Building Construction Flashcards
is process where in design is translated into the world into tangible matter
Construction
Give the 3 Traditional Procurement
Design, Bidding/Tender, Build
is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result
Project
geographical venue of a project
site
Determined needs of the users that will guide for the design process
program
sequence,timing, and duration of works to be done in order to complete the project
Schedule
Financial allocation for the project
Budget
Allocated budget for unforeseen or other possible changes in the design or construction of a project
Contingencies
Money for design changes that may be needed in the design in order to accommodate new project requirement
Design Contingencies
Money that may be needed to pay for unforeseen work or material necessary to complete the construction work
Construction Contingencies
Money allocated by owner to possible fund additional work or material during the project
Owner Contingencies
written information that clarifies or modifies the bidding document often issued during the bidding process
Addendum
additional design or material option added to the construction document and/or specification to to obtain multiple possible cost estimate for the project
Alternate
imply added material and cost
Add-alternates
imply of removal of certain elements to lower the project cost as necessary
Deduct-alternate
American National Standard Institute
ANSI
Also known for record drawing
As Built Drawing
Contract drawing that have been marked up to reflected any changes to a project during construction
As Built Drawing
offer a proposal or a price
Bid
written documents issued by the appropriate government authority permitting the construction of specific project in accordance with the drawing and specifications that the authority has approved
Building Permit
stating that the building or property meets local standard of occupancy and is compliance with public health and building codes
Certification of occupancy
written document between and signed by the owner and the contractor authorizing a change in the work o adjustment in the contract sum or length of time.
Change order
intensive design process for solving architecture problem quickly. The instructor ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris would use a charrete in French for “small wooden cart”.
Charrete
Direct contractor cost for labor, materials,equipment and services as well as overhead and profit. Excluded in construction cost are fees for architects,engineers,consultant,costs of land, or ant other items that by definitions of the contract are the responsibility of the owner
Construction Cost
organization and direction of the labor force, materials and equipment to build the project as designed by the architect
Construction Management
written agreement giving responsibility for project planning and accomplishment and overall project planning, design and construction to a construction management firm or individual called the construction manager
Construction Management Contract
Hired by the owner or the architect to provide information and to advice the project in area of his or her expertise
Consultant
Contractual duties and responsibilities of the architect and engineer during the project construction
Contract Administration
difference between the original contract price and the final completed cost, including all change order adjustment
Contract over (Or Under) Run
licensed individual or company that agrees and perform the work as specified , with the appropriate labor,equipment and materials
Contractor
date certified by the architect when the work is to be completed
Date of substantial completion
arrangement wherein a contractor bids or negotiates to provide design and construction services for the entire project
Design Build Construction
calculation of the amount of material,labor, and equipment needed to complete a given project
Estimating
construction work begins before completion of the construction documents, resulting in a continuous design-construction situation.
Fast Track Construction
movable furniture,fixture or equipment that do not require permanent connection to the structure or utilities of a building
FF&E
Written order calling for a classification or minor change in the construction work and not involving any adjustment to the terms of contract
Field order
prime responsibility for the work
General Contractor
not chargeable to a specific project or task such as overhead
Indirect cost
National Institute of Building Sciences
NIBS
written contract between the architect and the client
Owner-Architect agreement
central idea governing and organizing a work of architecture from french “partir” “to depart with the intention of going somewhere
Parti
desired list of spaces,rooms and elements as well as their sizes
Program
line diagram showing proposed and actual starting completion time in a project
Progress Schedule
all cost for a specific project
Project cost
written list of names and addresses of all parties involve in a project
Project Directory
coordinating time, equipment,money,task, and people for all portion of a project
Project Manager
detailed written specifications describing acceptable construction material and methods
Project Manual
written request to a contractor, architect, or subcontractor for an estimate or cost proposal
Request for proposal
plan for performing work; also a chart or table within the drawing set
Schedule
chart, diagram or outline of a system being proposed
Scheme
written range of view or action for a specific project
Scope of work
drawings,diagrams,schedules and other data. Also, to illustrate some portion of the work being done.
