Building Construction Flashcards
is process where in design is translated into the world into tangible matter
Construction
Give the 3 Traditional Procurement
Design, Bidding/Tender, Build
is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result
Project
geographical venue of a project
site
Determined needs of the users that will guide for the design process
program
sequence,timing, and duration of works to be done in order to complete the project
Schedule
Financial allocation for the project
Budget
Allocated budget for unforeseen or other possible changes in the design or construction of a project
Contingencies
Money for design changes that may be needed in the design in order to accommodate new project requirement
Design Contingencies
Money that may be needed to pay for unforeseen work or material necessary to complete the construction work
Construction Contingencies
Money allocated by owner to possible fund additional work or material during the project
Owner Contingencies
written information that clarifies or modifies the bidding document often issued during the bidding process
Addendum
additional design or material option added to the construction document and/or specification to to obtain multiple possible cost estimate for the project
Alternate
imply added material and cost
Add-alternates
imply of removal of certain elements to lower the project cost as necessary
Deduct-alternate
American National Standard Institute
ANSI
Also known for record drawing
As Built Drawing
Contract drawing that have been marked up to reflected any changes to a project during construction
As Built Drawing
offer a proposal or a price
Bid
written documents issued by the appropriate government authority permitting the construction of specific project in accordance with the drawing and specifications that the authority has approved
Building Permit
stating that the building or property meets local standard of occupancy and is compliance with public health and building codes
Certification of occupancy
written document between and signed by the owner and the contractor authorizing a change in the work o adjustment in the contract sum or length of time.
Change order
intensive design process for solving architecture problem quickly. The instructor ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris would use a charrete in French for “small wooden cart”.
Charrete
Direct contractor cost for labor, materials,equipment and services as well as overhead and profit. Excluded in construction cost are fees for architects,engineers,consultant,costs of land, or ant other items that by definitions of the contract are the responsibility of the owner
Construction Cost
organization and direction of the labor force, materials and equipment to build the project as designed by the architect
Construction Management
written agreement giving responsibility for project planning and accomplishment and overall project planning, design and construction to a construction management firm or individual called the construction manager
Construction Management Contract
Hired by the owner or the architect to provide information and to advice the project in area of his or her expertise
Consultant
Contractual duties and responsibilities of the architect and engineer during the project construction
Contract Administration
difference between the original contract price and the final completed cost, including all change order adjustment
Contract over (Or Under) Run
licensed individual or company that agrees and perform the work as specified , with the appropriate labor,equipment and materials
Contractor
date certified by the architect when the work is to be completed
Date of substantial completion
arrangement wherein a contractor bids or negotiates to provide design and construction services for the entire project
Design Build Construction
calculation of the amount of material,labor, and equipment needed to complete a given project
Estimating
construction work begins before completion of the construction documents, resulting in a continuous design-construction situation.
Fast Track Construction
movable furniture,fixture or equipment that do not require permanent connection to the structure or utilities of a building
FF&E
Written order calling for a classification or minor change in the construction work and not involving any adjustment to the terms of contract
Field order
prime responsibility for the work
General Contractor
not chargeable to a specific project or task such as overhead
Indirect cost
National Institute of Building Sciences
NIBS
written contract between the architect and the client
Owner-Architect agreement
central idea governing and organizing a work of architecture from french “partir” “to depart with the intention of going somewhere
Parti
desired list of spaces,rooms and elements as well as their sizes
Program
line diagram showing proposed and actual starting completion time in a project
Progress Schedule
all cost for a specific project
Project cost
written list of names and addresses of all parties involve in a project
Project Directory
coordinating time, equipment,money,task, and people for all portion of a project
Project Manager
detailed written specifications describing acceptable construction material and methods
Project Manual
written request to a contractor, architect, or subcontractor for an estimate or cost proposal
Request for proposal
plan for performing work; also a chart or table within the drawing set
Schedule
chart, diagram or outline of a system being proposed
Scheme
written range of view or action for a specific project
Scope of work
drawings,diagrams,schedules and other data. Also, to illustrate some portion of the work being done.
Shop Drawing
location of structure or group
Site
expenses in addition to the direct construction cost,
Soft costs
listing of minimum acceptable ethical standards
Standard of professional practice
load bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation
Structural system
Specialized contractor who is subordinate to the prime or main contractor
Subcontractor
proposed replacement or alternate for a material or process of equivalent cost and quality
Substition
interior improvements of the project after the building envelope is complete
Tenants improvements
written agreement wherein payment is based on actual cost for labor,equipment, material, and services rendered , in addition to overhead
Time and Material
process of analyzing the cost versus the value of alternative materials,equipment and systems
Value Engineering
restriction of areas or regions of land within specific areas based on permitted size, character and uses
Zoning
permits land to be used for specific purpose
Zoning permit
tool used for prying open demolition work and general removal of construction assemblies
Prybar
Vernacular term for Prybar
“kabra”
tool used for General measurement work
Steel tape measure and Folding Ruler
Vernacular term for Steel tape measure
“Metro”
Vernacular term for Folding Ruler
“Metro”
tool used for relatively long measurement such as lot lines or large room dimension
Long Tape
used for establishing right angles during construction measurement and/ or layout
Set square/ Framing square
Vernacular term for Set square/ Framing square
“Iskwala”
For establishing horizontal and vertical scales levels. Uses a bubbles contained inside a cylinder of colored fluid
Spirit Level/ Level Bar
Vernacular term for Spirit Level/ Level Bar
“Lebel/ Nibel”
Used to establish vertical line known as a Plumb line
Plumb Bob
Vernacular term for Plumb Bob
“Hulog”
Used to draw long straight lines without having to use a pencil or pen
Chalk Line
Vernacular term for Chalk Line
“Pitik”
For general wood working/ nail driving
Claw Hammer
Vernacular term for Claw Hammer
“Martilyo”
Usually used for metal work / sheet metal work
Ball Pin Hammer
Drives screws
Screw Driver
screw driver that turns by pushing it that turns its shaft
Spiral Ratchet Screw Driver
Used to cut wood
Hand saw
Vernacular term for Hand saw
“Lagari”
for cutting along the wood grain
Ripsaw Blade
for cutting perpendicular to the wood grain
Crosscut Blade
has a rigid blade. More effective in cutting long straight lines
Back saw
Used to cut metal. Has a replaceable blade with fine teeth
Hack saw
Vernacular term for Hack saw
“Lagaring Bakal”
Used to gouge wood
Wood Chisel
Vernacular term for Wood Chisel
“Paet”
Used for metal work or sheet forming
Cold Chisel
