History of Art and Interior Design Flashcards
aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of element, as words,sounds,colors,shapes etc.
Art
Science or profession of designing and constructing building or other structures
Architecture
Art referring to the following: painting, sculpture, glass and glassware,ceramic, and pottery, metallurgy and plants
Decorative Arts
seeks to establish what was built, when by whom and for whom
Practical
whys and its relationship to the social,economic,political,cultural, and religious environment
Historical
visual and stylistic differences and to explain how styles change and why they do so
Aesthetics
What do you call of the following:
- Rational,Technological & Constructional
- Social and Religious
- Economic, Cultural and Political
- Spirit of the Age (Zeitgeist)
Factors of Historical Development
“before history” with written documentation/language. Based on educated speculation. Divided into Stone Age and Metal Age
Pre-history
before written history, also known as the the Old stone age where Homo Sapiens or Cro-Magnon man used chipped stones
Paleotihic
person that put on animal parts to have their characteristics to aid in hunting & gathering equals to survive wild better
Shaman,Troise Fere
use of pigments for bodily ornamentation
Mousterian
cave painting
Aurignacian
Last of the hunter-gathers. Found in engravings of animals on bone
Magdalenian
small figurines or decorative objects were carved or modeled with clay. Figurines were collectively known as “Venus” as they are unmistakably female of child -bearing build
Portable Art
4 1/2” tall made of limestone the stumpy female figure features pendulous breast an obese middle and belly and pronounced buttocks
Venus of Willendorf (Austria)
people during that time thin so if you have this body part = Fertile
Fertility Symbol
Relief. Carries a horn =power Bc you have to be powerful to take of horn. Resembles CORNUCOPIA/ horn of Plenty” later on
Venus of Laussel
cave paintings from Lascaux,France,Great Hall of the Bulls painted with four great bulls: believed to express belief the power of the animal
Stationary Art
10,000-8,000 Bc. Glacial ice as well as certain food disappeared. Settled communities and farming the invention of bow and arrow, pottery for food storage and domestication of small animals
Mesolithic Age/ Middle Stone Age
a. pottery utilitarian in origin, not for visual pleasure
b. Rock painting similar in nature to Paleolithic cave painting ; these moved out to outdoors to vertical cliffs
Kinds of Art
Men first developed agriculture and settled in permanent villages.Mud bricks were first used . In order to farm, they needed shelter = started to form communities
Neolithic/ New stone Age
made by kilning and mostly for storage of food ; mostly painted/decorated. Vessels used for storage and cooking
Pottery
- architecture without architects
- Common sense architecture
- response to climate,geography, topography and weather
-use of locally sourced materials
cultural belief “ form,ornamentation, motifs”
Vernacular Architecture
conical stone-roofed building unique to the region of Puglia (Apulia) in southeastern Italy.
Trullo
a large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones; huge stones assembled without mortar
Megalith
a large, single upright standing stone,
Menhir
a free standing chamber,consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid
Dolmen
- founders of Mesopotamian civilization
- from region of sumer
- contributed cuneiform
Summerians
-from latin “cunueus” = wedge
cuneiform
- Protoliterate
- earliest writing developed
city of Uruk
made use of picture symbols
cylinderseals
first ever transaction was for beer
Transnational receipts
bible of Mesopotamia
Epic Of Gilgamesh
- 2700 BC
- 3D statuettes made of marble
- made through Cire- perdue or lost wax method
- worshiped in hope that they would bring fertility to women and to crops
- precious stone were used for the color of the pupils such as Lapiz Lazuli
- Convention : all standing upright, men wearing skirt, women wearing dress, eyes wide open, beard for men, rigid posture for men; softer for women
- Hierarchy of scale : men are taller than women i indicate rank/ importance
Tell Asmar Figures/ Eshunna
lost wax method
Cire-Perdue
all standing upright, men wearing skirt, women wearing dress, eyes wide open, beard for men, rigid posture for men; softer for women
Convention
men are taller than women , indicate rank/ importance
Hierarchy of scale
- 2600-2500 BC
- 18” long, decorated with shell and Lapis Lazuli
- Shell : hard to get, expensive
- Lapis Lazuli : “ stone from the heavens “, semi- precious blue stone
- material shows that it was used by royalty
The standard of Ur
- offering stand from Ur
- 2600 BC, wood, gold, Lapiz Lazuli
- Height : 20” [ 50.7 cm ]
Ram & Tree
- Sumerian temple
- 6 to 7 storeys high
- for civic, commercial & industrial activities, often raised upon a great platform, usually situated at town center
- resembles a Mountain “Sacred place
ex. Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur [El Muqeiyar] Iraq, 2100 BC
Ziggurat
- Founded by Sargon I
- First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings
Akkadians
- bastard son of the King
- same as story of Moses [ Flowed on river in a reed basket]
Sargon I
- Upright stone slab used as marker
- earliest known monument to glorify a conqueror
- register became diagonal from horizontal
- Naram-sin alone stands triumphant as defeated enemy soldiers plead for mercy
Stele of Naram-sin
to maintain the status quo
The code of Hammurabi
- borrowed from Babylonian culture because bankrupt
- known for aggression = warfare
Assyrians
- thick walls fortification
- crenelation
City of nimrud
- throne hall : entrance of palace; decorated with almost entirely wood- sourced elsewhere =they had money & manpower
Palace of Sargon II
- guarded the palace
- reminds of sphinx
- horned cap attests to their divinity ; belt signifies power
- human face because wisdom [animal before]
- cross between sculpture in the round & relief
- 5 legs : meant to be seen two slides ; resting & waling
Lamassu
-King Cyrus II or Cyrus the Great : founder
-Followed teaching of Zoroaster
rituals held outdoors- no temple
-important =Palaces
Persians
word has two central forces : light & dark
Zoroaster
- “city of the Persians”
- Trabeated construction
Persepolis
- Ctesiphon, Iraq
- 242-272 AD [ Roman Era]
- Persians never stopped building
Palace of Shapur I
an upright slab forming part of a larger structure
Orthostat
or cromlech in welsh : circular/ semi-circular
Stone circle
a linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones
Stone row
a straight standing stone topped with another forming T shapes
Taula
two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone called a lintel placed on top e.g Stoneheuge
Trilithon
- copper and tin were widely used
- use of semi-precious stones
- advanced pottery
- beginning of history itself
Bronze age
- known as the cradle of civilization
- Domestication of animals,trade and coinage, legal government, potter’s wheel, wagon wheel, alphabet, architecture,mathematics and astronomy,monotheism and monogamy
Mesopotamian Civilization
600-4000 B.C
- contributed the cuneiform and the ziggurat architecture
- invented writing and produced the world fist literature, the epic of Gilgamesh
Sumerian
- First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings
- May have been the first to cast hollow life-size bronze sculpture
Akkadians
-Constructed one of the largest ziggurat in Mesopotamian at Ur
Neo-Sumerian
-babylon’s greatest king Hammurabi formulated wide-ranging laws immortalized on what code?
