Furniture Design and Construction Flashcards
This should be deliberate or intentional and should involve careful, organized and systematic logical thinking and planning.
Design
The person who devises or executes designs.
Designer
Primary purpose of design
To fulfill human satisfaction
It is based on the principle of free association and gives no restriction to imagination. It puts quantity before quality.
Intuitive Technique
Aims at setting off the creative forces by directly approaching the subconscious creative part of the human mind. It sets no limit to imagination and purposely suspends reason and logical thinking.
Brainstorming
This technique was developed from experience with brainstorming session, aimed at increasing the output from brainstorming.
Brainwriting
This is the direct way of having 26 or more ideas that pertain to the problem. Start by listing all letters of the alphabet then for each letter, list a word or phrase that begins with that letter and somehow pertain to the problem you are attempting to solve.
Alphabetical Listing
Combines different, seemingly unrelated elements.
Synectics
Generates new ideas by solving the problem in a riddle-like or puzzle-like technique.
Delphi Method
Instead of thinking about how you can improve a situation, think about how you could make it worse.
Inversion
Instead of offering a description of something by recording what you read in the dictionary, associate it with something else, preferably something familiar.
Description by Association
Based on the principle of splitting up the problem into sub problems and solving them one by one.
Logical or Systematic Technique
Redefines the problem first to an underlying more basic problem and then split up into its elements or sub-problems.
Morphology
A technique that does not aim at stimulating the creative idea generating process but systematically examines and analyzes objects of nature for possible adaptation as solution to some technical problems.
Bionics
Instead of thinking about what an object will look like, think about what function it will perform.
Functional Visualization
This logical approach will generally have a higher level of success. A comprehensive problem is split up into more and more minute sub-problems until the whole problem has become a network of interrelated problems.
Problem Area Analysis and Functional Analysis
Basic Criteria for Good Design
Physiological and Psychological Feature
Historical and Cultural Factor
Aesthetics Consideration
This makes use of the basic outline of the furniture as a grid. By connecting structural points which are required either by construction or function, variations on form are performed.
Structural Form Development
Makes use of previous designs as basis for improvements
Morphological Form Development
Variations on geometric forms
Geometric Form Development
Nature often provides inspiration for fresh and exciting ideas
Form Development Based on Nature
Design ideas can be based on various sources other than nature
Form Development Based from Various Sources
Craftsmanship is key in this handmade folk style. It originated as an anti-industrial reaction and also stood for social economic reform.
Arts and Crafts
This innocuous style is recognizable through the use of simplified shapes, a mix of soft and smooth texture. “Modern classics/Contemporary classics”
Classic and Contemporary
This style has evolved considerably since its birth and is now a combination of the old and new ideals. Some ideas are influenced by nature, futuristic style and cutting edge aspects; others lean toward industrial, technical and oversimplified style. Refers to what is popular or current now.
Contemporary
Cozy, quaint feel with mixture of colors and prints. Distressed wood, antiques that have an old barn or farmhouse vibe.
Country
Essentially the combination of all others. Typically incorporating vintage and bright colors.
Eclectic
This style originated in the 1900s with the Bauhaus Movement, an architectural and visual ideal where form and function came together. Furniture was being mass produced. New materials including chrome, black leather, glass and ultrasuede.
Modern
Furniture comprised partly or wholly of locally found materials such as bark, roots, branches, burls and other natural forms.
Rustic
Originating from Britain, relies mainly on flea market finds that are usually refinished. Anything with roses on it. It is a soft, relaxed, feminine, romantic way of decorating that looks comfortable and inviting. Also called cottage style.
Shabby Chic
Regal and often detailed furnishings from a variety of different time periods. Considered classic and exudes an ageless feel.
Traditional
The offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture which takes aspects from color and finish and materials and fabrics. Embraces a livable and soft appeal while radiating a classic flair. Lack of ornamentation and decoration keeps the focus on simplicity and sophistication of the design. Comfort and practicality.
Transitional
Aged finishes, iron scrollwork and intricate patterns. Begins with travertine or terracotta tiles, travel up textures or plastered walls, beamed ceiling. Warm earth tones.
Tuscan
Devices that make it possible to work materials when hand alone is not enough.
Hand tools
Used both for measuring and for making straight lines.
Rigid rule, folding rule or zigzag, flexible rule, open reel measuring tape, digital laser measuring tape
Rules and Meters
Used when testing for right angles, checking for “squares” as well as for marking
Squares/ “Eskwala”
A combination of marking and measuring device; distance is set from the point to the guide with a rule; marks straight line
Marking gauge
Used to measure diameters
Caliper
Common saws used for rough cutting
Hand saws
For cutting wood across the grain with uneven teeth
Crosscut saw
For cutting wood along the grain with chisel-like teeth
Rip saw
For cutting curves in thin wood; not intended for sawing straight lines
Coping saw
Used for making wood surfaces smooth and flat
Hand plane
Used by the old blacksmith and wagonmaker for shaping spokes for wooden wheel; for tapering legs and for rounded shapes
Spoke shave
Used for smoothing curves usually on edges of stock following sawing
Files/ “Liha”
Used for fitting joints in wood and for shaping edges
Chisels
Chisels with hollow blades used in roughing out concave terms and for mouldings
Gouges
Used for boring holes 1/4” and larger
Augerbrace and bit
Used for drilling small holes usually not larger than 1/4”
Hand drill
Original purpose was to drive screws but also handy for opening paint cans, prying open boxes etc
Screwdriver
Screwdriver with a flat tip
Standard Screwdriver/ Flat Screwdriver
Screwdriver with an x-shaped tip
Phillips screwdriver
Relies on the pushing force rather than a twisting force
Spiral ratchet screwdriver
Tools that require power supplied by forces other than humans.
Machine tools/ Power tools
Resembles a power driven coping saw designed especially for cutting line curves and details in stock up to approx. an inch in thickness. Aka scroll saw
Jig saw
Has an endless blade travelling around two pulleys that cuts curves and straight lines in thin and thick stock
Band saw
A power driven rotary cutting tool with toothed circular blade. Aka bench or table saw
Circular saw
An upside down saw with teethed circular saw. Motor and blade are suspended above the worktable. Blade can be raised, lowered, turned and tilled.
Radial Arm saw
Automatically surfaces stock to thickness and relies on vibration
Planer
Originally designed for accurate, quick drilling of holes but with some attachments can also be used for boring, routing, shaping and countersinking.
Drill Press
The machine in which wood is shaped into round and cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps and table legs.
Wood lathe
Specialized in cutting shaped edges, moldings, picture frame stock and the like.
Spindle shaper
Includes many types like disc, belt, drum, spindle and sheet. Like papel de liha in round form.