Used to push in the nail head into the lumber surface
Nail set
Vernacular term for Nail set
“Punsol”
Used for flattening/ or leveling small plaster areas
Wood Float
Vernacular term for Wood Float
“Rodelang Kahoy”
Used for smoothening plaster
Steel Float
Vernacular term for Steel Float
” Rodelang Bakal”
General Masonry/ Plastering Tool
Steel Trowel/ Brick Trowel
Vernacular term for Steel Trowel/ Brick Trowel
“Kutsara”
Used flatten/ smoothen large concrete surface such as floors or roads
Bull Float
Special steel trowel used in the application of tile mortar or tile adhesive
Tile Trowel
Used to fasten metal sheets or light metal sections together
Blind Riveter
Used for plumbing joints
Pipe Wrench Stillson Wrench
relatively permanent enclosed structure constructed over plot of land for Habitable use
Building
Part of the Building above ground
Superstructure
Habitable part of the Building below ground
Sub-Structure
Structural part of the building that transfers the weight of the building onto the ground below
Foundation
1-4 storeys usually has no elevators
Low rise
5-10 storeys has elevators
Mid rise
Many floors multiple elevators
High Rise
General accent mood
Lighting
outlet and power sources
power
telephone internet cable tv
Telecoms
Air-con, Heaters, Exhaust
Cooling, Heating, Vent
Pipes,plumps, fixture
Water supply
LGP, Oxygen
Gas system
Elevators, escalators
Conveying systems
A format developed for coordinating :
Specification, Filing of technical Data, Product Literature, Construction cost accounting
what is DIV 00
Requirements Bidding and Construction
what is DIV 01
General Requirements
what is DIV 03
Concrete
what is DIV 04
Masonry
what is DIV 05
Metals
what is DIV 06
Woods and plastics
what is DIV 07
Moisture and thermal protection
what is DIV 08
Doors and windows
what is DIV 09
Finishes
what is DIV 10
Specialties
what is DIV 11
Equipment
what is DIV 12
Furnishing
what is DIV 13
Special Construction
what is DIV 14
Conveying Systems
what is DIV 15
Mechanical/Sanitary
what is DIV 16
Electrical
geographic location of a construction project it can be a land property or an interior space such as mall space, office space, or residential condomnium
Site
Minimum required distance from every structure to the property lines of a lot
Setback
one of the legally defined and recorded boundaries of a parcel of land. Also called lot line. Usually defined by the “LOT TITLE”. Known in the Philippines as the TRANSFER CERTIFICATE OF TITLE. Describe the LOCATION, BEARING AREA AND identifies the OWNER
Property Line
transferring the initial key points of an architectural design onto the site
Layout
fixed static load made up pf the building’s own structure,skin,equipment, and other fixed elements
Dead Loads
Moving or transient loads such as occupants, furnishing, rain,snow and ice
Live Loads
pressure from wind that affects lateral loads as well as possible uplift forces or downward pressure
Wind Loads
impact loads,shock waves,vibrations and seismic loads
Other Loads
lowest division of a building or other constructions,partly or wholly below the surface of the grounds, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its loads directly to the earth
Foundation
The part of the foundations bearing directly upon the supporting soil
Footing
How foundations work?
- The loads of the building/structure are transmitted down, vertically through the columns
- Column, connected to a footing which spreads the loads over a wide enough area of soil provided that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
- The soil pushes up against the footing.This causes tension at the bottom side of the footing and compression on the top side. Reinforced concrete footing have reinforcing bars at the bottom because the steel resists the tension while the concrete at the top resists the compression.
manually or mechanically excavating the site until the desired depth of the footing is reached. Less expensive than deep foundations and commonly used when good soil conditions exist
Shallow Foundations
a single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier
Isolated Footing
a reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of column
Continuous Footing
continuous spread footing of a foundation wall
Strip Footing
a reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load
Combined Footing
a thick, slab-like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of column or an entire building
Mat Footing
a mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab
Ribbed Mat
used when the soil underlying a shallow foundation is unstable or too so they extend down to where the earth is hard enough.
Deep Foundation
also referred to as “drilled pier”. a hole is drilled or drug ( a process is known as augering) through inadequate soil and then filled with concrete
Caisson Foundations
Driven into place instead of being drilled or poured. It can be made of timber, steel or concrete. Piles are driven closely together in cluster, cut off and capped in groups of two to twenty-five. The building column rest on top of the pile cap
Pile Foundations
a proportioned mixture of Cement + Aggregate + water
Concrete
powder material which when combined with water possesses adhesive and cohesive properties. This is a type of binder that hardens in place
Cement
Inert granular material such as sand and gravel which when mix with cement and water result in concrete
Aggregates
combines with the cement to form a paste, which coats and surround the inert particles of aggregates and upon hardening binds the entire mass together
Water
is a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into predetermined size or shape
Concrete
Upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength,hardness and durability. The hardening of concrete is called?
Setting
when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6mm (1/4”) is known as?
mortar, stucco or cement plaster
without reinforcement it is called?
Plain or mass concrete
what does concrete provide?
fireproof construction
concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two material act together in resisting forces
Reinforced Concrete
a calcined mixture of clay and limestone,finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar
Cement
used by Egyptian, Greeks, and Romans. It is made by calcination of limestone
Lime
also used by Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Source of the word “plaster”. it can be more plastic if hydrated lime is added
Gypsum
is pure gypsum
Plaster of Paris
First developed by the Romans. Mix of slaked lime with pozzolana which hardened under water. Cement making was lost for several centuries after the Roman Empire
Pozzolan Cement
Patented by John Aspdin in 1824
Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that the general purposes commonly used for structural work, bridges, pavements and concrete masonry units
Type I: Normal
Type of Portland cement that generates less heat and at slower rate during the hydration process than Type I. Also provides moderate resistance to sulfate attack. This is used in large piers and heavy abutments to minimize detrimental effects of heat of hydration. This is also used in structure in contact with ground water when sulfate concentration in such water is higher than the normal but not usually severe.
Type II: Modified Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that generates less heat and at slower rate during the hydration process than Type I. Also provides moderate resistance to sulfate attack. This is used in large piers and heavy abutments to minimize detrimental effects of heat of hydration. This is also used in structure in contact with ground water when sulfate concentration in such water is higher than the normal but not usually severe.
Type II: Modified Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that use where high strength is desired at early periods, usually within a week or less. Also used in cold weather construction to reduce time required for protection from low temperature
Type III: High Early Strength Cement
Type of Portland cement that generates less heat of hydration than normal Portland cement. This is used in massive structures such as large gravity dams
Type IV: Low-heat Cement
Type of Portland cement that manufactured using selected raw materials so that the finished product will be white rather than gray. This is used for decorative architectural concrete, stucco, white or pigmented grout.
White Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that introduces minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing. Makes the concrete more durable and lighter in color
Air-entraining Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that is used when high sulfate resistant attack is desired . Gains strength at a slower rate than type I.
Type V: Sulfate Resistant Cement
Smaller than 6mm (1/4”) in diameter. Example Sand
Fine Aggregates
Larger than 6mm (1/4”) in diameter. Example Gravel
Coarse Aggregates
substances added to a concrete mix to alter or enhance a specific property
Admixtures
introduces minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing
Air-Entraining Agents
Used to speed up setting time and reduces the length of time for curing and protection
Accelerators
Slows down the setting of a concrete mix in order to allow more time for placing and working the mix
Retarders
Reduces water requirements of concrete for given consistency. Also known as plasticizers
Reducers
Reduces the capillary attraction of the voids in the concrete and decreases water absorption of concrete or mortar
Integral Waterproofing Compound
This does not render the concrete completely waterproof. Example : Saharra. Used to give color to concrete floors
Colored Pigments
reinforcement changes the basic strength properties of concrete and consequently it’s behavior as a structural material
Reinforcing Bars
is a strong in handling compression Forces, but very weak against tension. It is more durable, fireproof and requires little maintenance.
Concrete
is strong in handling both compression and tensile forces. But it is more expensive,requires fire, proofing and maintenance against rust
Steel
The strength of a concrete mix is high affected by how much water is added into the mixture. Amount of water used per bag of cement. Average of 6.5gallons for ordinary job conditions
Water-Cement Ratio
1 Cement : 2 Sand : 4 Gravel
Proportioning of concrete
1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls
Class AA
1 : 2 : 4 for suspended slabs,beams,column,arches, stairs,walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
Class A
1 : 2.5 1 :5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings steps,reinforced concrete slabs on fill
Class B
1 : 3: 6 For concrete plant boxes and any non-critical concrete structures
Class C
1 : 3.5 : 7 for mass concrete works
Class D
from conifers trees that have needles instead of leaves . Example Pine
Softwood
Come from the broad-leaved or deciduous trees. Most Philippines timber are?
Hardwoods
is the softer, younger outer portion of a tree. It is more permeable, less durable and usually lighter in color than the heartwood
Sapwood
The older,harder central portion of a tree is denser,less permeable and more durable than the surrounding sapwood. The central core of the log, it is composed of inactive cells and serves only as a mechanical
Heartwood
cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying. Formed when the circumference shrinks more than the interior section of the log
Checks
Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth
Shakes
irregular growth in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grains. The fibers of the tree are turned from their normal course and grow around the knot at that point of the tree
knots
well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch
Pitchpockets
This is the lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece
Wane
Caused by the attack of fungi
Decay
variation with the plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board
Warping
Lumber cut in tangent to the annual rings or growth; cut with annual rings at an angle 0 degree to 45 degrees; preferable when a pleasing pattern is required like for wall panelling
Plainsawing
Wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel to the rays; less shrinkage than plainsawn lumber; cut with annual growth rings at an angle 45 degrees to 90 degrees
Quartersawing
Wood cut at 30 degrees to 60 degrees angle to the center; similar to quartersawn
Riftsawing
Lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8” wide
Woodstrip
Wood suitable for use as building material
Timber
Timber product manufactured by sawing, re-sawing, passing lengthwise thru a planing machine, cross-cutting to length and grading
Lumber
Lumber surfaced with a planing machine to attain smooth surface and uniform size
Dress Lumber
Dressed lumber on 2 sides
S2S
Dressed lumber smooth on 4 sides
S4S
Lumber that is sawn, edged and trimmed but not surfaced
Rough Lumber
Of or pertaining to lumber seasoned in a kiln under controlled conditions of heat, air circulation and humidity; lumber seasoned by exposure to atmosphere
Kiln dried
Pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8” wide; graded for appearance rather than strength, usually for sidings and flooring
Board Lumber
Wide pieces of lumber 2” to 5” thick; used for stair stringers and treads, floor girders, roof girts and trusses
Planks
Pieces more than 2” and less than 5” in any dimension; classified for strength rather than appearance; usually used for purlins, joists and wall-framing
Dimension Lumber
Pieces 5” or more on the smallest dimension
Timber
Generally, lumber is available in ____-numbered widths: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12”
Even
Size of lumber when it is cut from log
Nominal size
Lumber is sold in lengths from __ ft up to __ ft in increments of __ ft
6ft up to 20ft
Lumber measure; measure of a piece of wood 1” thick, 12” wide or 12” long
Board foot
Drying of wood continues until vapor pressure in the air just balances the vapor pressure on the wood surface
Equilibrium moisture content (EMC)
Process of removing moisture from green wood (wood from freshly cut logs)
Seasoning
Two methods of seasoning
Air drying
Kiln drying
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on posts and other parts requiring strength and durability
Molave, ipil, yakal, narig (heart), saplungan, dangula, malabayabas, bansalangin, betis, narek alupag, alupag-amo, anubing, aranga, banaba, batitinan, sudiang, urung, malbunga, tamayuan, kayatau, haras, tugbak
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on post placed on top of concrete piers 30 cms above ground line
Molave, ipil, yakal, narig (heart), saplungan, dangula, malabayabas, bansalangin, betis, narek alupag, alupag-amo, anubing, aranga, banaba, batitinan, sudiang, urung, malbunga, tamayuan, kayatau, haras, tugbak
guijo, makaasim, apitong, amugis, katmon, kamatog, pagatpat, tabao, bakauan
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins
High grade: yakal, narig (heart), saplungan, guijo, manggachapul, ipil, katmon, aranga, malugai, makaasim, apitong
Medium grade: apitong amugis, pagatpat, bagras, lamog
Low grade: pilosapis, bagtikan, tanguile, lumbayao, nato, red lauan, white lauan, aimon
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used as flooring
Reddish: tindalo, red narra, ipil, bansalagin, betis, lamog, guijo, kamatog, amugis, tanguile, red lauan
Yellowish: supa, aranga, yakal, saplunga, kalamansanai, kayatau, manggachapui, palosapis, almon, bagtikan
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on siding
Panel form: narra, molave, supa, akle, akleng-parang-banuyo, batitinan, kayatau, ribbon-grained tanguile, red lauan, white lauan, almon, bagtikan, mayapis
Drop siding: palosapis, red and white lauan, tanguile, almon
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on door and window sashes panel
Door panels: narra, suppa, banuyo, tindalo, akle, akle-parang-molave, kayatau, ribbon-grained tanguile, red and white lauan
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on door and window sashes frames
Frames: narra, ipil, yakal, guijo, dalingdalingan, quartercut guijo, apitong
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on door and window sills
Molave, tindalo, bansalagin, kayatau, narig (heart), quarter-cut yakal, saplungan, dalindalingan, quarter-cut guijo, apitong
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on stair risers
Risers: molave, tindalo, ipil, guijo, yakal, narig, aranga, betis
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on stair treads
Yakal, supa, molave, tindalo, aranga, guijo, binggas, banaba, pagatpat
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on stair railings
Tindalo, ipil, narra, yakal, guijo
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on salt water pilings
Creosated apitong with 15lbs retention per cu.ft.