Code of Hammurabi
Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem and has been associated with the architectural wonders of Babylon; builds the Ishtar Gate which was included among the 7 wonders of the world
Neo-Babylonians
700-500 B.C
-Palaces were fortified citadels with lamassu guardians
Assyrian
539-331 B.C
- Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated the Babylonians and archived an enormous empire
Persian Period
was built by Darius I Xerxes built a huge palace complex with an audience hall that could accommodate 10,000 guests
Persepolis
system of writing typified by the use of characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements
Cuneiform
Characterized by large circular eyes and curly hair and beard
Sculpture
great stone statue of a human-headed winged bull that proceded the palace of Ishtar, Palace of Sargon II city of Khorsabad
The Lamassu
300 statues written in Akkadian on 51 columns
The Law code of Hammurabi
- Used arches and corbel forms for roofs
- Inlay and glazed tiles for decoration
- Crenellation- battlement
- there were no temples; rituals held outdoor
a. Introduced the use of columns
b. Low relief decorations
Mesopotamian
Artificial mountains made of tiered rectangular layers which rose in number from one to seven in the course of Mesopotamian history
Ziggurat
polychrome ornamental brickwork and also high plinths or dadoes made of great stone slabs placed on edges; usually carved with low relief sculpture
Palaces
entrance gate to the Palace of Sargon; named after the goddess of love, fertility and war, it is faced with glazed bricks with rows of bulls and dragons; were flanked by great towers and with lamassu figures carved in stone.Which in turn supported a semi-circular arch covered with brilliantly colored tile
Ishtar Gate
seven-tiered ziggurat,rising from a base of 297sq.ft. Its mounds of ruins lay in Baghdad; had a tower at apex
Tower of Babel
great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife Amytis; idea of vertical garden
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
city of the Persians
Persepolis
Gateway
Propylacum
Bull capital
Hall of a hundred columns
- receiving hall
- crenellated parapet
Apadana
built on stone platform and consisted of multi-columned building. Access to the platform was a long double stairway
Palace complex at Persepolis
a large hypostyle hall begun by Darius and finished by Xerxes that was used mainly for great receptions by the kings. This hall contained 72 columns and two monumental stairway; receiving hall
Apadana or Audience Hall
- Focus on permanence, stability,eternity,life after death
- Formalized art- rules for the portrayal of the human figure
- Theocracy - Pharaoh thought to be a god
- Hieroglyphics- system of writing with picture symbols this allowed history to be written
- Making of glass an important discovery
Ancient Egyptian Period
The pharaoh was considered divine.Representation of the figure presented the most reflexive view of each part of the body.Preparation for the afterlife was of extreme importance. The body must be preserved if the soul or ka is to live on in the beyond using the same body
Religion
The god of thebes; sacred animals; the ram and goose
Amon
Jackal-god; patron of embalmers, god of necropolis
Anubis
god of the sum-disk;worshipped as the creator god by Akhenaten
Aten
helper of women in childbirth,protector against snakes and other dangers; depicted as a dwarf with features of a lion
Bes
god of the Nile flood; depicted as a man with female breasts
Hapi
goddess of children; depicted as a cow or as a women with cow’s horns
Hathor
falcon-god; originally the sky god; identified with the king during his lifetime; the son of Osiris and Isis
Horus
architect who was later defied as the god of learning and medicine
Imhotep
divine mother; one of protector-goddesses; protecting coffins and canopic jars
Isis
goddess of truth;depicted as a women with ostrich feather on her head
Maat
wife of Amon; originally the vulture goddess , later depicted as a women
Mut
god of the underworld; identified as the dead king; depicted as a mummiform man
Osiris
creator god of Memphis; patron god of craftsmen; depicted as a mummiform man
Ptah
sun god of Heliopolis; supreme judge;depicted as falcon headed
Ra(e)
god of storms and violence; brother and murderess of Osiris,rival of horus; depicted as a pig ass, hippopotamus etc
Seth
- ornament
- record of history
- veneration to the gods
Egyptian Art
Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile eyes, shoulder in front view
Law of Frontality
a. Royalty portrayed large and formally
b. commoners portrayed naturally
c. Slaves and enemies in smallest scale
Scale
- Brilliant color
- Groove chiseled around each figure
- Law of Frontality- Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile eyes, shoulder in front view
- Scale
a. Royalty portrayed large and formally
b. commoners portrayed naturally
c. Slaves and enemies in smallest scale - Men colored reddish brown; female in yellow
Egyptian Wall Decorations
- Lions,bulls of red granite
- seated figures of royalty
- Sphinx- mythical beast of ancient Egypt, frequently symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra. It represented in sculpture usually in a recumbent position with the head of a man and the body of a lion,although some were constructed with rams’ heads and others with hawks’ heads
- Sarcophagus - carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed
Egyptian Sculpture
mythical beast of ancient Egypt, frequently symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra. It represented in sculpture usually in a recumbent position with the head of a man and the body of a lion,although some were constructed with rams’ heads and others with hawks’ heads
Sphinx
carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed
Sarcophagus
a. Rectangular forms in straight lines are its dominant features
b. Massive and solid
c. Excessively thick walls
d. simple forms and few molding
e. proportions and support were heavy and sturdy
f. trabeated construction- a system of column and lintel
Characteristic of Egyptian Architecture
first recorded artist of western history, architect to Zoser. Enjoyed the status of a court official and was later deified
Imhotep
Funerary temples for commoners; later developed into step pyramids which were really mastabas on top of each other
Mastabas
city of mastabas
Necropolis
a massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex used mainly in ancient Egypt
Pyramid
series of mastabas, each smaller and stacked on top of each other. It was built fairly small limestone blocks
Stepped
two types of stepped
Bent and straight
square shaft of stone with a pyramid top used as a monument
Obelisks
post and lintel construction
Temples
Dead pharaoh
Mortuary Temples
popular worship of the ancient gods
Cult temples
located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageways that led to ceremonial and burial chambers which were later replaced by temples
Rock-hewn tombs/temples
Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple, consisting of a pair of tower structure with slanting walls flanking the entrance portal
Pylon
open court
Peristyle
double row of columns higher than the other
Hypostyle hall
small shrine which was used as receptacle for the small statue of a god