Sanding machine
Designed primarily for drilling and boring but with attachments, this could also be used as sanders, buffers, polishers and drivers.
Electric drill
A portable, circular saw especially used for cross cutting, ripping and mitering
Electric handsaw
Portable shaper moved through the work instead of work being moved through the cutter as in the regular shaper.
Router shaper
Most prevalent raw material for furniture industries with unique and valuable qualities offering numerous species.
Wood
Timber sawn or split in the form of beams, boards, joists, planks etc.
Lumber
These are coniferous or cone-bearing, needle-leafed usually evergreen tree.
Softwood
These are deciduous or broad leafed trees. Presence of pores or vessels.
Hardwood
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
Most expensive wood used for furniture and panelings, for expensive floorings, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer and facings. Pale yellow to red. Hard to cut with fine texture,
Narra
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
Both hardwoods, used for posts and girders or jambs attached to concrete. Also for wooden decks having flooring and railing exposed to weather.
Yakal and Guijo
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
Softwood used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture. Also used for framings and trusses.
Pine Benguet
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
The most common lumber in the market used generally for framings, joists, trusses, nailers etc. Also known as Philippine Mahogany. Red to dark red (pinkish). Interlocking grain and ribbon figure. Moderately hard to cut.
Tanguile
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
For framings, chests, jewelry boxes. Moderately coarse texture. Interlocking grain.
White and Red Lauan
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames. Very hard to cut. Also used for house construction. Black with brownish streaks.
Kamagong
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
Used for panelings and plywood veneer. Greenish or light brown with dark brown bands. Hard to cut,
Dao
Most Common Philippine Wood Species
Similar to pine. Used for paneling.
Almaciga
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Light or grayish brown to reddish brown. Striking grain figure and large open pores. Heavy, strong and hard; durable under exposure; great wear resistance.
Oak
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Creamy white to light reddish brown. Frequently straight grained and tiny wood pores. Bird’s eye pattern and special burl figures. Heavy, hard, strong and stiff with good shock resistance.
Maple
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Light gray brown to dark purple brown. Very strong and stable, only moderately heavy and stiff. Good shock resistance.
Walnut
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Cream color to light reddish brown. Visible resin canals and obvious growth rings. Moderately light, soft and stiff. Good shock resistance.
Pine
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Creamy white to light reddish brown; extremely small pores. Heavy, hard strong and stiff with very good shock resistance.
Birch
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Light to dark reddish brown. Straight grain and small individual pores. Moderately hard and heavy. Good shock and weather resistance.
Cherry
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Grayish through creamy white through to a reddish dark brown. Distinct straight grain and open pores. Tough, heavy and hard with good shock resistance.
Ash
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Yellowish brown through reddish brown to dark red. Frequently highly figured grain pattern and open wood pores. Extremely stable, moderately hard even textured and heavy.
Mahogany
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Very light brown hardwood. Distinct straight grain and open pores. Turns well and is easily worked. Commonly used as bentwood
Beech
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Light yellow to brownish yellow with green tinge. Even texture and straight grain pattern with barely visible pores. Medium to light weight only moderately hard, stiff and shock resistant.
Poplar
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Tawny yellow yo dark brown with frequent lighter and darker streaks. Pattern very similar to that of walnut. Heavy, strong, oily and tough. Solid outdoor furniture. “Water-born” wood because oily.
Teak
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Creamy white to reddish brown. Occasional dark streaks and large wood pores. Very heavy, closed grain, hard and strong.
Pecan
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Light brown to dark brown containing shades of red. Straight grain with obvious light and dark boundaries. Moderately heavy and hard; good shock resistance; excellent bending qualities.
Elm
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Various shades of dark brown to dark purple. Conspicuous dark streaks. Large open wood pores. Very hard, very heavy with extremely coarse texture. With straight grain/ ribbon grain.
Rosewood
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Creamy white to yellowish with obvious difference between spring and summer growth rings. Moderately heavy, hard and stiff. Pronounced resin canal and wild grain markings make this a difficult wood to finish.
Fir
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Deep reddish brown with obvious alternating spring and summer growth rings. Light, strong, stiff. Good for veneers.
Redwood
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Light red with light colored streaks. Knotty pattern and other natural markings always present. Highly aromatic and moderately hard though brittle.
Cedar
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Pale reddish brown; obvious wide growth pattern and small wood pores. Moderately heavy and hard; fine textured and good shock resistance.
Sycamore
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Pale to dark brown with occasional red streaks. Large open wood pores. Soft to medium texture. Only moderate shock resistance.
Butternut
Most Common Imported Wood Species
Creamy white to creamy brown with frequent reddish markings. Faint growth rings and broad wood raise which are darker than the background wood. Low resistance to shock.
Basswood
8 important properties to be considered on choice of timber
Strength, Workability, Drying properties, Bending qualities, Grain structure and figure pattern, Finishing, Resistance to weathering and insect damage
Commonly called air drying or sun drying.
Natural drying
Done in a dry kiln where lumber is artificially dried. Used for more expensive lumber.
Kiln-drying
Surfaced one side. Used for framing.
S1S
Surfaced two sides. Used for framing or as substrate for cladding on both sides
S2S
Surfaced four sides; often used for parts with exposed sides and carving details
S4S
Dimensions of a piece of wood before it is planed down
Nominal size
Dimensions of lumber after it has been dressed
Actual size
Nominal size of a dressed lumber. A piece of lumber that is 12” wide, 1” thick and 1’ long
Board foot
Fibers running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree
Straight grain
Grains are in successive layers and in opposite direction
Inter-locked grain
Constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears as wavy lines
Wavy or curly grain
Result when a straight grained log is not sawn along its vertical axis
Diagonal grain
Fibers follow a spiral course with a twist that is either right or left handed
Spiral grain
Fibers in varying or irregular form
Irregular grain
When wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
Plain/Tangential or Flat Grain
When board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
Quarter or Radial Grain
When board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and growth rings)
End grain
Most common sawing method which produces the highest quantity of usable lumber. “Sawing around” the log. Boards produced show flat grain on their faces and quarter grain on their edges
Plain sawing
Sawyer cuts log in quarters then slices each quarter into boards. Boards produced show quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on edges
Quarter sawing
Sometimes called sawing through and through. Produces much wider boards than other methods which show mostly mixed grain; flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges.
Live saw
Wood defect that refer to the basal stumps of incipient or cast-off branches. These affect the mechanical strength of timber owing to the abrupt change in the direction of fibers and constitute blemishes which detract from the value.
Knots
Small knots 1/2” or under often caused by shedding of early branches. Usually allowable in prime timber.