mancono, malayabas, dungon, tambulian, betis, alupag, aranga, liusin, tabao
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on fresh water piling
Creosated apitong with 15lbs retention per cu.ft.
mancono, malayabas, dungon, tambulian, betis, alupag, aranga, liusin, tabao
ipil, yakal, dangula, pagatpat and other species resistant to decay and termites
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on veneer and plywood face
Yellow narra, curly stocks of banuyo, akle and bansalagin, red and white lauan, tanguile, almon, mayapis, manggasinoro, stumps, compression woods, croothes of dao, narra, tindalo, akle, katmon, pahutan, pahutan, marrango, kato lamio
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on veneer and plywood core
Binuang, nato, kupang, dita, gubas, poorer grades of red and white lauan, tanguile, almon, bagtikan, mayapis
Rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer traverse loads across space to supporting elements
Beams
Any of a series of small, parallel beams for supporting floors, ceiling or flat roofs
Joists
Large, principal beam designed to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length
Girder
The level, base surface of a room upon which one stands or walks
Floor
Beams having a single span with support at each end; no restraint at the supports
Simple beams
Beams supported at one end only or may be that portion of beams projecting beyond one of its supports
Cantilever beams
Beams resting on more than two supports; beam having two spans with little or no restraint at the two extreme ends of the beam
Continuous beams
End span of a continuous beam where little restraint is provided at the end support
Semi-continuous beam
Section of a beam at which the bending moment changes from positive to negative
Point of inflection
Type of reinforced concrete beam where a reinforced concrete floor slab and its supporting beam are built at the same time and thoroughly tied together
T-beams
Beams with reinforcement with compression as well as the tension side of the beam; requires no bent up bars; used when the cross-sectional dimensions of the beam are limited by architectural or structural conditions
Beams with Compression Reinforcement/ Doubly Reinforced Beams
Beams supported at one end only; tensile reinforcement is located at top of beam and inverted U-stirrups are provided
Cantilever beams
Double reinforced beams used for long spans, hollowed in the center of the section to reduce its dead load (the weight of the beam); diaphragms are provided at intervals throughout the length of beam
Hollow box girders
Short beam extensions from columns used to support rafters or trusses
Beam brackets or corbels
Ideal type of steel beam
I-beam
Horizontal portion of I-beams is called what?
Web
Type of steel girder composed of a web, at the top and bottom of which are riveted angles and plates; simplest type of plate girder with a web and four flange angles
Plate Girder
Type of steel girder which is a built-up beam in which more than one web plate is used
Box Girder
Lightweight, shop fabricated steel members having a trussed web
Open web steel joist
Has a web consisting of a single bent bar, running in a zigzag pattern between the upper and lower chords; permits the passage of mechanical services
K-series joist
Shop fabricated in standard lengths, depths and load carrying capacities
Open web steel joist
Manufactured from cold formed sheet or strip steel; form an economical floor system that is lightweight, non-combustible and damp proof; joists are laid out in a manner that is similar to wood joist floor system
Light Gauge Steel Joist
Spacing of joists in inches
16”, 24” or 48”
Used to support floor and ceiling loads, supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; widest dimension is vertically oriented
Floor joist
Joist on which floor boards are laid; neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist
Common joist; bridging joist
Beam which supports common joists of a wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical points
Binding joist; binder
Large or principal beam; used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length
Girder
Brace or a system of braces placed between joists to stiffen them, to hold them in place and to help distribute the load
Bridging
Diagonal bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from twisting
Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting
Short members (boards) which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists
Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
Floor supported by common joists without girders
Bridging Floor
Large joist that carries much of the floor load
Principal Joist
Any joist resting directly on sleepers
Sleeper Joist
Horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists
Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband
Strip of lumber which is nailed to the side of the beam forming a seat for the joists and helping to support them
Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip
Horizontal timber at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure which rests on the foundation
Sill
Type of concrete floor system where reinforcements run in one direction only from beam to beam; economical for medium and heavy live loads for comparatively short spans, 6 to 12 ft
One way solid slab and beam
Type of concrete floor system which is economical for medium span lengths with light or medium live loads; consists of relatively small adjacent T-beams; when the open spaces between the webs or rings are filled with clay tile, gypsum tile, concrete filler block or steel forms
Ribbed slab or one way joist slab
Type of concrete floor system that when a floor panel is square or nearly, it is generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars placed at right angles to each other, these slabs are known as what?
Two way solid slab and beam
Two way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions; carry heavier loads and span longer distances
Two way waffle slab
Concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or more directions and supported directly by columns without beams and girders; practical for apartment and hotel construction
Two way flat plate
Potentially high shearing stress developed by the reactive force of a column on a reinforced concrete slab
Punching shear
Concrete slab placed over a dense or compacted base and supported directly by the ground
Concrete Slab on Grade
Minimum slab thickness
4”/ 100mm
Concrete slab on grade joint which allow movement to occur between concrete slab and adjoining columns and walls
Isolation joint/ expansion joint
Concrete slab on grade joint which provide a place for construction to stop and then continue at a later time
Construction joint
Concrete slab on grade joint which create lines of weakness so that the cracking that may result from tensile stresses occurs along predetermined lines
Control joint
Corrugated steel panels used as a working platform during construction and eventually as formwork for sitecast concrete slab
Metal decking
Metal decking which serves as permanent formwork for reinforced concrete slab until the slab can support itself and its live load
Form decking
Metal decking which serves as tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab to which it is bonded with embossed rib pattern
Composite decking
Metal decking which is manufactured by welding a corrugated sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a series of spaces or raceways for electrical and communications wiring; special cutouts are available for floor outlets; this may serve as an acoustic ceiling when perforated cells are filled with glass fiber
Cellular decking
Concrete cast in a place other than where it is to be installed in a structure
Pre-cast concrete
Process where concrete reinforced by pre-tensioning or post-tensioning high strength steel tendons within their elastic limit to actively resist service loads
Pre-stressing of concrete
What fraction of concrete resists compressive stresses?