Sanctuary
papyrus, the plant symbolizing lower Egypt suggest the presence of a temple; can have circular or ribbed shafts
Papyrus bundle
non-secular buildings
lotiform
or bell-shaped form; either lotus or papyrus
campaniform flow
headed
Hathor
- Papyrus bundle- papyrus, the plant symbolizing lower Egypt suggest the presence of a temple; can have circular or ribbed shafts
- Lotiform- non-secular buildings
- Palmiform
- or bell-shaped form; either lotus or papyrus
- Hathor- headed
- Volute
Types of Capitals
First pyramid ever built, it is a stepped pyramid built to house the ka of king Zoser
Stepped Pyramid of Zoser, Sakkara
symbol of protection; Hewn out of natural limestone with the addiction of stone blocks; Molded into a human-headed lion with the face representing Khafre; A paved open temple is located between its paws
The great Sphinx
most elaborate of Egyptian requirement for the afterlife pyramid of Khufu
The giza pyramid
three large terraces connected to each other by ramps
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
hypostyle hall with 134 freestanding column in 16 rows. The site is built by a sacred lake
Great Temple Of Amun, Karnak
rock cut temple commissioned by Rameses II to honor his own memory
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
- 3000-1200BC
- art of civilization that flourished on the Greek peninsula in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa and in the western Mediterranean until the establishment of the Roman dominion in 146AD characterized by a system of construction based on rules of forms and proportion
The Aegean Period
Greek ancient civilization rose from the Dorians who overwhelmed the Myceneans
Historical Background of Greeks
(3000-1200 BC) composed of three civilizations that flourished on the islands of the Aegean Sea that lie between western Turkey and mainland Greece
Aegean period
3200-1200 BC
Cycladic
3000-1500BC . After minos, which can be a generic term for ruler or a name of a particular person
Minoan
1600-1300 BC, land of the legend of troy; a civilization found in the mainland settlement of Mycenae
Mycenaean
marble sculpture most found lying down in gravel
Cycladic Art
a. Fresco
- The bull Jumping fresco
- The queen’s Megaron
b. Building of great palace on the island. E.g Palace of Knossos a spreading palace of stone and wood for the king with so many chambers above and below ground
- Pillow capitals
- Frescoes lined interior and portico wails
c. Vase painting flourished with sea motifs as popular subjects
d. small scale sculpture (snake goddess sculpture)
Minoan Art
a. Funerary mask/ Mask of Agamemnon
b. Cyclopean Architecture
c. Megaron
d. Tombs
Mycenaean Art
Mycenaean funerary gold mask. Found in tomb V in Royal circle A at the Acropolis of Mycenae
Funerary mask/ Mask of Agamemnon
fortress on a hill that is entered through the Gate of Lion.Large rectangular area with hearth in the center and with many column supporting the roofs
Cyclopean Architecture
“big room”, prehistoric throne room
Megaron
- enclosing a circular hearth
- antechamber
- front porch with two column
Parts of Megaron
- beehive tomb or tholos (“round building)
- Corbeling
- Boasted of the largest dome in the pre Roman world
Tombs
courses of layers of stone so that each level projects over a stone
Corbeling
Greek peninsula, in Asia Minor on the north coast of Africa and in western Mediterranean until establishment of the Roman dominion in 146AD
Greek Art
revical of figures painting in Greece
Geometric Period
- oldest Doric and Ionic temples
- Life size stone statues with A
Archaic Period
- Contrapposto in statues
- polykleitos formulates canon of proportions’
- rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis
Classical Period
- Sculptors humanize Greeks gods
- Corinthian capitals introduced
Helleric
- Artist explore new subjects
- artist break the rules of the classical orders
Helleristic
- rose from the Dorians who overwhelmed the Mycenaean
- composed of independent city states (polis)
- worshiped numerous gods and goddesses who were given human form
- Sacrifices to gods include festivals athletic games and theater plays
- belief in the high potential of the human being that encouraged a high level of creative expression
- belief in the ideal form (plato)
- “nude” developed
- Balanced and moderation in all things “Golden mean” proportion
Historical Background of Greeks
- Dark age and Geometric period (100-700 BC)
- Archaic period (700-480 BC)
- Hellenic/classical period(480-323 BC)
- Hellenistic age(323-31 BC)
Periods in Greek art
- Sculpture
- Vases
- Architecture
Archaic period
a. cylindrical forms and simple formalized features of draperies
b. kouros (robed standing youth) was a favorite subject
c. Archaic smile
Sculpture of Archaic period
(robed standing youth)
kouros
before the time of Alexander the Great
Hellenic art
movement; toward increasing naturalness and freedom of form; use of lost wax method and bronze casting
Severe style
vertical folds of cloth
Sculpture of classical/ Hellenic style
idealized representations of the subject with perfect bodily proportion
Golden Age
contrary positions of the arms and legs
Contrapposto position
Painting attempts to depicts reality by using devices to create illusion of a third dimension in flat painting like?
foreshortening and shadow modeling
times of Alexander the great’s death in 323 BC through the 1st century BC during the Greek dynasties were established in Egypt, Syrian and Persia and Greek
Hellenistic Art
canons and mathematical rules of proportion: realism and emotional intensity. Ex Laocoon and His Sons
Sculpture of Hellenistic Art
rectilinear meander patterns. Framed by circular horizontal borders that emphasize the shape of the pot
Geometric style
assimilation of Eastern iconography. Shapes are larger and more curvilinear and geometric patterns are now used simply as borders
Orientalizing Style
Black-figures : black silhouette with a slip made of clay and water
Archaic
Red-figures: process was reversed as figures were left in red against a black background and details were painted in black
Late Archaic to classical r
White- figures: wash of white clay formed the background. Figures were then applied in black and additional colors were added
Classical to late Classical
four broad categories of Greek pottery
- storage and transport vessels
- mixing vessels
- jugs and cups
- vases for oils, perfumes and cosmetic
a water jar with three handles
Hydria
flask for storing and pouring oil
lekythos
a large vessel with two handles, for mixing wine and water
krater
tops of the handles have a volute or scroll. Decorated in red figured style
Volute-Krater
storing home, olive oil, wine and water
Amphora
stemmed cup with two horizontal handles and a stemmed foot used for drinking wine
Kylix
pouring wine
Oenochoe
deep bowl; like a teacup
skyphos
used for drinking; swung handles that extend above the lip of the pot
olpe
storing liquids ; contain ashes after cremetion
Pelike
small circular box with a lid, often used for the storage of jewelry and toiletries
Pyxis
religious practices for the pouring of libations; shape of animal head especially bulls
Rhyton
particular style of column together with the entablature and standardized details including its base and capital.