Pin knots
Knots sliced through their length during sawing and commonly known as “slash knots”
Spliced knots/ Splay knots
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge and often ringed with resin in softwood
Encased knots
Two or three knots springing from a common center
Branched knots
Wood defect caused by extensive splitting on the weakest links
Shakes
Type of shake wherein the log splits from the pith or heart radially along the medullary rays indicating that the tree has passed its prime. Examples include heart shake, double heart shake and star shake
Radial shakes
Type of shake that project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambrium as a result of severe weather.
Frost shakes
Type of shake wherein the soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summerwood, either during seasoning or through shearing stresses in the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds, intense heat etc.
Tangential shakes
Type of tangential shake where shakes run along part of the annual ring only
Cup shakes
Type of tangential shake where log is completely encircled
Ring shakes
Wood defect caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing while the actual rupture is across the grain
Cross shakes
Sometimes known as resin pockets, which can appear as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin usually caused by damage to cambrium layer in resinous woods
Pitch pockets/ veins
Repeated damage to cambrium layer by small insects which may show small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods notably birch alder and sycamore
Pitch Flecks
Patches of ingrowing bark probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree
Rind galls
Tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth
Callus
Wood defect caused by fungoid disease
Canker
Wood defect referred to as a partially heated fire scar
Cat face
Not normally defined as wood defect because usually enhance the value of timber. Caused by fungal or insect attack irritating the cambium layers resulting in large rapid growths usually at base of the tree or by numerous small twigs which fail to develop owing to insufficient nourishment, forming a dense mass
Burls/Burrs
Artificial wood defect where the plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect pilling.
Cupping or rounding
Artificial wood defect caused by sagging between too widely spaced stickers or by stickers which are not placed exactly over each other
Bowing
Sometimes known as “edge bend” wherein the wood remains flat but bends edgewise on its own plane
Springing
The plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight but the diagonals are curved. Usually known as “in winding”
Twisting
Synonymous terms for distortion in one or more directions
Warping, Casting
The butt end of the plank splits open usually caused by too rapid drying
End splitting
When wood surface is covered with small splits along the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun
Sun checking
When the surface of the wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action preventing a smooth surface sometimes caused by structural weakness or incorrect seasoning
Flaking
If the wood dried too quickly then the surface dry out at a rate quicker than the rate of movement of moisture resulting to the dry outer layers in tension and the moist interior compression.
Case hardening
If the kiln drying of the case hardened timber is continued to dryness resulting in severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers not visible from the outside. No cure.
Honeycombing
Characterized by extensive shrinking and warping particularly in springwood
Collapse
Emphasize and enhance the charm of natural wood color and grain
Transparent wood finish
Soak into wood pores to give natural look and feel
Penetrating Finishes
Seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements
Surface Coating
Made from resins dissolved in ethyl alcohol which forms a high gloss film on the surface when dried
Clear Lacquer
Made from various gums and resins dissolved in an oil or alcohol. Gives relatively hard, tough and reasonably elastic finish
Varnish
Varnish made from resin and oil
Oil varnish
Varnish made from resin and alcohol
Spirit varnish
Varnish made from gums derived from plants, insects and vegetable matter
Natural varnish
Varnish made from synthetic resin commonly esterified glycerine
Synthetic varnish
A spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol.
Shellac
Resinous secretion of the female of the lac insect
Lac
Can be achieved by using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
Oil Stain finish
A transparent plastic finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits. It is very tough, hard and flexible finish with resistance to chipping, abrasion and dirt retention. Resists solvents, detergents, acids, alkalis and hot and cold water.
Polyurethane finish
Achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol. It usually comes in paste form and liquid form.
Wax or Film
Dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. It alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grains.
Wood stain finish
Achieved by applying one of the various acids and chlorine compound pertained to as bleaching agents. It results to lightening of wood color to yellowish white and neutralizes the color
Bleach finish
Type of bleach that is comparatively weak and is excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink and water stains from wood surface if used full strength
Chlorinated laundry bleach
Best bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains
Oxalic acid
Type of bleach that is fairly expensive and extremely strong which can bring out really light tones on dark wood because of strength
Two-solution bleaches
Type of wood finish that gives a solid finish for protection and decoration
Opaque
A mixture of solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle
Paints and Enamels
A finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to a paint
Pigment
Type of pigment that is either white lead, oxide, lithophane or titanium
White pigment
Type of pigment derived from minerals or clay
Colored Pigment
Type of pigment made from whitting, talc and silica
Extenders
A nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended such as drying oils and varnish
Vehicle
A volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application
Thinner
Added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle
Driers
Simulates appearances and textures of natural materials and offer effects such as antique finish, crackle or crazed finish etc
Decorative and Fanciful finishes
Made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of the other with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise. The number of layers is usually odd with symmetric structure.
Plywood
Usual available size of plywood
4’ x 8’ x 1/8”-1” thickness
Series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood whose grains are crossed at right angles to the length of the core strips
Plyboard
Composed of wood chips carefully graded, mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressured or extruded into rigid, self-supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerances
Particle board
Same construction as fiberboards except that it has thin outer pressed melamine finish
Melamine board
Dense hardboard used for back panels and drawer bottoms
Fiber board
Long chain molecular structures evolved from common elements by chemical synthesis
Plastics
All plastics are polymers and all polymers may be regarded as potential plastics. True or false?
True
Plastic that can be softened and resoftened without deformation
Thermoplastic
Plastic that deforms when heated
Thermoset
Type of thermoset plastic which can be foamed. It is more expensive than polysterene but will accept staples if upholstered. It has very high thermal resistance with low water absorption and low water vapor permeability. Can also be used as thermal insulation for roofs, cavity walls, perimeter, refrigeration, pipe lagging. Core material for sandiwich panels and for flotation and protective packaging furniture
Polyurethane
Type of thermoset plastic foam that must have tacking strips applied when upholstered
Polysterene
Type of plastic that form rigid shell structures
Rigid Foam Plastics
Type of thermoset plastic foam which has relatively low resistance for given thickness. High strength and very good thermal stability. Used as insulation for flat roofs and core material for sandwich panels
Phenol-formaldehyde (Phenolic Foam)
Type of thermoset plastic foam which has high thermal resistance but low mechanical strength. High water absorption and high water vapor permeability. Used as cavity wall insulation
Urea-formaldehyde
Type of thermoset plastic foam which has good insulation efficiency. High strength and good chemical and moisture resistance. Because of relatively high cost, use restricted to spray applications for storage tanks, vessels and as core material for sandwich panels.