1/3
When concrete is adequately cured, steel reinforcement is inserted in tubes and then stretched; done with hydraulic jacks
Post-tensioning
Reinforcing steel is firs prestressed and then concrete is poured
Pre-tensioning
Type of wood framing where walls are part of the support of the building
Light framing
Lightest form of framing; studding and corner posts are set up in continuous lengths from first floor line or sill to roof plate; boards named ribbons are notched and nailed into the studs; lacks rigidity and liable to sway and tremble in heavy winds
Balloon frame
Modification of old braced frame; girts are framed into corner posts at the second story level joists; studs run from sill to girt and from girt to roof plate; diagonal braces run from sill to corner posts to roof plate; more rigid than balloon frame
Combination frame
Girts which support floor joist
Drop girts
Girts parallel to joists
Raised or flush girts
Where the ground and second floor level structures are supported by their respective platforms
Platform frame
Type of framing used in PH; floor joists are carried by girders and roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts; studs rest on floor sills and extended up the girder or girt in every floor
Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing
Wood posts are anchor strapped to and supported by reinforced concrete piers on isolated footings
Wood posts on concrete piers
For wood posts on concrete piers, what should be poured in between the joint for wood post to seat perfectly on concrete?
Grout
Column designed to support concentrated load; member in form of a thickened section which forms an integral part of a wall
Pier
Individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier
Isolated footing
Joint made by lapping one piece over the other and nailing them together; not very strong
Lap joint/ Plain joint
Joint made by placing full thickness of wood directly against the second piece; toe-nailed
Butt or Square joint (End joint)
Joint made when two pieces do not meet at right angles; one piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the two pieces nailed securely together
Oblique joint
Joint by which ends of two pieces of timber are united to form a continuous piece; mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched etc. before bolting, gluing, welding etc.
Scarf joint
Joint used for building wooden framework where great strength and rigidity are important; made by cutting a hole in one piece and a tongue in the second piece to fit the hole in the other
Mortise and Tenon Joint
Joint made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush; purpose is to maintain a level surface at the joint
Halved joint
Joint made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive the other piece; usually used on window or door frames or in shelf or drawers
Rabbet joint
Similar in shape and purpose to rabbet joint; groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain
Dado joint
Joint between two pieces which come together at a corner; finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement; made by cutting two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually 45 degrees and then butting them together
Miter joint
Joint used for cabinet work and furniture work; strong and durable; made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in other piece
Dovetail joint
Used when fitting one piece of molding at right angles to the second piece
Coped joint
Short flat piece of lumber which is boiled, nailed or screwed to two butting pieces to splice them together
Scab
A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts
Fishplate
Type of half-lapped scarf joint; may be reinforced with a fishplate esp. used to resist tension
Square splice
Used to connect pieces of timber in such a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size
Splice
Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends; two short wood pieces are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined
Scabbed or Fished splice
Spliced made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to required length and putting halved sections together; better for direct compression
Halved splice
Splice for bending
Scarfed splice
Metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted joints
Timber connector
Ring-shaped metal insert insert placed in pre-cut circular grooves and held by bolts; used as timber connector; used for heavy construction
Split-ring connector
Used in between two timber frames for comparatively light construction; toothed and corrugated
Toothed plates and toothed rings
One side is clawed and other smooth; used either singly, in timber to metal connections or in pairs in timber to timber connections; female plate is adaptable for use when the connector must lie flush with the timber surface
Claw Plate
Special round plate, inserted in face of timber used to develop shear resistance in a wood-to-metal or wood-to-wood joint; to provide greater load-carrying capacity in shear
Shear Plates
Steel structural framing where each pair of external columns support a long-spanning beam or girders; suitable for long, narrow buildings especially when column free space is desired
One-way beam system
Steel structural framing which is a two-layer system where beams frame into girders, increases floor depth and provides more space for mechanical system; steel girders span the short axis of building
Two-way beam system
Steel structural framing used when a large column-free space is required where long-spanning plate girders or trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which support a layer of secondary beams
Three-way beam system
Top covering of a building; provides protection from the weather; “oldest component of buildings”
Roof
Horizontal line of intersection at the top between two sloping planes of roof
Ridge
Inclined projecting angle formed by the junction of two adjacent sloping sides of a roof
Hip
Intersection of two inclined roof surfaces toward which rainwater flows
Valley
Triangular portion of wall enclosing end of a pitched roof from ridge to eaves
Gable
Projecting structures built out from a sloping roof and housing a vertical window or ventilating louver
Dormers
Inclined usually projecting edge of a sloping roof
Rake
Roof having a single slope
Shed
Overhanging lower edge of roof
Eave
Underside of an overhanging roof eave
Soffit
Roof having a single slope on each side of a central ridge
Gable roof or Pitch roof
Roof which slopes upward from all four sides
Hip roof or Hip and Valley roof
Hipped roof that usually has four to six sloping surfaces terminating in a peak
Pyramidal roof
Roof hipped equally n all sides
Pavilion roof
Roof which has two pitches on each side
Gambrel roof
What is the term for Gambrel roof in Great Britain?
Mansard roof
Other term for Gambrel roof
Curb roof
Development of a shed roof made into a series of lean-to roofs; commonly used in factories where extra light is required through the clerestories
Saw tooth roof
Two shed roof where the slopes meet at the center of the building
Butterfly roof
Gable roof with partial hips at the end of the ridges
Hipped gable
Other term for Hipped gable
Jerkinhead roof
Semi-cylindrical roof covering a space similar to barrel vault
Barrel roof
Two-sided pitched roof curving gradually down from the ridge in the form of a gothic arch
Rainbow roof
Other term for rainbow roof
Whaleback roof
Hemispherical form of roof usually found in observatories
Dome
Steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central point
Conical roof or Spire
Raised construction straddling the ridge of a roof, having windows or louvers for lighting or ventilating a building
Monitor
Framing for roofs can be done either by using 2 methods. What are they?