Shop Drawing
location of structure or group
Site
expenses in addition to the direct construction cost,
Soft costs
listing of minimum acceptable ethical standards
Standard of professional practice
load bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation
Structural system
Specialized contractor who is subordinate to the prime or main contractor
Subcontractor
proposed replacement or alternate for a material or process of equivalent cost and quality
Substition
interior improvements of the project after the building envelope is complete
Tenants improvements
written agreement wherein payment is based on actual cost for labor,equipment, material, and services rendered , in addition to overhead
Time and Material
process of analyzing the cost versus the value of alternative materials,equipment and systems
Value Engineering
restriction of areas or regions of land within specific areas based on permitted size, character and uses
Zoning
permits land to be used for specific purpose
Zoning permit
tool used for prying open demolition work and general removal of construction assemblies
Prybar
Vernacular term for Prybar
“kabra”
tool used for General measurement work
Steel tape measure and Folding Ruler
Vernacular term for Steel tape measure
“Metro”
Vernacular term for Folding Ruler
“Metro”
tool used for relatively long measurement such as lot lines or large room dimension
Long Tape
used for establishing right angles during construction measurement and/ or layout
Set square/ Framing square
Vernacular term for Set square/ Framing square
“Iskwala”
For establishing horizontal and vertical scales levels. Uses a bubbles contained inside a cylinder of colored fluid
Spirit Level/ Level Bar
Vernacular term for Spirit Level/ Level Bar
“Lebel/ Nibel”
Used to establish vertical line known as a Plumb line
Plumb Bob
Vernacular term for Plumb Bob
“Hulog”
Used to draw long straight lines without having to use a pencil or pen
Chalk Line
Vernacular term for Chalk Line
“Pitik”
For general wood working/ nail driving
Claw Hammer
Vernacular term for Claw Hammer
“Martilyo”
Usually used for metal work / sheet metal work
Ball Pin Hammer
Drives screws
Screw Driver
screw driver that turns by pushing it that turns its shaft
Spiral Ratchet Screw Driver
Used to cut wood
Hand saw
Vernacular term for Hand saw
“Lagari”
for cutting along the wood grain
Ripsaw Blade
for cutting perpendicular to the wood grain
Crosscut Blade
has a rigid blade. More effective in cutting long straight lines
Back saw
Used to cut metal. Has a replaceable blade with fine teeth
Hack saw
Vernacular term for Hack saw
“Lagaring Bakal”
Used to gouge wood
Wood Chisel
Vernacular term for Wood Chisel
“Paet”
Used for metal work or sheet forming
Cold Chisel
Used to push in the nail head into the lumber surface
Nail set
Vernacular term for Nail set
“Punsol”
Used for flattening/ or leveling small plaster areas
Wood Float
Vernacular term for Wood Float
“Rodelang Kahoy”
Used for smoothening plaster
Steel Float
Vernacular term for Steel Float
” Rodelang Bakal”
General Masonry/ Plastering Tool
Steel Trowel/ Brick Trowel
Vernacular term for Steel Trowel/ Brick Trowel
“Kutsara”
Used flatten/ smoothen large concrete surface such as floors or roads
Bull Float
Special steel trowel used in the application of tile mortar or tile adhesive
Tile Trowel
Used to fasten metal sheets or light metal sections together
Blind Riveter
Used for plumbing joints
Pipe Wrench Stillson Wrench
relatively permanent enclosed structure constructed over plot of land for Habitable use
Building
Part of the Building above ground
Superstructure
Habitable part of the Building below ground
Sub-Structure
Structural part of the building that transfers the weight of the building onto the ground below
Foundation
1-4 storeys usually has no elevators
Low rise
5-10 storeys has elevators
Mid rise
Many floors multiple elevators
High Rise
General accent mood
Lighting
outlet and power sources
power
telephone internet cable tv
Telecoms
Air-con, Heaters, Exhaust
Cooling, Heating, Vent
Pipes,plumps, fixture
Water supply
LGP, Oxygen
Gas system
Elevators, escalators
Conveying systems
A format developed for coordinating :
Specification, Filing of technical Data, Product Literature, Construction cost accounting
what is DIV 00
Requirements Bidding and Construction
what is DIV 01
General Requirements
what is DIV 03
Concrete
what is DIV 04
Masonry
what is DIV 05
Metals
what is DIV 06
Woods and plastics
what is DIV 07
Moisture and thermal protection
what is DIV 08
Doors and windows
what is DIV 09
Finishes
what is DIV 10
Specialties
what is DIV 11
Equipment
what is DIV 12
Furnishing
what is DIV 13
Special Construction
what is DIV 14
Conveying Systems
what is DIV 15
Mechanical/Sanitary
what is DIV 16
Electrical
geographic location of a construction project it can be a land property or an interior space such as mall space, office space, or residential condomnium
Site
Minimum required distance from every structure to the property lines of a lot
Setback