Epoxy
Also known as acrylic sheet (polymethyl methacrylate) readily available in clear, transparent, pastel shades, full colors and transfusing and fluorescent colors in thickness from 1/25” (1mm) to 1/2” (12.5mm) in color and up to 2” (50mm) in clear sheet. Also supplied in clear rod and tube up to 1” (25mm) diameter.
Perspex
Thermoplastic that can be cold drawn to five times its original strength. Resilient, noiseless and frictionless which can be used in knock down fittings.
Nylon (Polyamide)
Familiarly known as Formica, Wilson Art, Consulweld etc. Composed of layers of craft paper impregnated with phenolic resins.
Decorative Plastic Laminates
Known under the trade name Bakelite. In the form of powder, granules, reinforced laminates. Used in pan handles, knobs, electrical switch covers and appliance parts
Phenolic Resin
Familiarly known as Formica, Wilson Art, Consulweld etc. Composed of layers of craft paper impregnated with phenolic resins.
Decorative Plastic Laminates
Known under the trade name Bakelite. In the form of powder, granules, reinforced laminates. Used in pan handles, knobs, electrical switch covers and appliance parts. THERMOSET
Phenolic Resin
Known under the trade names Beetle and Oref. In the form of liquids and pastes used in light switches, turning devices, coatings, structural coverings when reinforced with glass fibers. THERMOSET
Polyester resin
Known under the trade name Araldite in the form of liquids and pastes, used as a bonding agent, encapsulating, surface coating and laminating. THERMOSET
Epoxy resin (Epoxide)
Known under the trade names Formica and Melaware in the form of laminates, granules and powder. Used in buttons, laminated surfaces and industrial baking enamel, cookers and refrigerators. THERMOSET
Melamine-formaldehyde resin
Known under the trade name Suprasec in the form of rigid and flexible foams, coatings. Used in insulating materials and foams if rigid and in upholstery, mattresses and paints if flexible. THERMOSET
Polyurethane
Known under the trade name Aerolite used in the form of powder, syrup and granules. Used in adhesives, laminating timber, coating of paper and textiles, electrical fittings. THERMOSET
Urea-formaldehyde resin
Known under the trade name Cycolac in the form of powder and granules. Used in kitchenware, clock and camera cases, lego toys, crash helmets. THERMOPLASTIC
Acrylnitrile-Butadeline Styrene (ABS)
Known under the trade names Corvic and Welvic in the form of powder and pastes used in pipes, plumbing fittings, corrugated roofing, packaging, textiles and upholstery. THERMOPLASTIC
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Known under the trade names Perspex and Diakon in the form of sheet, rod and tube. Used in display signs and cases, lenses, dials, furniture and jewelry. THERMOPLASTIC
Polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic)
Known under the trade names Maranyl and Kapton in the form of powder, granules, rod, tube and sheet. Used in bristles, textiles, clothing, stockings and upholstery. THERMOPLASTIC
Polyamide (Nylon)
Known under the trade names Rigidex, Alkathene and Visqueen in hard and soft forms. Used in household wares, bags for food, bottles, electric cable coating and food containers, lamps, shades, toys, model kits, yogurt carton THERMOPLASTIC
Polythene or Polythylene
Known under the trade name Lustrex Styron in the form of powder, granules sheet, expanded foam, beads and slabs. Used in packaging and insulation. THERMOPLASTIC
Polysterene
Known under the trade name Propathene in the form of powders, granules and sheet. Used in crates, chair seats, ropes, plumbing fittings and kitchenware. THERMOPLASTIC
Polypropylene
Known under the trade names Teflon and Fluon in the form of powder used in coatings, gaskets and plumber’s tape. THERMOPLASTIC
Polytetrafluoroethene
Known under the trade name Dexel in the form of powder, film, sheet and rod. Used in photography film, packaging, spectacle frames and toothbrush handles, THERMOPLASTIC
Cellulose acetate
Also called melamine. Often used for cabinet boxes.
Low pressure laminate
Expensive but with a durable color finish sprayed on cabinetry usually over an MDF substrate
Polyester
A thermal activated vinyl composition that forms to any configurations with heat and glue. Shrink-wraps entire door, similar to laminate in terms of maintenance and colorfulness
Thermafoil
Layers of compressed resin and paper adhered to a substrate. Popular for its easy maintenance and durability. Whites are slow to yellow
High Pressure Laminate
Material that is hygienic, non-porous, with smooth surfaces, tough and with great strength making it suitable for hospital, kitchen, school, office and dismountable furniture.
Metal
Type of metal composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances
Ferrous Metals
Iron with traces of silicate. Tough and ductile. Used in decorative work such as screens and grills
Wrought Iron
Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur etc. Used in cylinder blocks, piston rings, vice/vise bodies, fire backs, manhole covers
Cast Iron
Iron with 0.3 percent carbon used as general purpose metal used in bar, rods, sheet, rolled section and angle form; also in nuts, bolts, screws, tubing, furniture
Mild steel
Steel with chromium and nickel used in cutlery, furniture and frames
Stainless steel
Composition varied by addition of different elements such as nickel, chromium, copper and manganese to molten steel. Used in saws, chisels, plane irons, scissors, knives, hammer heads and springs
Tool and alloy steel
Has high resistance to corrosion. Used in making sheet steel and metal lathe
Copper-bearing steel
Metals that contain little or no iron
Non-ferrous metals
Lustrous, silver-white, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal and electrical conductivity. Used in kitchen utensils, furniture and fittings
Aluminum
Pure metal, lustrous, reddish-brown, highly-ductile and malleable. Used in hot water pipes, electrical parts and decorative work.