Orders in Greek Architecture
earliest and most massive; no base; a fluted shaft and plain capital
Doric
lighter than Doric. Fluted shaft has abase; volute capital
Ionic
plinth and fluted shaft and its distinctive ornate capital
Corinthian
- Upright column
- Base and capital
- Horizontal entablature
Parts of Major Greek Orders
topmost step of three steps
Stylobate
column composed of individual sections (drums) and concave groove(flutes) with a base and capital
Shaft
topmost structural member of a column
Capital
snug band at the top of the shaft
Necking
flat,curved element, like a plate with rounded sides
Echinus
flat square above the echinus
Abaus
forms the lintel ; an elaborate horizontal band and molding above the column
Entablature
plain, horizontal member above a capital
Architrave
a band above the architecture consisting of alternating triglyphs and metopes
Frieze
rectangles with vertical incisions carved into their surface
Triglyph
slabs of stone either plane or with sculpture in relief
Metope
short band under the triglyph
Regula
above regula
Tenia
projection above the frieze to protect it from the weather
Cornice
low,slanting cornice
Ranking cornice
triangular gable; horizontal cornice with raked cornices
Pediment
technique applied on column which do not taper in a straight line, but bulge outward about one-third of the way up from the base
Entasis
small, slat, plain surface, used to separate other moldings
Fillet
wide, straight surface
Fascia
convex curved surface; quarter-circle; often with egg&dart motif
Ovolo
concave surface quarter circle
Cavetto
s-shaped curved surface that starts &ends horizontally’ usually with honeysuckle motif
Cyma recta
starts & ends vertically
Cyma reversa
convex surface approx the exterior of semi-circle with gulloche
Torus
small torus
Bead
deep,hollow,concave molding; column base
Scotia
column with shafts in female form
Caryatid
sculptured male human figure used in place of a column to support an entablature also called atlas
Telamon
plaza/court, meeting place, platform for speaker
Agora
a long colonnaded multi-purpose building
Stoa
city upon a hill; citadel
Acropolis
house the deity
Temple
large space with a flat roof supported by rows of column
Hypostyle hall
inner portico
Pronaos
sanctuary of a classical temple; cult statue of the god
Naos
Greek stage building
Skene
Type of Greek theater with semi-circular form and hollowed out of a hill
Auditorium
Type of Greek theater which covered smaller theaters
Odeon
Type of Greek theater that are elongated for foot races
Stadium
Type of Greek theater for horse and chariot races
Hippodrome
Part of a Greek theater known as the “dancing place”; a large circular area with slightly raised stone on which was placed the statues of deities usually Dionysius
Orchestra
Part of a Greek theater serving as the acting area behind the orchestra
Proscenium
Part of a Greek theater serving as a backdrop for the acting area or dressing room
Skene
Entrance of a Greek theater
Parodos
Exit of a Greek theater
Exodus
Senate house for elected officials
Prytaneion
Councilhouse; covered meeting place for elected officials
Bouleterion
Large tomb usually a large stone building with entombment above ground
Mausoleum
Greek gymnasium
Palestra
Both the fortified citadel and state sanctuary of city of Athens
Acropolis of Athens
Monumental entrance to the Acropolis
Propylaea
Picture gallery; formed left wing of Propylaea on the Acropolis
Pinacothea
Built on the 420 B.C. in the Ionic order; has prostasis on east side, propylon on the north and famous porch of caryatids on the south
Temple of Erectheion
Chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the hill of Acropolis at Athens, Greece
Parthenon
Covered walkway or portico
Stoa
Period from Eturia (modern day Tuscany) and the Etrusci Sea; 1000-100 BC; decadent and blood thirsty people with predilection for piracy, superstition and magic
Etruscan Period
Container for ashes
Cinerary
Corbeled domed tombs
Tholos
Period with new engineering developments in the design of the arch vault and the dome
Roman period
Three Roman periods
Roman Republican Period: 500 to 27 BCE
Early Roman Empire: 27 CE to 180 CE
Late Roman Empire: 180-330 CE
Period in Roman history where capital was moved to Byzantium by Emperor Constantine
Late Roman Empire`
Marble or limestone coffin with elaborate carving
Sarcophagus
Sculpture of a person’s head, shoulders, and chest
Bust
Technique which involves painting directly on plaster wall
Roman fresco technique
Painting on wet plaster
Buon fresco (good/ true fresco)
Dry fresco
Fresco secco
Pattern or picture made of many small colored pieces of stone, glass etc.
Mosaics
Statue of a rider on a horse
Equestrian Monument
Architectural monument built to commemorate military triumphs and other significant events such as the accession of new emperor
Triumphal arch
Monument in the form of a column erected in memory of a victorious battle, war or revolution
Column of victory
Massive brick and concrete construction, semi-circular arch, barrel and groin vault and dome, elaboration of Greek orders; use of marble linings, mosaics, molded stucco for interiors
Roman architecture
Established certain rules for standardizing Greek orders for architecture
Vitruvius
Measuring unit for each order
Module
According to Vitruvius, entablature shall be ____ the height of column
1/4
According to Vitruvius, shaft shall be ____ smaller in diameter at the top than its base
1/6
Type of order combining Ionic shaft and Corinthian capital
Composite order
Simplified version of Roman Doric order with fewer and bolder moldings, unfluted columns, plain frieze and no triglyphs
Tuscan
Counterpart of the agora; composed of temples, triumphal arches, pillars of victories, Roman basilica, senate and shops
Forum
Columns that protrude from walls like reliefs
Engaged columns
High platform upon which temple was raised
Podium
Part of Roman temple equivalent to Naos
Cella
Roman house of the middle class
Domus
Blocks of flat used as a shop and apartment
Insulae
Housed the upper-class Roman
Villa
Smaller than the Colosseum; arches as predominant features
Amphitheatre
Long hairpin race course for chariot races
Circus
Other name for circus
Hippodrome
Large reservoirs/ cisterns for lead pipes to transport water to towns
Aqueduct
Example of aqueduct
Pont du Gard
Building to house the Roman law court; eventually became law of justice and commercial exchange
Basilica
Public baths
Thermae
Hot room in Roman public bath
Caldarium
Warm room in Roman public bath
Tepidraium
Cold room in Roman public bath
Frigidarium
Dry sweating room in Roman public bath
Lancornicum
Oiling and shampooing room in Roman public bath
Unctuaria
Dressing rooms in Roman public bath
Apodyteria
Commemorative arch monument
Triumphal arch
Great marble monument constructed during the reign of Augustus
Ara Pacis
Began by Agrippa in 27 BC, Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it in 120 AD changing it to the circular shape it has now
Pantheon
Center of dome to admit light
Oculus
Built for Roman games; features a combination of Roman arch and vault construction; exterior walls are 18m high
Colosseum (Arena)
Other term for Colosseum
Flavian Amphitheater
Open air court
Atrium
Middle aisle of a church
Nave
Semi-circular space in front of nave
Apse
Placed at center of apse
Altar
Started by Emperor Leo III when he prohibited the production of icons in representational human forms
Iconoclastic Controversy in 726