one of the legally defined and recorded boundaries of a parcel of land. Also called lot line. Usually defined by the “LOT TITLE”. Known in the Philippines as the TRANSFER CERTIFICATE OF TITLE. Describe the LOCATION, BEARING AREA AND identifies the OWNER
Property Line
transferring the initial key points of an architectural design onto the site
Layout
fixed static load made up pf the building’s own structure,skin,equipment, and other fixed elements
Dead Loads
Moving or transient loads such as occupants, furnishing, rain,snow and ice
Live Loads
pressure from wind that affects lateral loads as well as possible uplift forces or downward pressure
Wind Loads
impact loads,shock waves,vibrations and seismic loads
Other Loads
lowest division of a building or other constructions,partly or wholly below the surface of the grounds, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its loads directly to the earth
Foundation
The part of the foundations bearing directly upon the supporting soil
Footing
How foundations work?
- The loads of the building/structure are transmitted down, vertically through the columns
- Column, connected to a footing which spreads the loads over a wide enough area of soil provided that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
- The soil pushes up against the footing.This causes tension at the bottom side of the footing and compression on the top side. Reinforced concrete footing have reinforcing bars at the bottom because the steel resists the tension while the concrete at the top resists the compression.
manually or mechanically excavating the site until the desired depth of the footing is reached. Less expensive than deep foundations and commonly used when good soil conditions exist
Shallow Foundations
a single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier
Isolated Footing
a reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of column
Continuous Footing
continuous spread footing of a foundation wall
Strip Footing
a reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load
Combined Footing
a thick, slab-like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of column or an entire building
Mat Footing
a mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab
Ribbed Mat
used when the soil underlying a shallow foundation is unstable or too so they extend down to where the earth is hard enough.
Deep Foundation
also referred to as “drilled pier”. a hole is drilled or drug ( a process is known as augering) through inadequate soil and then filled with concrete
Caisson Foundations
Driven into place instead of being drilled or poured. It can be made of timber, steel or concrete. Piles are driven closely together in cluster, cut off and capped in groups of two to twenty-five. The building column rest on top of the pile cap
Pile Foundations
a proportioned mixture of Cement + Aggregate + water
Concrete
powder material which when combined with water possesses adhesive and cohesive properties. This is a type of binder that hardens in place
Cement
Inert granular material such as sand and gravel which when mix with cement and water result in concrete
Aggregates
combines with the cement to form a paste, which coats and surround the inert particles of aggregates and upon hardening binds the entire mass together
Water
is a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into predetermined size or shape
Concrete
Upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength,hardness and durability. The hardening of concrete is called?
Setting
when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6mm (1/4”) is known as?
mortar, stucco or cement plaster
without reinforcement it is called?
Plain or mass concrete
what does concrete provide?
fireproof construction
concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two material act together in resisting forces
Reinforced Concrete
a calcined mixture of clay and limestone,finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar
Cement
used by Egyptian, Greeks, and Romans. It is made by calcination of limestone
Lime
also used by Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Source of the word “plaster”. it can be more plastic if hydrated lime is added
Gypsum
is pure gypsum
Plaster of Paris
First developed by the Romans. Mix of slaked lime with pozzolana which hardened under water. Cement making was lost for several centuries after the Roman Empire
Pozzolan Cement
Patented by John Aspdin in 1824
Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that the general purposes commonly used for structural work, bridges, pavements and concrete masonry units
Type I: Normal
Type of Portland cement that generates less heat and at slower rate during the hydration process than Type I. Also provides moderate resistance to sulfate attack. This is used in large piers and heavy abutments to minimize detrimental effects of heat of hydration. This is also used in structure in contact with ground water when sulfate concentration in such water is higher than the normal but not usually severe.