Copper
Pure metal, soft, malleable, heavy metal. Very easy to cut and work enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Used in plumbing flashings, container linings and weighting objects
Lead
Pure metal used as substitute for lead in flashings and linings
Zinc
Used for air vents
Perforated zinc
Pure metal, lustrous white, soft, malleable having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air. Used as base for alloys and a coating for mild steel, rarely used in pure state
Tin
Combination of two or more metals and other substances
Alloys
Copper with tin used in pump units, marine fittings, gears and bearings
Bronze
Aluminum with copper and other metals used in shelving systems, chair legs, pulleys, bolts, rivets, cladding
Duralumin
Copper with zinc used in cabinet hardware, screws, decorative work
Brass
A slow hardening process which takes place in certain alloys
Age-hardening
Ability to break under sharp blow
Brittleness
Capacity to transmit heat and electricity
Conductivitiy
Ability to be stretched into fine wire without fructure
Ductility
Ability to regain original shape after deformation
Elasticity
Property of becoming liquid when heated
Fusibility
Resistance to deformation
Hardness
Capacity to be extended in all directions without fracturing by rolling, hammering, beating
Malleability
Resistance to a pulling force
Tenacity/ Cohesion
Hardening of metal while being hammered or bent
Work-hardening
Method in which a coating is applied on a metallic substrate which includes cleaning and chemical pre-treatment
Coating
Coating with a non-transparent formulation containing pigments
Painting/Enameling
Continuous coating of a metal strip
Coil Coating
Single coating of any type with no particular requirements, usually on the reverse side of the coated product
Backing Coat
Treatment of a metal with chemical solutions by dipping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates
Chemical Conversion Coating
Application of a priming paint often pigmented with a corrosion inhibitor after suitable pretreatment
Priming
Application of a solution containing a resin, a chromate, and an acid which is allowed to dry on and provide the key for subsequent painting
Pretreatment priming
Single coating either with requirements or as a primer
Single coat system
System comprising a primer or a base coat, possibly intermediate coat(s) and a top coat
Multiple coat system
Dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate
Organic coating
Organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and if appropriate, a primer has been applied beforehand
Film coating
Applying a thin coating of an expensive anti-corrosive metal
Metallic coating
Chemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
Chemical Brightening
Polishing of a metal surface by immersion in a solution of chemical reagents
Chemical Polishing
Removal of oil or grease
Degreasing
Roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media
Etching
Removal of a thin surface layer of metal by chemical action mainly by treatment in a caustic solution
Pickling
A chemical change accompanying the passage of an electric current
Electrochemical means
Electrochemical treatment to improve optical reflectivity of a surface
Electrochemical brightening
Polishing of metal surface by making it anodic in an appropriate electrolyte
Electropolishing
Metal with an anodic coating produced by an electrolytic oxidation process in which metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating
Anodized Metal
Metal with a substantially colorless, translucent anodic oxidation coating
Clear Anodized Metal
Anodized metal colored either during anodizing or by subsequent coloring processes
Color Anodized Metal
Metal that has been anodized using an appropriate electrolyte which produces a colored coating during the anodizing process itself
Integral Color Anodized Metal
Metal with an anodic oxidation coating that has been colored by the electrolytic deposition of a metal or metal oxide into the pore structure
Electrolytically Colored Anodized Metal
Metal with anodic oxidation coating colored by absorption of dye-stuff or pigments into the pore structure
Dyed Anodized Metal
Metal with an anodic oxidation coating that is colored by electrolytic coloring or produced by integral color anodizing followed by absorption dyeing
Combination Color Anodized Metal
Metal with anodic oxidation coating colored by means of optical interference effects
Interference Color Anodized Metal
Anodized metal with high spectacular reflectance
Bright Anodized Metal
Anodizing where protection against corrosion or wear is the primary characteristic
Protective anodizing
Anodizing where a decorative finish with a uniform or aesthetically pleasing appearance is the primary characteristic
Decorative Anodizing
Anodizing to produce an architectural finish
Architectural Anodizing
Anodized metal on which the anodic oxidation coating has been produced with wear and or abrasion resistance as primary characteristic
Hard Anodized Metal
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to reduce porosity and the absorption capacity of the coating by hydrothermal processes carried out after anodizing
Sealing
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to plug the pores and reduce the absorption capacity of the coating by chemical processes carried out at low temperatures after anodizing
Cold Impregnation
The part of the product covered or to be covered by the coating
Significant Surface
Process which uses colored powder that is given a positive electric charge. Metal part is given negative electric charge. Then powder is sprayed unto metal then baked in a kiln. Doesn’t corrode.
Powder-coating
Means of applying decoration to metals by raising, molding, or carving a surface design in relief
Embossing
Means of applying decoration to metals by carving/ cutting designs
Engraving
Means of applying decoration to metals which uses a strong acid or mordant to cut into unprotected parts of a metal surface
Etching
A technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface used in combination of repousse
Chasing
A technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern by raising the design through the reverse side, Opposite of chasing.
Repousse
Heating metal to restore to its softest possible working state
Annealing
Treating steel to improve its corrosion resistance. Metal is heated to create an oxide skin and then quenched in oil
Bluing
Production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds
Casting
Forcing malleable materials through holes to produce bars, sections or tubes
Extruding
Shaping hot metal by hammering
Forging
Producing maximum hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red then quenching in water or brine. Makes metal brittle and usually followed by tempering
Hardening
Forming sheet metal to shape with press tool
Pressing
A process in which a fast-revolving sheet of ductile metal is forced over a wood or metal form
Spinning
Removing some of the brittleness from steel after it has been hardened
Tempering
Pulling ductile metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross sectional areas
Drawing
Made by drilling a hole in the pieces of metal to be joined then inserting or fastening nuts and bolts, rivets and screws
Mechanical Method
Methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying molten alloy between joint faces
Soldering and Brazing
Extremely strong means of joining metals
Welding
A climbing palm that thrives in Asiatic Regions. Pre-processed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture
Rattan
Rattan with a diameter of over 25mm and intermode of 250mm
Palasan
Rattan with a diameter of 15mm to 25mm
Tumalim
Rattan with a diameter less than 15mm and include those that are glossy, flexible, bright yellow
Sika
Rattan with a diameter of less than 15mm and has a light cream appearance
Panlis
Method of bending rattan wherein stem is cut and placed in a steam compartment for about 10 mins. Poles are transformed to metal or wood jigs and held overnight
Steam-bending technique
Method of bending rattan where heating the part to be bent directly or by heating a piece of metal and transferring the heat to the rattan
Blow-torch
Woody grass known as Bambusese
Bamboo
Stem of bamboo
Culm
Joint or partition separation of culms of bamboo
Nodes
Space in between nodes
Internode
How many bamboos are commercially used?
9 (Kawayang tinik, kawayang killing, bayog, anos, botong, giant bamboo, buho, yellow bamboo, bolo)
Largest palm in the Philippines reaching a height of 20 meters
Buri
Popular furniture made from Buri
Peacock chair
Tough, outer covering of variety of animals, fruits, seeds and nuts
Shells
Shells used for inlays
Mother of pearl from abafone, oyster shells and capiz shells
Obtained from large animals such as cows, carabaos, and horses
Hides
Obtained from smaller animals such as calves, sheep, goats, pigs, alligators
Skins
Obtained from pelts of reptiles such as snakes and lizards
Kips
Type of leather finish produced by glass rubbed over leather
Glazed finish
Type of leather finish produced by hand rubbing until the leather is smooth
Grain finish
Material ideal for furniture framing and can be combined with lighter wood or laminated plywood
Cocolumber
Usually 1/2” thickness. More fragile than most plastics but stronger.
Glass
Most common stone for furniture. Tends to shatter less than glass but also tends to break along veining lines.