Reign of Constantine I in 324 AD where he built the new capital for Roman Empire
Byzantine period
City of Constantine or Nova Roma= New Rome
Constantinople
Inverted concave triangle that springs from a corner of the square curving up to meet the others
Pendentive
Corbel type arch piled on top of another, placed diagonally across internal angles of a tower or base of a drum to convert the square form into an octagonal base to support an octagonal spire or circular dome
Squinch arch
Slender towers in the exterior; from Muslim invaders
Minaret
Formerly a hall of justice redesigned to be a place for worship
Basilica
Sanctuaries that enshrine a relic/tomb of a martyr
Martyrium
Large tomb almost temple-like
Mausoleum
Used for sacrament of baptism
Baptisteries
Large original building with a dome over the central core
Church of San Vitale
“Holy Wisdom”; built as a major cathedral in Constantinople; has a domed cross plan; commissioned by Emperor Justinian to Anthemios of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
“in the Roman manner”; style of art emerging in Italy i 19th century until advent of Gothic in 12th century; closer to Rome than Gothic
Romanesque
Series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church with the goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem
Crusades
Economic system based upon limited land ownership and forced labor
Manorialism
Agricultural laborers bound under the feudal system to work on lord’s estate
Serfs
Containers of relics
Reliquaries
Unique embroidered narrative; resonates the events leading to the Battle of Hastings
Bayeux Tapestry
Central support of Medieval doorways
Trumeau
Lunette above the door ornamented
Tympanum
Western facade decorated with flanking towers, arched doors, multiple stories, ornamental
Westwork
Exterior support applied to counter the lateral thrust of the vault
Masonry buttress
Distinct form of decoration aimed at relieving otherwise blank walls
Blind arcading
Arch struck from one or more centers below the springing line
Segmented
Arch resting on an imposts treated as downward continuation of an archivolt
Stilted
Forecourt surrounded or flanked by porticoes
Atrium
Portico before the nave for the penitents
Narthex
Principal or central part of church from narthex to the choir
Nave
Any of longitudinal divisions separated from the nave
Aisle
Raised platform transverse open space separating nave and the apse
Berna
As wide as the nave; forming a square at the crossing
Transept
Part of the church occupied by singers
Choir
Semi-circular walkway with chapels off it surrounding the sanctuary
Ambo/ ambulatory
Appointed place for preaching
Pulpit
Semi-circular or polygonal often vaulted recess especially termination of the sanctuary end of the church
Apse
Table upon which Eucharist is celebrated
Altar
Denotes building or complex of buildings that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as domestic quarters and workplace
Monastery
Private residences and fortresses for the lords
Castles
Famous for its leaning tower
Cathedral of Pisa
Pilgrimage destination for Paul’s pilgrims
Santiago de Compostela Spain
Greatest Norman building in England
Durham Cathedral England
Royal palace of her majesty in London
Tower of London
12th-15th century; elegant, highly decorated and characterized by use of sumptuous, colorful materials; focused on cathedrals and churches
Gothic Period
Opus Fragencium
French work
Opus Modernum
Modern architecture
Method of teaching that dominated the schools of Western Europe from about 1100 until about 1600; students were taught to argue from reason, experience and authority
Scholasticism
Abbot of St. Denis Cathedral who may have invented the Gothic style
Abbot Suger
“Counterpoise”; weight on one foot; assymetrical
Contrapposto
Favorite theme in Gothic painting; Virgin Mary surrounded by angels
Madonna enthroned
Painting technique in which the pigments are combined with egg
Tempera technique
Colored glass made by mixing metallic oxides into molten, translucent glass or fixing oxides onto surface of clear glass
Stained glass
Beneivieni di Pepo; painter and mosaicist; last great Italian artist by Byzantine style; dominated early medieval painting in Italy
Cimabue
Student of Cimabue; most important Italian painter of 14th century; works point to innovations of Renaissance style; contribution was unparalleled grasp of human emotion
Giotto
Home church of a bishop; usually principal church in a diocese
Cathedral
Origin of cathedral; Greek word kathedra means?
Seat or throne
Design, construction or presence of doors, windows or openings
Fenestration
Circular window with tracery mullions radiating from a central point
Rose window
Exterior structure composed of thin half-arches or flyers; supported the wall at the point where the thrust of an interior arch was greatest
Flying buttress
Vault that requires less buttressing; compound vault in which barrel vaults intersect forming arrises
Ribbed groin vaults
What is an arrise?
Sharp edge formed by meeting 2 curved surfaces
What are the arrises called in a ribbed groin vault?
Groins
Vault with any small subordinate rib which is inserted between the main ribs more often as an ornament than for reasons of construction
Lierne vault
A concave conical vault whose ribs of equal lengths and curvature radiate from the springing like the ribs of a fan
Fan vault
Grotesquely carved figures
Gargoyle
Column-like support for arches in Gothic church
Pier
Pier composed of a conjunction of colonettes generally attached to a central shaft; a clustered column
Compound column
Ornamental projections covering the intersection of the ribs
Bosses
Projecting carved ornaments in a bud or leaf shape used on the sides of pinnacles and spires
Crockets
Brackets set into the wall to carry a beam
Corbels
Gothic style characterized by pointed arch and geometric tracery
Early French Style
Gothic style characterized by circular windows with radiating lines of tracery
French Rayonnant Style
Gothic style characterized by flamelike tracery, intricacy of detailing and frequent complication of interior space
French Flamboyant Style
Gothic style characterized by lancet windows and plate tracery
Early English/ Lancet style
Gothic style characterized by rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting and refinement of stone cutting techniques
English Decorated Style
Gothic style characterized by perpendicular tracery, fine intricate stonework and elaborate fanlike vauts
English Perpendicular/ Rectilinear Style
Architectural landmark as it was the first major structure of which a substantial part was designed and built in Gothic style
Abbey Church of St. Denis by Suger
Known as France’s “model” church and for its unmatched towers
Cathedral of Notre dame de Chartres
Tallest complete cathedral in France with greatest interior volume
Amiens Cathedral, France
France built in the High Gothic style; features more window space and the tympanum walls are filled with glass; known for its portals that have porches that cover them
Reims Cathedral
Cathedral in England features a magnificent central tower and spire
Salisbury Cathedral
Cathedral in Germany; floor space is largest among all Gothic churches
Cologne Cathedral
One of the finest examples of late Gothic (Perpendicular) English architecture; features a fan vaulting of the roof
King’s College Chapel
Residence of the chief magistrate of Venice; palace built in Venetian Gothic style
Doge’s Palace
Literally the house of gold; palace on Grand Canal in Venice, Northern Italy; epitomizes Gothic style in Venice