Type II: Modified Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that generates less heat and at slower rate during the hydration process than Type I. Also provides moderate resistance to sulfate attack. This is used in large piers and heavy abutments to minimize detrimental effects of heat of hydration. This is also used in structure in contact with ground water when sulfate concentration in such water is higher than the normal but not usually severe.
Type II: Modified Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that use where high strength is desired at early periods, usually within a week or less. Also used in cold weather construction to reduce time required for protection from low temperature
Type III: High Early Strength Cement
Type of Portland cement that generates less heat of hydration than normal Portland cement. This is used in massive structures such as large gravity dams
Type IV: Low-heat Cement
Type of Portland cement that manufactured using selected raw materials so that the finished product will be white rather than gray. This is used for decorative architectural concrete, stucco, white or pigmented grout.
White Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that introduces minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing. Makes the concrete more durable and lighter in color
Air-entraining Portland Cement
Type of Portland cement that is used when high sulfate resistant attack is desired . Gains strength at a slower rate than type I.
Type V: Sulfate Resistant Cement
Smaller than 6mm (1/4”) in diameter. Example Sand
Fine Aggregates
Larger than 6mm (1/4”) in diameter. Example Gravel
Coarse Aggregates
substances added to a concrete mix to alter or enhance a specific property
Admixtures
introduces minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing
Air-Entraining Agents
Used to speed up setting time and reduces the length of time for curing and protection
Accelerators
Slows down the setting of a concrete mix in order to allow more time for placing and working the mix
Retarders
Reduces water requirements of concrete for given consistency. Also known as plasticizers
Reducers
Reduces the capillary attraction of the voids in the concrete and decreases water absorption of concrete or mortar
Integral Waterproofing Compound
This does not render the concrete completely waterproof. Example : Saharra. Used to give color to concrete floors
Colored Pigments
reinforcement changes the basic strength properties of concrete and consequently it’s behavior as a structural material
Reinforcing Bars
is a strong in handling compression Forces, but very weak against tension. It is more durable, fireproof and requires little maintenance.
Concrete
is strong in handling both compression and tensile forces. But it is more expensive,requires fire, proofing and maintenance against rust
Steel
The strength of a concrete mix is high affected by how much water is added into the mixture. Amount of water used per bag of cement. Average of 6.5gallons for ordinary job conditions
Water-Cement Ratio
1 Cement : 2 Sand : 4 Gravel
Proportioning of concrete
1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls
Class AA
1 : 2 : 4 for suspended slabs,beams,column,arches, stairs,walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
Class A
1 : 2.5 1 :5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings steps,reinforced concrete slabs on fill
Class B
1 : 3: 6 For concrete plant boxes and any non-critical concrete structures
Class C
1 : 3.5 : 7 for mass concrete works
Class D
from conifers trees that have needles instead of leaves . Example Pine
Softwood
Come from the broad-leaved or deciduous trees. Most Philippines timber are?