Marble
Extremely porous and is generally filled and polished before it is used for furniture.
Travertine Marble
Stones stronger than marble also used for furniture
Granite and Slate
Construction technique rather than a material. Might be made of rattan reed, dwarf rattan, willow, split bamboo, splint or other flexible twig or branch
Wicker
Hardware that are concealed or hidden from view
Rough Hardware
Straight, slender piece of metal having one end pointed and other enlarged and flattened for hammering
Nails
General purpose nail with small head allowing head to be punched below timber surface and then filled. Suitable for framing, planking and cabinet work
Bullet head
Large flat head is to support material being fixed. For fixing metal sheeting, strapping, brackets, conduits and pipe clips.
Clout
Used for fixing large size timbers such as railway sleepers. Galvanised coated for extra protection against corrosion
Deck spike
Used in formwork and fastening temporary work; second head is left exposed for easy removal and for attaching a string line
Duplex
For fixing fiber cement sheeting to timber framing
Fibrecement
Used mainly with softwoods and thin timber, fencing planking and crating. Stop timber pulling over head.
Flathead
Used for fixing hardboard and fibre cement underlay sheeting to timber floors
Underlay
Used for securing materials to brick or concrete. Made of thick, hardened steel or zinc with grooved or fluted shank
Masonry
Used with softwoods, fencing, pallets and crating. Twisted shank provides stronger holding power
Pallet
Fixes plasterboard to timber framing. Has an annular thread for greater holding power in timber
Plasterboard
For iron roofing and fencing. Twisted shank provides greater holding power in soft timbers
Roofing
For light ply, mdf etc. where appearance is not the main factor and particularly where the panel needs to be held firmly
Softsheet
Used for marking points in bitumen and asphalt. Large washer in galvanised finish
Surveyor
Can be used for fixing textile materials to wood. Very short with relatively large head and very sharp point.
Blue cut tack
Specially designed head allows for the head to be driven below timber surface. Screw thread adds extra holding power in soft timber, Used for decking and Pargolas.
Timbergrip
Fixing wire and netting to timber posts and frames. An insulated version is often used to attach speaker and telephone wires to timber/
Staple
For attaching paneling to walls. Has low profile and usually ringed shank. Mostly used in conjunction with an adhesive
Wall panel
50mm x 2.8mm nail used to fix Weathertex to timber framing. Has a countersunk head and is galvanised to resist staining.
Weathertex
The part on the shank of a bolt next to the head
Neck
Threaded metal, pin or rod usually having a head at one end designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a nut
Bolt
Square or hexagonal metal block perforated with a threaded hole to fit around and secure a bolt or screw
Nut
Metal fastener having tapered, helically threaded shank and a slotted head designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning
Screw
Attached to side walls of drawers with lengths 10”, 14”, 16”, 18”, 24”, 26”, 28”
Drawer guides or roller guides
Used for drawer front knobs and pulls
Drawer pull screws
Universal connector that is heavy duty cam-action fastener for extremely strong joints
Heavy duty universal connector
Fittings found on flat-pack self assembly furniture that allow the items to be assembled and disassembled many times
Knock-down fittings
Bolt with a machine-screw thread on one end and a lag-screw thread on the other
Hanger bolts
Metal inserts with threads that protect the wood or board’s screw slot
Threaded inserts
Ideal choice of knockdown fittings when clamping is difficult on large assemblies; great for knock down fittings and permanent joints
Minifix KD fittings
Low profile threaded inserts work especially well on thin materials
Low profile threaded insert
Attached to the bottom of cabinets and chairs from slipping
Gilder and gilder track
2 types of gilders
Cylindrical and trumpet
Hardware that has finish; used as decorative and functional fitting for furniture
Finishing hardware
For movable joints; used to support and turn a door above a pivot consisting of 2 plates joined together by a pin
Hinges
Consists of 2 rectangular metal plates joined by a removable pin
Butt hinge
Hinge having nonremovable pin
Fast-pin hinge
Hinge having a removable pin which permits 2 parts to be separated
Loose pin hinge
Continuous hinge up to 6ft
Piano hinge
Also called cross-garnet hinge, t-shaped hinge with crosspiece as the stationary member and the long stem being the movable leaf
T-hinge
Example is butterfly hinge
Decorative hinge
Hinge consisting of a number of flat plates rotating about a central pin with shoulders mortised into the door edge and doorframe so as to be concealed when closed
Invisible hinge
Device for securing a door, drawer or lid in position
Locks
Protective and ornamental plate around a keyhole, doorknob, drawer pull or light switch
Escutcheon
Run in one direction or rotates; used on legs of chairs or tables
Ball casters
Two types of ball casters
Twin wheel caster; swivel caster
Handle embedded on face frame
Flushed
Two types of knob installation
Bolt-in
Flushed
Mechanisms that are held in engaged position by friction
Friction catches
Tapered metal collars that fit over ends of legs and keep them down from splitting
Ferrule
Study that deals with human measurements
Anthropometrics
Deals with human factor engineering
Ergonomics
Study that deals with space planning in relationship with man’s activities, behaviors and movements
Ergonometrics
Stature of standing Filipino
1680mm
Work chair backrest angle
5° backrest from vertical
94° to 96° from seat
General purpose chair backrest angle
15° from vertical
97° to 105° from seat
Easy chair backrest angle
28° from vertical
118° from seat
Lounge chair backrest angle
52° from vertical
118° to 135° from seat
Armrest height
180
210
230
Low back backrest height
260
310
380
Semi-high backrest height
450
560
610
High-back backrest height
710
830
900
Ideal space allotment for each person
560-600mm
Standard average height of a table
730mm
Space allowance on each side of person in a dining table
300mm
Average height of seat
430mm
Formula for circular dining table diameter
Diameter= multiply intended capacity by allotted space or elbow room per seater (600mm) then divide by 3.14 (value of pi)
Rectangular side/ end table dimension
900mm W
710mm D
560mm H
Square side/end table dimension
760mm W D
560mm H
Circular side/ end table dimension
560mm W D
560mm H
Rectangular center table/ low table dimension
910mm W
610mm D
380mm H
Square center table/ low table dimension
910mm W D
380mm H
Circular center table/ low table dimension
760mm W D
380mm H
Bunk bed size
30”x75”
33”x75”
Dormitory/hospital bed size
36”x75”
36”x80”
Twin bed size
39”x75”
39”x80”
Double bed size
54”x75”
Queen bed size
60”x80”