Ca D’Oro
Means rebirth of the art of classic antiquity in Italy in the 14th century; in this period, man was freed from religious restraints of the medieval times
Renaissance Period
Ideology that believes that humans, purportedly created in the Judeo-Christian God had been given the ability for rational thought to some meaningful end
Humanism
Weakening of the spiritual and political leadership of the Church
Secularism
Known as the pre-eminent family of Florence who amassed great wealth in banking; spent great money on architects and artists
The Medici
During 15th century; characterized by development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro and in building, by free and inventive use of classical details
Early Renaissance
“Light to dark”; uses light and dark to achieve heightened illusion of depth
Chiaroscuro
Method of rendering a specific object or figure in a picture in depth; the artist records in varying degrees, the distortion that is seen by the eye when an object or figure is viewed at a distance or at an unusual angle
Foreshortening
Often considered as the founder of Renaissance painting by breaking Byzantine tradition of painting to naturalism, humanism and composition; known as first naturalistic painter of Italy
Giotto (Giotto di Bonrdone)
First great painter of Italian Renaissance; introduce plasticity previously unseen in figure painting
Masaccio (Tomaso Guidi)
Dominican monk with religious art; use of luminous gem-like colors, diffused light slender forms
Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietto da Mugello)
More concerned with physical beauty than the insight of spiritual depth
Fra (Lippo) Lippi
Stories and characters of classical mythology; works drew from mythological inspirations; classed with sentimental, devotional group
Alessandro Boticelli
Most prominent painter of early Renaissance style; perfected process of painting with oil and varnish
Jan van Eyck
Sculptor known for sacred themes
Donatello
Sculptor; North and east doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence
Lorezo Ghiberti
Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi; with distinctive octagonal design of the double-walled dome resting on a drum; entire dome built without need for scaffolding from ground
The Duomo or Dome of the Cathedral of Florence
Built by Giovanni Medici for the poor; basic element is series of round arches, tabernacle windows, rectangular windows surmounted by a pediment; by Brunelleschi
Ospedale Degli Innocenti (Foundling Hospital)
Under the instructions of Cosimo de Medici and bought by the Ricardi family at end of 17th century; divided into storeys of decreasing heights by string cornices; used dressed stone; open colonnaded court; pediment window added by Michelozzo; by Brunelleschi and Michelozzo
Palazzo Medici-Ricardi
Leon Batista Alberti applied classical orders of columns to facade on three levels; 1446-1451
Palazzo Rucellai
Built by Lucca Pitti; largest palace in Italy aside from the Vatican
Palazzo Pitti
Represented culmination and convergence of talent; emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting
Italian Renaissance
Best known as a painter; attempted to unite science with art; used sfumato
Leonardo da Vinci
Modeling technique which consisted of blurring sharp outline with subtle, tonal gradations, imparting a mysterious enigmatic quality
Sfumato
Trained in Florence; best known as painter and sculptor; used knowledge to glorify God; created a style which laid the foundation for Baroque-Mannerism; Sistine Chapel ceiling
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Trained in Umbria; studied in Florence; painted beautiful, gentle, calm women in a courteous manner
Raphael (Rafaello Sanzio)
Most famous of the Venetian renaissance painters
Giorgionne
Leader of 16th century Venetian school of Italian Renaissance
Titian
Known as Leonardo of the North; woodcuts and engravings
Albrecht Durer
Greatest Flemish painter of the 16th century; known for his landscapes and peasant scenes
Pieter Bruegel The Elder
Meaning small temple; marked the spot of St. Peter’s crucifixion; by Donato Bramante
Tempietto
By Michelangelo; composed of the Palace of the Senate, the Conservatory and the Capitoline Museum where the statue of Marcus Aurelius stood
Capitoline Hill
Palace started by Francis I; architecture is a carefully balanced blend of Medieval French; other elements borrowed from Italian Renaissance
Chateau de Chambord
Used by kings of France from 12th century; medieval royal hunting lodge; built by Francois I; known for its horseshoe shape entrance staircase
Palais de Fontableau
Term given to early Renaissance architecture in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabethan Period
He introduced Renaissance Classicism into England; influenced by Andrea Palladio
Inigo Jones
Has numerous and large mullioned windows typically English Renaissance while the loggia is Italian
Hardwick Hall
Example of English Palladianism by Inigo Jones; former royal residence for Anne of Denmark
Queen’s House
Term applied to exaggerated styles, striking visual effects characterized by elongated or over muscular figures set in extravagantly contorted panes; revolt against the fundamental design principles of classicism of clarity, visibility and stability
Mannerism
For his phenomenal energy in painting, he was termed as IL Furioso and his dramatic use of perspectival space and special lighting effects make him precursor of baroque art; Venice’s Master of Mannerism
Tintoretto
Comprise the triumvate of pre-eminent Venetian painters of the late Renaissance
Veronese, Titian and Tintoretto
Known as supreme colorist and for his illusionistic decorations in both fresco and oil; elaborate narrative cycles
Veronese
Excelled in cool, mannerist portraits
Agnolo Bronzino
Italian architect regarded as the greatest architect of 16th century in northern Italy
Andrea Palladio
Characterized by the exaggeration of classic features in a square building with pillared portico on each face leading to a central circular hall with dome
Villa Capra
Became the official architecture style in France in the 17th-18th centuries with its capital at Versailles; asymmetrical compositions, powerful effects of a movement, strong lighting; dramatic interpretations
Baroque style
The Sun King
Louis XIV
Founded by royal minister Jean Baptiste Colbert to manipulate imagery for political advantage
The Royal Academy in France
Minister of Finance, organized a system for the development of decorative arts when he built Chateau Vaux-le Vicomte
Nicholas Fouquet
By Le Brun, Jules Mansart and Le Vau; most famous royal chateau in France; ‘creation by division’
Palace at Versailles
East front by Le Vau and Claude Perrault; actual seat of power in France until Louis XIV moved to Versailles in 1682; formal seat of government to the end of the Ancient Regime
Louvre Palace, Paris
Church built by Queen Anne after birth of Louis XIV; projecting portal by Francois Mansart; dome by Le Mercier
Church of Val de Grace
He used dramatic, realistic and chiaroscuro technique
Michelangelo Caravaggio
Use of sharply contrasting light and dark; use of very dark, overall tonality of the painting
Tenebrism
The greatest Flemish painter of the Baroque; most prolific painter produced about 2,000 paintings
Peter Paul Rubens
Specialized aristocratic portraiture with details of silken fabrics, fine laces and trimmings
Anthony Van Dyck