Rafters
Trusses
Roof framing similar to floor joist framing; not very suitable in large roof areas especially in the PH
Rafter framing
Main rafters which extend from a wall plate to a ridge board or ridge beam and support the sheathing and covering of a roof
Common rafters
Unite two opposing rafters at a point below the ridge usually in the upper third of the rafter length
Collar ties
Non-structural horizontal member to which the upper ends of the rafters are aligned and fastened
Ridge board
Structural horizontal member supporting the upper ends of rafters at the ridge of a roof
Ridge beam
Form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof
Hip rafter
Any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope
Jack rafter
Jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter
Hip jack rafter
Extend from a valley rafter to a ridge
Valley jack
Connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley
Valley rafter
Structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression
Truss framing
Principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other; primarily to resist bending
Chord
In a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords
Web
Vertical member extending from the apex of inclined rafters to the tie beam between the rafters at their lower ends
King post
King post having shoulders or notches at its lower end to support the feet of struts
Joggle post
Horizontal member that ties together and stiffens two opposite common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the rafters
Collar beam
Structural support for a roof formed by two inclined rafters joined at the apex; a horizontal tie beam
King-post truss
Roof truss having two vertical posts between the rafters and the tie beam; upper ends connected by a straining piece such as tie rod or cable
Queen-post truss
Truss having upper and lower horizontal members, between which are vertical and diagonal members
Howe truss
Symmetrical truss esp. used in supporting large sloping roofs; in the form of 3 isosceles triangles
Flink truss, Belgian truss, French truss
Truss used to support a pitched roof , the ties cross each other and are connected to the opposite rafters at an intermediate point along their length
Scissors truss
Any of various upright construction presenting a continuous surface and serving to enclose, divide or protect an area
Wall
Wall that supports a floor or roof above
Load-bearing wall
Wall that supports only its own weight
Non-load bearing wall
Walls that form part of the envelope with one side exposed to the weather or eaRth
Exterior/ external wall
Any wall within the building
Interior wall/ partitions
An upright post or support esp. one of a series of vertical structural members which act as the supporting elements in a wall or partition
Stud
Uppermost horizontal member of a partition; top plate of a partition on which joists rests
Partition cap, head, plate
Horizontal timber which serves as base for the studs in a stud partition
Soleplate
A structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud above a door opening or below the window sill
Cripple
Lumber less than 2” (50 mm) thick; between 4” (100 mm) to 12” (300 mm) in width
Wood boards
Wood siding commonly used as exterior covering on a building of frame construction; applied horizontally and overlapped, with the grain running lengthwise; thicker along the lower edge
Bevel siding
Other term for bevel siding
Clapboard or Lap siding
Bevel siding rabbeted along the lower edge to receive the upper edge of the board below it
Dolly varden siding
Wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint
Shiplap siding
Joints are tongued and grooved or rabbeted and overlapped; aka drop siding or novelty siding
Rustic siding
Boards that interlap or interlock and have flush, V-groove or beaded joints
Matched boards
Cut so that a tongue along one edge fits into a groove cut along the edge of the adjacent piece
Tongue and groove siding/ board
Other term for tongue and groove boards
Dressed and matched boards
Any saw cut or cut in wood whose rabbeted joint is v-shaped
V-cut siding
Scalloped wood sheathing with the convex forms visible
Corrugated siding
Boards used with other boards and battens to protect and enhance vertical joints and form board-and-board or board-and-batten patterns
Square-edge boards
Narrow battens or wood strips attached to joints of T&G sheathing
Board and batten or Batten siding
Lumber less than 4” (100 mm) wide
Wood strips
Board emphasized, battens at back
Batten and board
Panels made of wood but do not appear in their natural state
Wood manufactured boards
Made of an odd number of veneer sheets glued together with the grains running at right angles to each other
Plywood
Stud spacing for 10 mm plywood
16”/ 405 mm
Stud spacing for 12 mm plywood
24”/ 610 mm
Type of plywood used for form lumber
Soft plywood
Type of plywood used for paneling and finishing work where usually one face is hard-finished
Hardwood plywood
Type of plywood used for exterior where waterproof glue is used
Marine plywood or Exterior grade plywood
Made from wood chips which are exploded into fibers under a stream of high pressure; lining in the wood itself binds pressed wood together with no fillers or artificial adhesives applied
Hardboard and/or Plyboard
Made by bonding together wood particles with an adhesive under heat and pressure; forms by rigid board with relatively smooth surface, faced with veneer
Chipboard
Made from vegetable fibers pressed into sheets; not very strong but has good insulating properties; ceiling finish only
Fiberboard
Non-combustible board with a gypsum core enclosed in tough, smooth paper; extensively used in dry wall construction
Gypsum board
2 Brand names for gypsum
Boral, Elephant
Composed of 72% portland cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived from recycled materials and 8% calcium carbonate
Fiber-cement boards
Manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes, strands, shaving and slivers, bound together and pressed into sheets, molded and shaped; equal strength in all directions
Particle board
Framed the same way as wood wall stud system but uses light gauge steel suds
Light Gauge Steel Wall System
Consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant and structurally efficient in compression
Masonry walls
3 types of masonry wall construction
Solid wall
Cavity wall
Veneered wall
Aka plain masonry walls; incorporate horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond wythes of a solid or cavity walls
Unreinforced masonry wall
Utilize reinforcing bars embedded in grout filled joints and cavities to aid the masonry in resisting stresses
Reinforced masonry wall
Horizontal surfaces on which stones or bricks of walls lie in courses
Bed
Continuous layer of bricks, stones or other masonry units
Course
Each continuous, vertical section of the wall, one masonry unit thick
Wythe or Tier
Connection between masonry units
Bond
Brick or block masonry laid lengthwise of a wall; length in the direction of the face of a wall
Stretcher
Brick or block masonry extending over the thickness of the wall
Header
Course of headers
Heading course
Unit laid on its end with its face perpendicular to the face of the wall
Soldier
Corner stones at the angles of buildings
Quoins
Stones running through the thickness of the wall at right angles to its face in order to bind it together
Bond stones
Course of stones placed on top of cornice crowning the walls
Blocking or Blocking Course
Two most common types of masonry units
Bricks
Concrete blocks
Structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic and subsequently fired
Bricks
Standard size of brick
3 3/4” x 2 1/4” x 8”
Brick used for all purposes; including facing
Common or Building brick
Brick specially processed; used for exposed masonry surfaces
Facing brick
Brick with smooth outer surface with a dull satin or high gloss finish; load bearing, fire resisting and impervious; usually formed with vertical hollow cores through the body with scoring on the back
Glazed brick
Brick ordinarily made from a mixture of flint clay and plastic clay; used for the lining of furnaces, fireplaces and chimneys
Fire brick
Other term for fire brick
Refractory brick
Simplest brick bond pattern
Running bond
Similar to running bond except for a header course at every 5th, 6th or 7th course
Common bond
Brick bond pattern where units do not overlap and where longitudinal reinforcement is required
Stack bond
Brick bond pattern where each course consists of alternating headers and stretchers
Flemish bond
Brick bond pattern where every sixth course is composed of Flemish headers
Common bond
Brick pattern consisting of alternating stretcher and header courses
English bond
Mortar joints between brick courses are usually from __ mm to __ mm
4.5 mm (3/16") 12 mm (1/2")
Also called cement block; hollow or solid concrete masonry unit consisting of Portland cement, suitable aggregates combined with water
Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
Standard CHB thickness
100mm (4”)
150mm (6”)
200mm (8”)
Standard CHB height
200mm (8”)
Standard CHB length
400mm (16”)
CHB of ___ thickness should be used only for interior partition walls where weather-tightness is required
4” or 100mm
Reinforcement for 100mm (4”) and 150mm (6”) thick wall
- 10mm dia. vertical bars at 600mm on centers
- 10mm horizontal bars every third course
Strip of reinforced concrete wider than the wall which distributes the load to the soil
Wall footing or strip footing
A steel reinforcing bar for use in reinforced concrete with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage; used in joint with the wall footing
Hook or hooked bar
Short, reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete; used in joint with columns or beams
Dowel-bar reinforcement
CHB partition walls are ideally supported against lateral movements vertically by ____________
Stiffener columns
CHB partition walls are ideally supported against lateral movements horizontally by ____________
Stiffener beams
In low cost construction, stiffener columns may be substituted for a ____________.