Hardwoods
is the softer, younger outer portion of a tree. It is more permeable, less durable and usually lighter in color than the heartwood
Sapwood
The older,harder central portion of a tree is denser,less permeable and more durable than the surrounding sapwood. The central core of the log, it is composed of inactive cells and serves only as a mechanical
Heartwood
cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying. Formed when the circumference shrinks more than the interior section of the log
Checks
Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth
Shakes
irregular growth in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grains. The fibers of the tree are turned from their normal course and grow around the knot at that point of the tree
knots
well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch
Pitchpockets
This is the lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece
Wane
Caused by the attack of fungi
Decay
variation with the plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board
Warping
Lumber cut in tangent to the annual rings or growth; cut with annual rings at an angle 0 degree to 45 degrees; preferable when a pleasing pattern is required like for wall panelling
Plainsawing
Wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel to the rays; less shrinkage than plainsawn lumber; cut with annual growth rings at an angle 45 degrees to 90 degrees
Quartersawing
Wood cut at 30 degrees to 60 degrees angle to the center; similar to quartersawn
Riftsawing
Lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8” wide
Woodstrip
Wood suitable for use as building material
Timber
Timber product manufactured by sawing, re-sawing, passing lengthwise thru a planing machine, cross-cutting to length and grading
Lumber
Lumber surfaced with a planing machine to attain smooth surface and uniform size
Dress Lumber
Dressed lumber on 2 sides
S2S
Dressed lumber smooth on 4 sides
S4S
Lumber that is sawn, edged and trimmed but not surfaced
Rough Lumber
Of or pertaining to lumber seasoned in a kiln under controlled conditions of heat, air circulation and humidity; lumber seasoned by exposure to atmosphere
Kiln dried
Pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8” wide; graded for appearance rather than strength, usually for sidings and flooring
Board Lumber
Wide pieces of lumber 2” to 5” thick; used for stair stringers and treads, floor girders, roof girts and trusses
Planks
Pieces more than 2” and less than 5” in any dimension; classified for strength rather than appearance; usually used for purlins, joists and wall-framing
Dimension Lumber
Pieces 5” or more on the smallest dimension
Timber
Generally, lumber is available in ____-numbered widths: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12”
Even
Size of lumber when it is cut from log
Nominal size
Lumber is sold in lengths from __ ft up to __ ft in increments of __ ft
6ft up to 20ft
Lumber measure; measure of a piece of wood 1” thick, 12” wide or 12” long
Board foot
Drying of wood continues until vapor pressure in the air just balances the vapor pressure on the wood surface
Equilibrium moisture content (EMC)
Process of removing moisture from green wood (wood from freshly cut logs)
Seasoning
Two methods of seasoning
Air drying
Kiln drying
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on posts and other parts requiring strength and durability
Molave, ipil, yakal, narig (heart), saplungan, dangula, malabayabas, bansalangin, betis, narek alupag, alupag-amo, anubing, aranga, banaba, batitinan, sudiang, urung, malbunga, tamayuan, kayatau, haras, tugbak
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on post placed on top of concrete piers 30 cms above ground line
Molave, ipil, yakal, narig (heart), saplungan, dangula, malabayabas, bansalangin, betis, narek alupag, alupag-amo, anubing, aranga, banaba, batitinan, sudiang, urung, malbunga, tamayuan, kayatau, haras, tugbak
guijo, makaasim, apitong, amugis, katmon, kamatog, pagatpat, tabao, bakauan
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins
High grade: yakal, narig (heart), saplungan, guijo, manggachapul, ipil, katmon, aranga, malugai, makaasim, apitong
Medium grade: apitong amugis, pagatpat, bagras, lamog
Low grade: pilosapis, bagtikan, tanguile, lumbayao, nato, red lauan, white lauan, aimon
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used as flooring
Reddish: tindalo, red narra, ipil, bansalagin, betis, lamog, guijo, kamatog, amugis, tanguile, red lauan
Yellowish: supa, aranga, yakal, saplunga, kalamansanai, kayatau, manggachapui, palosapis, almon, bagtikan
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on siding
Panel form: narra, molave, supa, akle, akleng-parang-banuyo, batitinan, kayatau, ribbon-grained tanguile, red lauan, white lauan, almon, bagtikan, mayapis
Drop siding: palosapis, red and white lauan, tanguile, almon
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on door and window sashes panel
Door panels: narra, suppa, banuyo, tindalo, akle, akle-parang-molave, kayatau, ribbon-grained tanguile, red and white lauan
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on door and window sashes frames
Frames: narra, ipil, yakal, guijo, dalingdalingan, quartercut guijo, apitong
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on door and window sills
Molave, tindalo, bansalagin, kayatau, narig (heart), quarter-cut yakal, saplungan, dalindalingan, quarter-cut guijo, apitong
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on stair risers
Risers: molave, tindalo, ipil, guijo, yakal, narig, aranga, betis
3 examples of Philippine wood that can be used on stair treads
Yakal, supa, molave, tindalo, aranga, guijo, binggas, banaba, pagatpat