Painted portraits and scenes of genre and religious subjects; development of artificial and unique technique of handling light and shadow
Rembrandt van Rijn
Graded transitions from light to dark with shadows in warm colors
Rembrandt lighting
The “little Dutch master”, next to Rembrandt; focus on women at some household chore
Jan Vermeer
Influenced by Michelangelo and by intensity and animation of mannerist and baroque paintings
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Originated in Italy during early 17th century; characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpretation of spaces
Baroque
Meaning odd shape; imperfect pearl
Baroco
Columns with twisted shaft
Solomonic columns
By Bernini; facade by Carlo Madera; baldachino and piazza by Bernini surrounded by 284 columns in Tuscan style
St. Peter’s Basilica
Over the tomb of St. Peter by Bernini
Baldachino
1760; by Bernini; largest Baroque fountain in Rome
The Fountain of Trevi
by Francisco Borromini; featured alteration of concave and convex elements in the facade and a drum that supported an oval dome
S.Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Roman Catholic Church designed by Baldassare Longhena; vast octagonal building with two domes and pair of pisturesque bell towers at the back
S. Maria della Salute
by Giacom o Vignola; mother church of the Society of Jesus; Jesuits; first truly Baroque facade
Church of II Gesu
Charles III as patron; style known for its awkwardness and overly ornate handling of French Baroque characteristics
English baroque
1675; by Christopher Wren; largest cathedral in England; dome is an adapted and enlarged versions of the Tempietto of Bramante; lower levels more Palladian
St. Paul’s Cathedral
One of the premier stately homes of England; baroque masterpiece, more palace than house; conceived by Charles Howard; 2 unbalanced wings
Castle Howard
Built by John Vanbrugh; aided by Nicholas Hawksmoor; begun in 1705; English Baroque style
Blenheim Palace
Originating in France in 1720; distinguished by fanciful carved spatial forms and elaborate, profuse designs of shellwork and foliage; during reign of Louis XV
French Rococo
Meaning rockwork
Rocaille
Meaning shellwork
Cocaille
18th century was known as Age of __________
Enlightenment
Leading Rococo painter from Flanders
Antoine Watteau
Calls on classical imagery to provide a more serious underpinning for frivolous erotic themes
Jean-Honore Fragonard
Took contemporary manners and social conventions as the subject of his satire
William Hogarth
English painter of portraits, landscapes and fancy pictures; worked with light and rapid brush strokes and delicate and evanescent colors
Thomas Gainsborough
Created light-hearted terracotta sculptures
Clodion
Small chateau located at the grounds of Palace of Versailles; designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriels by the order of Louis XV for his long-term mistress, Madame de Pompadour; 1726-1768
Petit Trianon
Works are characterized by shallow recesses with rounded corners and ornamentation employing shell motifs, leafy scrolls and classical busts in medallions
Nicolas Pineau
Classicism prevailing in the architecture of Europe, America and various European colonies during late 18th and early 19th century; intro and widespread use of Greek and Roman orders and decorative motifs; simple, strongly geometric compositions and frequent shallowness of relief
Neoclassicism
Art director of Napoleon
Jacques Louis David
Fondness for rich colors and textures; submerged brushstrokes and the smooth highly finished surfaces
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Greatest of the French classicists; sought the ideals of form and subject matter; of landscapes with figures of light with color and mood
Nicolas Poussin
Considered by some to be the greatest of the 18th century French painters; was anti-rococo; favoured simple, still lives and unsentimental domestic interiors
Jean Baptiste Chardin
Displays the sweeping grandeur of and idealization of the Neoclassic style
Antonio Canova
Name given in most English speaking countries; first 4 British monarchs of the House of Hanover
Classical Block/Georgian
Intended as Pantheon by order of Napoleon; imitation of Greek colonnaded temple with a Roman style podium
The Madeleine, Paris
Remodeled by Louis Le Van; patterned after a Greek cross plan; home and hospital for aged and unwell soldiers
Church of Les Invalides
Architecture of the Moors and native Andalusians who remained in Christian territory but were not converted to Christianity; 12th-16th century
Mudejar
Style with extremely decorated facades that brought to mind the decorative motifs of the intricately detailed work silversmiths, the Plateros
Plateresque
Period of austere renaissance style; unornamented; prominent architect was Juan de Herrera
Desornamentado
Painted austere religious subjects inspired by Jesuit fanaticism; Spain’s principal mannerist; elongated figures with grave expressions
El Greco (Domenicos Theotocopolus)
Designs were called severe; harmonious proportions; style suitable to the particular building
Juan de Herrera
Known for its plateresque facade; unknown architect
University of Salamanca
Historical residence of the King of Spain; designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera
The Escorial
One of the most impressive building constructed using plateresque influence and was built in 1528 by de Siloe
Granada Cathedral
Golden Age of Spanish Art; Work reflects naturalism of the time; dramatic light and shade contrasts and their sobriety of color
Baroque/ Churiguerresque Style
Revolted against the sobriety of the Herreresque classicism and promoted an intricate, exaggerated, almost capricious style; extremely rich ornamentation
Jose de Churiguerra
Leading Baroque artist in 17th century Spain and royal painter to Philip IV
Diego Velasquez
Spanish court painter; poignant depiction of the brutality and corruption of the time
Francisco de Goya
Front of the Baroque facade of the original Romanesque cathedral, a golden molluse shell adorns the altar
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Style of English settlers in the eastern coast of North America; small cottages with clapboard siding, a thatched roof and chimney made from twigs finished with wattle-and-daub
Early Colonial
What’s wattle and what’s daub?
Wattle: wooden strip
Daub: sticky material (sand, soil, straw, clay, animal dung)
Has an overhanging second storey, small windows and a central chimney
New England ‘Hall and Parlor’ plan
Has steep pitched roofs essential for allowing rain and snow to run off easily
Garrison Colonial
Developed from the hall and parlor or Garrison style with the addition of an ell or lean-to on the back
New England Saltbox
English-inspired colonial architecture; marked by greater concern for style and higher standards of comfort; associated with the emergence of a wealthy middle class; 1746-1776
American Georgian
1783-1815; period important to the establishment of United Statement; saw the end of the revolution; creation of Articles of Confederation; finally Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights
Federal Style
American founding father and principal author of The Declaration of Independence, statesman and third president; involved in design and construction of US Capitol Building
Thomas Jefferson
Architects of US Capitol Building
William Thornton,
Benjamin Henry Latrobe,
Charles Bulfinch
Famous cast iron dome of US Capitol Building designed by whom?
