional type of glaze used for low-firing on earthenware; shiny and transparent after firing; gives a smooth glass like finish that allows bright colors and decorative patterns to show through
Lead glaze
Basically lead glaze with added tin oxide, making it white, shin and opaque; provides background for brightly painted decoration; used on earthenware
Tin glaze
Tin-glazed pottery from Muslim Spain
Hispano Mauresque
Tin-glazed pottery from Renaissance Italy
Maiolica or majolica
Tin-glazed pottery from Netherlands
Delftware
Tin-glazed pottery from England
English Delftware
Tin-glazed pottery from France
Faience
High-firing glaze which uses feldspars as base, more often than not, Petuntse
Feldspathic Glaze
Oxides used to create colored glazes
Coloring
Color of tin oxide
White
Color of cobalt oxide
Grayish blue to pure sapphire
Color of cupric oxide
Distinctive series of blue
Color of cupric oxide with excess carbon monoxide
Bluish red or reduced copper
Color of cuprous oxide
Series of green
Color of ferric iron oxide
- Pale yellow to black
- Most important being a slightly orange red known as Iron Red
Color of ferrous iron oxide
Green best seen on Chinese Celadon ware
Color of manganese oxide
Varying from bright red purple to a dark purplish brown, almost black
Color of Chinese wares
Aubergine Purple
Color of antimony oxide
Yellow
Soft pottery; probably the oldest and most universal; natural clays fired at temperatures from 900° to 1200° C or 1652° to 2192° F; porous and permeable to liquids; opaque and color varies from pale tan to red and brown; has a tendency to chip and break
Earthenware
Clays containing higher percentage of sand when fired from 1200° to 1280° C or 2191° to 2336° F; body is extremely hard, vitrified and impermeable to water; naturally non-porous
Stoneware
Chinese invention that appeared when feldspathic material in a fusible state that was incorporated in a stoneware composition; aristocrat of the potter’s wheel using kaolin as base plus decayed granite and fired at very high temperatures
Porcelain
Less decayed, more fusible feldspathic material; also used in Chinese porcelain; forms white cement that binds together the particles of less fusible kaolin
Petuntse or china stone
Common name for porcelain
China
Early vitreous wares produced by Chinese before they developed their white vitreous ware (true porcelain) later admired by Europeans
Protoporcelain
Fired between 2390° to 2570° F; best kind of porcelain; usually called “true porcelain”; made of kaolin with feldspathic glaze
Hard porcelain
Fired below 2300° F which is really imitation porcelain; more translucent, not as white in color nor does it have clear ringing tone of porcelain
Soft porcelain
Mixture of white clay and a ground glassy substance; glaze added on second firing
Soft paste
White hard translucent ceramic ware, usually glazed; invented mid-18th century by English potters; harder ware that gained whiteness, translucency and stability through inclusion of calcium phosphate in the form of calcined ox bones; opaque but not as hard as porcelain; somewhere between soft paste and hard paste in whiteness and tone
Bone China
Thick semi-solid fluid composed of clay, water and other minerals such as quartz, feldspar and mica into which ware was dipped
Slip
Slip which uses less clay
Engobe
Ware that has been dipped in slip
Slip ware
Ware where slip creates patterns or images
Slipware
Means “sealed earth”; comes from name of Roman pottery that was mass produced around 1st century AD; have glossy surface slips; decorated with impressed or stamped forms; coated with slip used by Greek potters for hundreds of years
Terra sigillata
Art of transferring designs from specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface; special design-bearing sheet is first applied to a piece of ware; upon removal of said paper, the design or decoration on the sheet is transferred to the body and subsequent firing makes it permanent
Decalcomania
Printing process based on principle that oil and water do not mix; systematically treats the surface so the image areas will accept oily ink, while non image or blank areas are treated to repel ink
Lithographed
Term from Italian graffiare meaning to scratch; designs are drawn with a pointed tool that scratches through the slip to reveal the body
Sgrafitto
Colored decoration applied over a fired transparent glaze then fired third time to set the decoration at lower temperature
Overglaze
Commonly used in tin-glaze earthenware, colored decoration applied over a dried but unfired opaque glaze
In-glaze
Colored decoration applied to an unglazed body covered with a transparent glaze
Underglaze
Colors that can withstand high heat of glost firing
Grand feu colors
Greek figures painted black on red background
Black figure ware
Greek figures painted red on black background
Red figure ware
Greek figures painted red or black on white background
White ground ware
Early ware from 12th century onwards with a coarse body covered with a white slip formed the class known as what?
Mezzo-maiolica
Lightly decorated white wares made in Faenza
Bianchi di Faenza
Claims the discovery and introduction of the ware for Pesaro; affixes 1492 as introduction of Majlica ware
Passeri
Goldsmith and sculptor; one who raised production of majolica from craft to high art in Italy
Lucca della Robia
Known to have perfected luster technique; frequently hired to embellish work of other workshops and signs the pieces himself
Master Giorgio Andreoli
Grand duke of Tuscany which produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in his Florence workshop during the 16th century
Francesco de Medici
Established a porcelain factory in Venice; factory produced hard-paste porcelain usually teapots in chinoiserie style only operational for 7 years
Francesco Vezzi
Principal feature is its admirable imitation of majolica and successful reproduction of the bas-reliefs of Lucca della Robbia in porcelain; principal mark is two triangles crossed forming a sixpointed star
Doccia ware
Stylized floral pattern known at Doccia factory
Tulipano
Factory that developed a formula for a distinctive soft-paste porcelain characterized by pronounced creamy color and an unusually gloss clear glaze
Capo dii Monte
Capo dii Monte was founded by who?