60”x84”
King bed size
76”x80”
76”x84”
Single sofa or armchair size
750mm x 900mm x 900mm
SH: 350-410mm
Two-seater sofa dimensions
1800mm x 750mm x 900mm
SH: 350-410mm
Three-seater sofa dimensions
2100mm x 900mmx 900mm
SH: 350-410mm
Love seat dimensions
1000mm x 600mm x 650mm
1350mm x 750mm x 900mm
SH: 350-410mm
Lunch counter stool seat height
610mm-660mm
24-26”
Lunch counter table
35-36”
889-914mm
Bar stool seat height
710-760mm
28-30”
Extra tall or spectacular height chair
840-865mm
33-34”
Bar stool table height
40-42”
1016-1067mm
Extra tall or spectacular height table
45-48”
1143-1219mm
Furniture that is fixed or permanently attached to walls
Built-in furniture
Can be assembled from prefabricated materials cut in the field; typically constructed of either solid particle board covered in plastic laminate or steel wire coated with vinyl, polyvinyl chloride or epoxy
Closet systems
Standard width for drawers and baskets; height for children’s hanging clothes
610mm
Hanging storage for shirts, jackets, pants, skirts for men and women
1067.50mm
Storage for 3 pairs of men’s shoes and 4 pairs of women’s shoes
915mm
Hanging storage for dresses and full length robes, evening gowns
1728.33mm
Standard shelf depth
355.83mm
Distance rod is to be mounted from back of closet
305mm
Distance from top of shelf to centerline of rod
101.66mm
Distance between shelves to allow shoe storage
152.5mm
Minimum required inside clear depth for closet
610mm
Shelf width for 1 stack of clothes
305mm
Clearance from floor to allow for vacuuming
152.50mm
Standard height for children’s hanging clothes
762.50mm
Min. distance of rod from shelf above
70mm
Men’s suit hanger
70mm
Women’s clothing hanger
50mm
Door that has flat front surface
Flushed door
Flush mounted doors are mounted within the openings of the face frame
Lipped door
Doors that normally rabbeted at the edge so that they can be partially inset into cabinet openings
Paneled door
Door that allow access to wide storage space without needing a large swing-out area
Bifold door
Another way to eliminate swing-out area required by hinged doors
Sliding door
Used to create a country or cottage look
Tongue and groove door
Average height of the pole above the floor
1500mm
Standard depth of clothes closet
600mm
Depth of clothes closet with hook strip
750mm
Depth of coat closet
800-850mm
Larger type of closet to accommodate any type of cleaning equipment
Cleaning equipment closet
Bedroom linen and bedding closet minimum interior dimensions
400mm wide
350-600mm deep
Shelves spacing on bedroom linen and bedding closet
300mm on center vertically
Highest shelf height
1800mm from floor
Storage for bulky and seldom used items
Central storage
Storage for lawnmoyers, wheelbarrows, garden tools and equipment etc.
Outdoor storage
Depth of shelf for 85% of books to fit
200mm
Depth of shelf for 10% of books to fit
250mm
Depth of shelf for 5% of books to fit
300mm
Vertical spacing between shelves
200-400mm
Storage provided in children’s room
Toy and game storage
Kitchen countertop height
750-950mm
Maximum height of wall shelves
1800mm
Height between wall cabinets and counter top
600mm
Depth of overhead cabinet wall shelves
100-450mm
Depth of countertop
360-600mm
Minimum clearance of range from window
12”
300-480mm
Clearance between back wall and condenser of aircon
1/2”
Aka cubicles. Panel based workstations
System furniture
Depth of desk
30”
762mm
Lateral file depth
380-460mm
Lateral file drawer height
152.4mm
228.6
304.8
381mm
6,9,12 to 15”
Type of bed with one bed frame stacked on top of another allowing two people to sleep in the same room while maximizing floor space
Bunk bed
Bed elevated to a certain height with free space underneath. Without the lower beds.
Loft bed
Vertical clearance of each bed
1100mm
Min. width of ladder on bunk bed
400mm
Computer desk dimensions
24” wide deep
30” high
600mmx762mm
Desks found mainly in front areas of most companies
Reception desk
L-shaped desk dimensions
- 75” high
- 5” wide
- 75” deep
781mm h
749mm wide
527mm deep
U-shaped desks dimensions
1676mm x 756mm x 762mm high
Union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting two or more pieces of wood to a closed fitting or junction
Joint
Art of joint making
Joinery
Simple and weakest type of joint
Butt joint
Start as simple butt joint then dowels or splines are fitted into pieces to increase strength
Dowel joint
Either square or miter
Corner joint
Joint between tapered, notched or halved ends
Scarf joint
Corner joint cut at similar angle as in the corner of a picture frame
Miter joint
Used for gluing plywood in width or length; used in site assembling
Spline joint
Mating members that are cut in 1/2” thickness at their ends
Lap/shiplap joint
Overlapped board is notched deep enough to accept entire thickness of lapping board
Full-lap joint
Same with full-lap but both boards are notched
Half-lap
Stable joint for edge joint boards and paneling; used in plank construction flooring, cabinet, door and wall panels
Tongue and groove joint
Used to add strength; one piece of wood that looks like two connecting dovetails; typically in Arts and Crafts furniture
Butterfly joint
For assembling square edged surfaces
Mortise and tenon
Space in wood joint hollowed out to receive a tenon
Mortise
Projection to be inserted into socket
Tenon
Method for joining drawer sides to fronts; usually for flush type installation
Drawer-lock joint
Plain edge of one board fits into a milled slot on the second board; slot is midway in a board
Dado joint
Plain edge of one board fits into a milled slot on the second board; slot is in end of a board
Rabbet
A slot running with the grain
Groove
Disguise of the presence of dado joint; looks like a butt joint when completed
Stopped joint
Conventional joint used for assembly of case body members; dado is usually concealed by application of case face frame
Through dado
Variation of conventional dado with applied edge stopping or concealing dado groove; used when edge of case body is exposed
Blind dado
Another method for concealing dado; used when veneer edging or solid lumber is used
Stop dado
Traditional method of joining drawer sides to fronts or backs; flushed or lipped type drawers
Dovetail joint
Has equal amounts of material removed from both pieces of wood
Finger joint
Similar to mortise and tenon but mortise is cut at the end of the material rather than being an enclosed square hole
Bridle joint/ slotted mortise and tenon
Vernacular term for panel
Bandeha
Joinery technique used in paneling or when paneled effect is desired
Paneled door detail
California queen size bed
60”x84”
Expanded queen size bed
66”x80”
California king bed size
72”x84”
Grand king bed size
80”x98”
Average coils per mattress
400 coils
Typical boudoir/breakfast pillow size
510x660mm
20”x26”
or
300x410
12x16”
Typical square throw pillow size
18x18”
460x460mm
Typical neckroll pillow size
6”x13”
510x920mm
Standard bed pillow size
20x26”
510x660mm
Queen bed pillow size
20x30”
510x760mm
King bed pillow size