grouted cell
In low cost construction, stiffener beams may be substituted for a ____________.
bond beams
Horizontal structural member over an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it
Lintel
Have single core with an open end usually placed with an open end upright
Lintel blocks or U-blocks
Plastic mixture of cement or lime or a combination of both, with sand and water used as a bonding agent in masonry construction
Mortar
Made by mixing Portland cement, sand and water
Cement mortar
Mixture of lime, sand and water that is rarely used because of slow rate of hardening and low compressive strength
Lime mortar
Cement mortar to which lime is added to increase its plasticity and water retention
Cement-lime mortar
Proprietary mix of Portland cement and other ingredients, as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agents, and gypsum requiring only the addition of sand and water to make cement mortar
Masonry cement
High strength mortar recommended for use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth as foundation and retaining walls; compressive strength is 2500 psi
Type M
Medium-high strength mortar recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral strength are more important than compressive strength; 1800 psi
Type S
Medium-high strength mortar for general use in exposed masonry above grade where high compressive and lateral strength are not required; 750 psi
Type N
Low-strength mortar for use in interior nn-load bearing walls and partitions
Type O
Very low-strength mortar for use only in interior non-load bearing walls where permitted by the building code
Type K
Exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may or may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose interior surface may or may not form the interior finish
Panel walls
Exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may form exterior building face or it may be used back of panel curtain wall as back-up
Masonry panel wall
Natural or artificial stone slabs which are anchored to the building structure by masonry anchors
Stone masonry panels
Ordinary reinforced or pre-stressed concrete wall units
Pre-cast masonry panel wall units
Exterior non-load bearing wall made up of panels attached directly to the building structure with an adjustable attachment mounted on supports which in turn are attached to the building structure by adjustable attachments
Panel curtain walls
Transparent glass and frame incorporated in panel curtain wall
Window type panel
Panel made up of one material
Skin type panel
Panel made up of assembly of several materials
Sandwich type panel
Sandwich panel with top and bottom edges closed
Open sandwich type
Sandwich panel in which all edges of panel are closed except for weep holes and vents
Closed sandwich type
Preassembly of several panels of any type
Wall units
Type of panel curtain wall which refers to the method of installation where the mullions and horizontal rails are installed first before installation of the window and wall panels
Stick type
Galvanized iron roofing may either be ______ or __________
plain
corrugated
What gauge is most commonly used for roofing?
Gauge 26
Thicknesses of galvanized roofing is measured in terms of what?
Gauge
Range of roofing gauge
Gauge 14 to Gauge 30
Plain G.I. sheet commercial size
0.90m x 2.40m
Tile roofing consisting of clay or concrete units that overlap or interlock
Clay/ cement tile roofing
Plain/flat tile size
265mm x 165mm
How many plain tiles are required per square meter?
60
Type of plain tile which overlap the next tile in the same course but which fit together without interlocking bars simply by overlapping
Overlapping
Plain tiles with fully interlocking bars
Interlocking/ single-lapped/ single lap tiles
Most commonly associated with historic clay roofing tiles in convex or rounded shapes, often grouped together
Pan tiles
S-shape tiles where one interlocks with the other
Spanish or S-tile
Tiles where one half cylinder overlaps another inverted half cylinder to form a cover and pan arrangements
Barrel or Mission tile
Formed and site cast in the same manner as concrete floor systems; normally covered with a type of membrane roofing for insulation and waterproofing
Reinforced concrete roof slabs (roof decks)
Term when mortar or concrete does not permit passage or flow of water
Impermeable
Materials that may be employed as surface coatings for waterproofing
Alum and soap mixture applied in alternate mixtures known as the Sylvester process
Waterproofing achieved by mixing foreign substances with the concrete
Integral Waterproofing Compound
Method done by surrounding the concrete with layers of waterproofing materials
Membrane waterproofing
Applying by brush or low-pressure spray, a clear silicon water repellent or sealant to porous surface material to prevent weathering or growth of algae or moss
Water repelling or water sealing
Method of installing thermal barriers in surfaces of structures to keep the heat or cold away from interior surfaces
Thermal Insulation
Treating the soil surrounding the structure in touch with the ground with a chemical
Soil poisoning
Example is boliden salts; Wolman preservative or Solignum preservative of Matimco
Factory pressure-applied wood preservative
Application of chemical liquid on the wood surface to protect it against pest intrusion
Site-applied wood preservative
Installing a shield of non-corroding metal or inorganic material to prevent passage of termites
Termite shields
Method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small destructive animals
Rat proofing
Application of cover materials to structural steel components or systems to provide increased fire resistance
Fire proofing or Sprayed fireproofing
Filipino invented, non-asbestos fiber mix on non-organic binder
Flameshield fireproofing
Gypsum-based cementitious spray applied fireproofing product from Grace Construction Products
Monokote MK-6
Method of protecting finish floor surfaces from wear and tear or from chemical abrasions due to heavy use
Floor protection
Method of protecting steel and other ferrous materials from corrosion
Rust proofing
Method of removing old paint
Descalers, paint and chemical strippers
Flexible, fibrous thermal insulation of glass, mineral wool, fiberglass or rock wool; commonly used as insulation between studs or joints and as acoustical material or as component of sound-insulating construction
Batt Installation
Type of batt insulation from fibrous materials made into batt or boards
Blanket insulation
A preformed, nonstructural insulating board of foamed plastic or cellular glass
Rigid board insulation/ Block or Rigid slab insulation
Extruded polysterene board manufactured by DOW Chemicals for inaccessible roof decks
Styrofoam Roofmate SL
Fibrous type and granular type
Loose Fill
A polyurethane product made by combining polyisocyanate and a polyester resin
Foamed-in Insulation
Used for accessible concrete roof decks; machines are used for blowing insulations into place
Sprayed-on insulation
Insulation with reflective surface such as foil to reflect radiant heat
Reflective Insulation
A black substance in solid, semi-solid or liquid states at normal temperatures; composed of mixed indeterminate hydrocarbons, sealant used for sealing built-up roofing and joints and cracks of concrete pavement
Bituminous cement
Hinged, sliding or folding barrier of wood, metal or glass for opening and closing an entrance
Door
Steel doors are fabricated from Ga. ___ plain steel sheet