Charles III
Type of improvisional street theater
Commedia dell’arte
Identifiable by typical costume of loose tunic, tall conical hat and black mask with a prominent hooked nose
Pulcinella
Produced by 32 factories in Delft from 17th to 19th centuries; entirely hand painted
Delftware
Formed the basis of one of British airways’ ethnic tailfins
Delftblue pottery
Most widely used and applied to 17 aircrafts of British airways
Delftblue daybreak
Type of delftware with very broad style of paintings with motifs so simplified; pieces were used to decorate farm stables in the summer season when they were used for social gatherings
Peasant delft
Produced fine white hard paste porcelain closely resembling Dresden china body; factory discontinued in 1810
Amstel
Manufactory started by the Ljincker family in 1776 in Hague, Holland
Hague
Tin-enameled earthenwares
Faience potteries
Favorite earth in construction potteries; successfully applied in the Oiron or Henri II ware
Terre de pipe
Aka Henri II ware and Saint-Porchaire ware; said to be the very first high-quality French pottery; paste used is true pipe clay, very fine and very white with a thin lead-glaze that is transparent and of a yellowish gold tint; use of inlays of clay in a different colored cla
Fayence d’Oiron
Demascening of metal work
Niello
Worked for 16 years to imitate white-glazed pottery; Palissy ware; appointed as royal potter to Catherine de Medici
Bernard Palissy
Owned by the Poterat family
Rouen faience factory
Firs hard paste porcelain was made in ______ region due to the fact that Kaolin was discovered in France about 1768, close to it
Limoges
Lead-glazed earthenware popular in 16th and 17th centuries with many vessels imitating metal jugs and tankards
Hafner ware
Highest eminence which German pottery reached; 1500-1620
Poterie deluxe
Discovered the materials required to produce a white, translucent, high-fired porcelain body
Johann Friedrich Bottger
Who founded the second factory in Europe to produce hard paste porcelain in Vienna
Claudius du Paquier
Heavy earthenware usually decorated with crude patterns in green-blue, yellow, white and lustreware
Hispano-Moresque wares
An important factory making fayence at Alcora (Valencia) founded in 1726-7 by ____________?
Count of Aranda
Aka Hispano Mauresque; wares with Arabic inscriptions, beautifully executed arabesques and stylized animal forms
Luster earthenware
Term generally applied to tin-glazed and enameled earthenware; consists of glazed floor and wall tiles decorated with flower and abstract motifs showing fusion of Renaissance and Moorish motifs
Maiolica
Form of Portuguese and Spanish painted tin-glazed ceramic tiles with a generally bluish hue
Azulejos
Continuation of Capo di Monte factory of Italy when King Charles VII transferred it from Naples to Madrid in 1759; Rococo spirit
Buen Retiro/ El Retiro
From the collector’s point of view, history of English porcelain begins with _______ in 1744 and ends with _____________
Bow factory
Rockingham factory
Engaged in making imitation delft
Bristol ware
First called New Canton; where first soft-paste porcelain in England was made from a white clay (kaolin) brought from North Carolina
Bow ware
Bow eventually became part of the _____ factory
Derby
Includes well-known “goat and bee” cream jugs; began making very softpaste porcelain about 1745
Chelsea ware
White, fine and soft and biscuit; its finest work is regarded as that done in the ____________ period and __________ period
Chelsea Derby
Crown Derby
Founded by Robert Browne, produced soft-paste porcelain similar to Chelsea ware and Bow ware; most were imitation porcelain and decoration from Chinese originals
Lowestoft
Discovered by John Sadler about 1754; method of transferring a design to paper from an engraved copper plate coated with pigment and from the paper to the pottery which was then fired overglaze producing crude and impermanent lines; same method used by Robert Hancock
Transfer printed pottery
Generic term applying to products of many potteries in stoke-on trent, hanley, cobridge, etruria, burstem, fenton, tunstall, longport, shelton, lane end and some other lesser known places- pottery district; free from outside influences; exclusive border patterns
Staffordshire
From name of its creator, Josiah Wedgewood
Wedgwood ware
Considered to be the finest pottery that England has ever produced
Old Wedgwood
Fine, hard, unglazed white bisque by Wedgwood about 1775
Jasperware
All light-colored English earthenware from about 1750 to present time; perfected by Wedgwood by use of Cornwall clay and adopted as standard earthenware of Stafforshire
Cream ware
Original cream colored earthenware named for Queen Charlotte, wife of George III
Queen’s ware
Solid black stoneware of great hardness, unglazed which takes its name from a black Egyptian rock
Basalt ware
Earthenware made either solid or in surface decoration to resemble the veining of agate or other natural stones
Agate ware
Term derived from the tortoise-shell ware made by Thomas Whieldon and applied to ware of a mottled, cloudy or splashed character
Whiledon ware/ cloud ware
Josiah Spode; underglaze blue-printed cream ware of excellent quality, stone china, black and jasper ware
Spode ware
Invented a superior kind of “bone china” which combines best qualities of both soft paste and hard paste porcelain which later became the English standard
Josiah Spode Jr.
Slip decorated pottery by Thomas Toft; coarse reddish clay and crude decoration; glaze before firing and after slip was placed= yellowish tone
Toft ware
Produced in Pennsylvania by the Germans during the middle of 18th century; slip with crude scratchings
Sgraffito ware
Chinese ceramics; mostly handmade; patterns are geometric some symmetrical others contrasting light and dark; brush paintings design
Yangshao wares
Named after a placed in Shantung province; lacquer black shard of at times eggshell thinness; undecorated and almost metallic
Lungshan pottery