20x36”
510x920mm
European square size
26x26”
660x660mm
Pieces of furniture for sitting or reclining
Sofa
Sofa with low, set-back arms and elegant profile; usually skirted and sometimes softly rolled back
Bridgewater
Back of Louis XV style sofa curves into arms in a downswept continuous line; usually has a wood trim and carved wood legs that may be curved
Cabriole sofa
Has a curved back that looks like camel hump; straight lines, long individual cushion for the seat; innovation of Thomas Chippendale
Camelback sofa
Dating from the 18th century; deep buttoned or tufted sofa with arms and back of the same height; leather usually; fixed seat cushions
Chesterfield
Features scrolled arms with curved backs that are higher than the arms and has visible legs
English or club sofa
Characterized by its back with one raised end; dates from 19th century used by women to lie down when they fainted
Chaise lounge
Type of sofa that folds down into a bed
Futon
Based on mid-17th century sofa; straight high back and angled arms that can be adjusted to open our or stand up straight; back and arms connect with finials wrapped in cords
Knole
A sofa with low, squarish back with arms that are even lower than the back; can have square or rolled arms
Lawson sofa
Sofas with straight, squared lines and very streamlined form with low, often square legs
Mid-century
Modular seating
Sectional
Sofa that has arms that are the same height as its back’ earlier versions had arms curving outward; back may feature one, two or three cusions
Tuxedo sofa
Cane weave
Bijuco weave
Portable bed with mattress and frame that folds in half for compact storage
Roll-away
One frame of seating height has mattress without backrest; another frame slides out below it with an equal size mattress and rises to form double bed or two single beds
High-riser
Upholstered seating section on an upholstered foundation that may convert to twin beds
Studio couch
Low bed rools under a larger bed and springs up
Trundle bed
When back is pushed, it lowers to form portion of bed
Push-back sofa
Chairs that can be placed on top of one another
Stacking chairs
Cabinet with drawers used to keep papers and records in order
Filing cabinet
Chest drawer, cupboard or other storage compartment made to be locked
Locker
Long seat without backrest and arms
Bench
Molded casing must have a _______ at the corner
Mitered joint
Carved foot in the form of the claw of an animal or bird holding a ball
Ball and claw foot
Variety of ball and claw foot topped by and thus attached to body of a piece by brackets
Ball and claw bracket foot
Round, turned foot; may be spherical or ovoid
Ball foot
Carved paw foot in which the paw is a bear’s
Bear’s claw foot
Support at either side of a simple piece of case furniture in which side panel extends below the bottom of the piece’s body; triangle is cut from a center resembles bootjack
Bootjack foot
Support for case furniture consisting of two brackets mitered and joined below corners
Bracket foot
Round, turned foot flatted at top and bottom
Bun foot
Other term for bun foot
Onion foot
Hoof foot in which hoof is cloven
Cloven foot
Carved foot in shape of a stylized fish; dolphin
Dolphin foot
Carved foot having 3 occasionally 4 “toes” on its upper surface
Drake foot
Other term for drake foot
Trifid foot
Broad term designating any of several 18th century shaped feet used throughout Europe and America generally to terminate a cabriole leg; flat circular or ovoid bottom, little or no carved ornamentation, smooth top
Dutch foot
17th century carved foot with two scrolls one at the floor and one where foot joints legs
Flemish scroll foot
Type of bracket foot having slender and tapering arms and a vertical profile that splays outwards
French bracket foot
Carved foot in the form of an animal’s hoof; egyptian furn and reappeared in Europe
Hoof foot
Other term for hoof foot
Pied de biche
Decorated bun foot incised vertical lines
Melon foot
Type of bracket foot with a vertical profile in the form of an s-curve, convex above, concave low; cyma reversa
Ogee bracket floor
Ball foot with vertical profile in form of cyma recta
Pear foot
Foot with outward and upward turning scroll
Scroll foot
Other term for scroll foot
Whorl foot
Block shaped foot higher than wide and tapering slightly
Spade foot
Other term for spade foot
Therm foot
Carved foot w inward turning scroll at bottom and vertical grooves above creating ribs on top surface of scroll
Spanish foot
Other terms for Spanish foot
Paintbrush foot, Portugese foot
Short, broad, downward tapering foot
Stub foot
Foot with three scroll or spiraled grooves
Tern foot
Carved, double curved, tapering furniture; pronounced outward curve with long smooth inward curve which flared outward again
Cabriole leg
Turned leg with cup turning
Cupped leg
Support for low pieces of chinese furniture; short, heavy leg that curved outward slightly at top and down to tight inward scroll
Elephant trunk leg
17th century carved leg with two scrolls one at the floor and one where foot joints legs
Flemish scroll leg
Straight, square leg
Marlborough leg
Rearward curving front leg; tapered slightly at bottom
Saber leg
Other terms for saber leg
Scimiter leg
Swept leg
Waterloo leg
Carved leg shaped like a large letter S
Scroll leg
Turned leg w spiral turning
Spiral leg
Table leg attached by horizontal member at its tip to fixed member beneath table from which it pivots outward on a hinge to support a leaf
Swing leg
Leg with trumpet turning
Trumpet leg
Stretcher commonly x-stretcher that bows upward
Arched stretcher
Four crossbars used to connect furniture legs around a square perimeter
Box stretcher
Type of stretcher or crossbar connecting the legs of usually a windsor chair; bow-like rod connect 2 front legs from which 2 short rods or spurs extend rearward
Cow-horn stretcher
Other terms for cow-horn stretcher
Crinoline, spur or crescent stretcher
Early 18th century; 2 lyre-stretcher shaped segments connect the legs
Double-lyre stretcher
Stretcher with 2 crossbars one joining front and back on each side connected in the middle with a 3rd crossbar
H stretcher
19th century British stretcher used on 3 legged furn/stools; each of the 3 stretcher elements connects a leg and another stretcher
Isle of man stretcher
Any stretcher whose members curve more than once between one leg and another
Serpentine stretcher
Stretcher in which 2 crossbars joining one front leg and one rear leg opposite side
X-stretcher
Continuous visible lines
Object line/ outline
Short dashes closely and evenly spaced
Hidden lines/ invisible lines
Alternate long and short dashes
Centerline
Long and 2 short dashes
Cutting plane line
Terminated with arrowheads or other end marks
Dimension and extension line
Thin lines spaced evenly resembling shaded effect
Section line
Freehand lines for short breaks; ruled for long ones
Break line
Fine line terminated by arrowhead or end mark
Leader line
Drawing in actual size
Full-sizing
Square edge casing must have ________
Butt joint