18
Have face sheets of 16 to 22 gauge steel bonded to a steel channel frame and reinforced with channels, a kraft honeycomb structure or a rigid plastic foam core
Hollow metal doors
Maximum door size of steel fire doors
4’ x 10’ (1220 mm x 3050 mm)
Metal doorframe designed to be installed during the construction of a masonry stud wall
Flush frame
Knockdown frame having a double-return backbend for installation after a drywall partition is finished
Drywall frame
Metal doorframe completely filled with plaster or mortar for structural rigidity and increased fire resistance
Grouted frame
Metal doorframe prepared to receive a pair of single acting doors that swing in opposite directions
Double egress frame
Opening in the wall of a building for admitting light and air, usually fitted with a frame in which area set operable sashes containing panes of glass
Windows
One of the divisions of a window or door consisting of a single unit of glass set in a frame
Pane
A pane of glass filling a window sash
Windowpane
A rabetted member for holding the edges of windowpanes within a sash
Muntin
Other terms for muntin
Glazing bar or sash bar
Vertical member between lights of a window
Mullion
Medium for admitting light, as one compartment of a window or window sash
Light or day
Refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set
Sash
Horizontal members framing a window sash
Rails
Upright members framing a window sash or paneled door
Stiles
Window sash opening on hinges generally attached to upright side of its frame
Casement
Pair of casements with rabbeted meeting stiles, hung in a frame having no mullion
Folding casement
Stile of window frame from which a casement is hung
Hanging stile
One of the abutting stiles in a pair of casements
Meeting stile
Window with two vertically sliding sashes, each in separate grooves or tracks and closing different parts of window
Double-hung window
Vertically sliding window sash balanced by a counterweight or a pretensioned spring on each side so that it can be raised or lowered with relatively little effort
Hung sash or balanced sash
Rail of each sash in a double-hung window that meets are the rail of the other when the window is closed
Meeting rail
Window having one or more sashes swinging outward on hinges generally attached to top of the frame
Awning window
Casement or awning window in which inner end of the sash slides along a track or the sill or jamb as the sash swings outward
Projected window
Window having one or more sashes swinging inward on hinges generally attached on the bottom
Hopper window
Window light hinged on the bottom and swinging inward
Hopper light or hospital light
One of the triangular draft barriers on each side of hopper light
Hopper
Hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallization
Glass
Fabricated by drawing molten glass from a furnace or forming a cylinder, dividing it lengthwise and flattening it
Sheet glass
Formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that is subsequently ground and polished after cooling
Plate glass
Formed by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly
Float glass
Recycled broken or waste glass used in glassmaking
Cullet
Type of glass according to properties that is cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses
Annealed glass
Annealed glass that is partially tempered by a process of reheating and sudden cooling
Heat-strengthened glass
Annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening point then rapidly cooled; cannot be altered after fabrication
Tempered glass
Consists of two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to inter layers of polyvinyl butyral resin
Laminated or safety glass
Flat or patterned glass having square or diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering
Wired glass
Linear or geometric surface pattern formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse light
Patterned glass
Type of glass according to properties that has one or both sides acid-etched or sandblasted to obscure vision
Obscure glass
Opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat strengthened glass
Spandrel glass
Glass with two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation
Insulating glass
Has a chemical admixture to absorb a portion of radiant heat and visible light that strike it
Tinted or heat-absorbing glass
Gives glass a pale blue-green tint
Iron oxide
Gives glass a grayish tint
Cobalt oxide and nickel
Gives glass a bronze tint
Selenium
Has a thin, translucent metallic coating to reflect a portion of the light and radiant heat that strike it
Reflective glass
Glass that transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat produced by depositing a low-e coating
Low-emissivity (low-e) glass
Changes color properties when sunlight (photon) hits the surface of glass
Photochromic
Glass changes its color when the surface reaches the prescribed temperature
Thermochromic
Color of glass is regulated by a DC power applied to the electrochromic layer sandwiched between two panes of glass
Electrochromic
Panes or sheets of glass or other transparent material made to be set in frames as in windows, doors or mirrors; process or stage of installing glass into a building
Glazing
Setting glass pane in a rabbeted frame and sealing it with a beveled bead of putty
Face Glazing
Compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough-like consistency when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or patching woodwork defects
Putty
Installation of two parallel panes of glass with a sealed air space between to reduce transmission of heat and sound
Double glazing
Setting of glass in a window frame with glazing tape or a liquid sealant
Wet glazing
Adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected between glass pane or unit and a glazing bead, curing to form an airtight seal
Heal bead
Preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber having adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a watertight seal between glass and frame
Glazing tape
Adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected into the joint between a glass pane or unit and a window frame, curing to form a watertight seal
Cap sealant/ cap bead
Wood molding or metal section secured against edge of a glass pane or unit to hold it in place
Glazing bead/ glazing stop
Setting of glass in a window frame with a compression gasket
Dry glazing
Preformed strip of synthetic rubber or plastic compressed between a glass pane or unit and a window frame to form a watertight seal and cushion for glass
Compression gasket
Preformed gasket of synthetic rubber for securing a glass pane or unit in a window
Lockstrip gasket
Glazing system in which the glass panes or units are supported at the head and sill
Butt-joint glazing
Glazing system in which the framing members are set entirely behind the glass
Flush glazing
High-strength silicone sealant capable of adhering glass to a supporting frame
Structural sealant
Glazing system in which sheets of tempered glass are suspended from special clamps, stabilized by perpendicular stiffeners of tempered glass and joined by a structural silicone sealant and sometimes by metal patch plates
Glass mullion system
Metal tools, fastening and fittings used in construction
Hardware
Bolts, screws, nails and other metal fittings that are concealed in a finished construction
Rough hardware
Exposed hardware serving as decorative and utilitarian purpose
Finish hardware