Thomas Ustick Walter
Thomas Jefferson’s house outside Charlottesville; neoclassical touch and style
The Monticello
Reign of Queen Victoria of England; cast-iron framing; utilitarian structures
Victorian Era
For the Great Exhibition in 1851; made of prefabricated iron and glass panels
Crystal Palace
Designer of Crystal Palace
Joseph Paxton
By Henri Labrouste; use of slender cast-iron columns over which nine vaulted sky-lighted domes were suspended
National Library, Paris
Iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris; named after the engineer whose company built and designed this tower; built for 1889 International Exhibition, Paris, the centenary celebration of the French Revolution
Eiffel Tower
One of the symbols of the Imperial regime; ornate building richly decorated with friezes, columns and winged figures; richness continues inside with velvet, gold leaf and nymphs and cherubs
Paris Opera House
Designer of Paris Opera House
Charles Garnier
Late 18th century; flourishing mainly in 19th century in France, Germany, England, US
Gothic Revival
True Principles of Christian or Pointed Architecture; 1841
Augustus Pugin
Leading architect whose genius lay on restoration; believed in restoring buildings to a state of completion that they would not have known even when they were first built
Eugene Viollet le due
Collaboration between Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin; meeting place of two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom- House of Lords and House of Commons; uses Perpendicular Gothic Style
Westminster Palace
Two landmarks in Westminster Palace
Victoria Tower
Big Ben
First truly national style in US; 1818-1850; very adaptable and permeated all levels of building
Greek Revival Style
Characterized by strong, associational values of religion and nature; revival style based on English and French precedents from late 12th-15th century; found in both ecclesiastical and residential architecture
Gothic Revival
Exalted individualism, subjectivism, irrationalism, imagination and nature; emotions over reasons and senses over intellect; first used by German poets and writers August Wilhem and Friedrich Schlogel; 1790-1850
Romanticism
Usually painted with watercolor over prints
William Blake
Famous for his portraits of important figures in colonial New England, particularly men and women of middle class; portray subjects with artifacts
John Singleton Copley
French Romanticist; revealed an interest in human psychology and sense of revolt against political and social pressures
Theodore Gerricault
Derived subjects from masterworks of western literature; characterized by large sweeps of color, lively patterns and energetic figure groups
Eugene Delacrois
English Romantic painter; known for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale; area surrounding his home “Constable Country”
John Constable
Art style that started in France in 1850s; accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life; 1850-1880; aka Age of Rationalism and Imperialism, Age of Science and Doubt, Age of Progress and Victorian Age
Realism
Group of international artists in Paris which began to devise new methods of pictorial representation; focused on scientific concepts of vision and study of optical effects of light; express taste of democracy and rejection of the inherent old artistic tradition
The Realists
Group of French landscape artists ones of first found outside the Academy; named after the forest of Fontainebleau near the village; helped establish landscape and motif of country style
Barbizon School
English painters, poets and critics grouped to reform art by rejecting practices of contemporary academic British art; considered the first avante-garde movement in art; believed that the only great art was before High Renaissance, before Raphael; condemned art of idealization and promoted works based on real landscapes and models
Pre-Raphaellite Brotherhood
First American school of landscape painting; subjects were spectacles of the Hudson River Valley and upper state of New York
Hudson River School
Considered the first French Realist; believed artists could accurately represent only their experience; socialist principles and experiences of the present
Gustave Courbet
Flat stone or metal plate printing using oil and ink
Litography
Litographer and cartoonist, satirized Parisian officials, city life and classical tradition that lingered; famous for his satirical caricatures
Honore Daumier
Movement in French painting sometimes called optical realism; almost scientific interest in the actual visual experience and effect of light and movement on appearance of objects; attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color; late 1860s to late 1880s
Impressionism
Landscape impressionist and leader of pleinarists; painting a single subject a number of times in varying lights and seasons
Claude Monet
People who believed in working outdoors
Pleinarists
Painted with full brush and full strokes, placement of colors side by side, placing a concentration of light on an important feature
Edouard Monet
Worked in pastels and oil; adopted diagonal viewpoint and abrupt cutting of composition; fave subject was ballet
Edgar Degas
Artist of genre and portrait of real people; interested in interplay of colors caused by flickerings of sunshine and shadow and his tone harmonies are attained by innumerable light refractions
Pierre August Renoir
Sculptor; interested in conveying dynamic, experimental process rather than finished work itself
Rodin
Late 19th century; reaction against empirical realism of Impressionism; applied scientific optical principles of light and color to create strictly formalized compositions
Neo Impressionism
Originated the pointilism technique
George Pierre Seurat
Other term for pointilism
Confettiism
Movement providing an intellectual alternative to the purely visual painting of the Impressionists, inspiring surrealists
Symbolism
Applied paint smoothly; colors are bright in flat, unmodeled shapes; painted tropical landscapes and brown-skinned natives
Paul Gaugain
Theory of art that posted works of art ought to blend three primary elements; outward appearance of subject; artist’s emotional reaction to the subject and artistic choices of color, form and line
Synthetism
Pre-cubism; simple handling of masses and planes given depth by structure, color and unconventional perspective
Paul Cezanne
Used to describe paintings depicting wild beasts in the use of brilliant luminous colors and bold, spontaneous handling of paint
Fauvism
Wild beast
Fauve
Leader of the fauves; paintings have extraordinarily decorative quality with flat-patterned compositions in pure colors
Henri Matisse
Movement that originated in England in 1860 as a reaction against poor quality mass-produced goods; wanted English homes made by honest English craftsmen
Arts and Crafts Movement
Design movement of the mid-19th century that emphasized the decorative use of materials and textures and the development of ornament as an integral part of structure
Rationalism
Leader of the Arts and Crafts movement; born to a wealthy family in London; became associated with the Raphaelite Movement
William Morris
Towering rectangular block with almost no decoration, an austere statement and bold break away from the traditional methods of architectural adornment; by Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Glasgow School of Art
Deliberate attempt at expressing surface textures of ordinary materials such as stone and tiles, with an asymmetrical and quaint building composition; by Philip Webb
The Red House
Style of fine and applied arts characterized by fluid, undulating motifs derived from natural forms; 1880-1914
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau in France after Hector Guimard
Syle Guimard
Art Nouveau in Italy; floral style
Stile Floreale
Art Nouveau after British designer Arthur Lassen by Liberty from Liberty and Co.
Stile Liberty
Art Nouveau in Spanish version
Modernismo
Art Nouveau in Austria
Sezzesionistil
Art Nouveau in German speaking countries for “Youth Style”
Jugendstil
By Victor Horta; known for its highly-decorated stairwell which makes a refined play on the vegetable and flower forms
Hotel Tassel, Brussels
Apartment block with undulating forms and cast-iron balconies; by Antonio Gaudi
Casa Mila
By Gaudi; built since 1882 and is supposed to be finished in 2026; combined Gothic and Art Nouveau elements; Temple of the Holy Spirit
The Sagrada Familia
By Hector Guimard; architectural forms draw inspiration from nature, most noticeable in the plant stems that support the sign; organic form with new cast-iron fabrication
Paris Metro Entrance
Style of decorative art developed in 1920s with a revival in 1960s; geometric motifs, streamlined, curvilinear forms, sharply-defined outline often bold colors and use of synthetic materials
Art Deco
Briefly the world’s tallest building before it was overtaken by the Empire State Building in 1931; now the second tallest building in NYC; distinctive ornamentation based on Chrysler automobiles
Chrysler Building
By Shreve Lamb and Harmon architect; a 102-story skyscraper located in NYC; stood as the world’s tallest building for 40 years from its completion in 1931 until construction of World’s North Tower was completed in 1972
Empire State building
Opposition to academic standards and emphasized artistic subjective emotion which overrides fidelity to the actual appearance of things; late 19th century to early 20th century
Expressionism
Dough/paste; thick layers of paint
Impasto
Greatest Dutch painter since the Baroque times; subjects reflected a social consciousness reminiscent of Realism; use of powerful brushstrokes
Vincent Van Gogh
Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intense, evocative treatment of psychological and emotional themes was a major influence on the development of German Expressionism in the early 20th century
Edward Munch
Movement of conscious and methodological destruction of particular and recognizable in appearance; artistic elimination of rational visual association; 1910-1920
Abstraction
Influential Russian painter and art theorist; painting purely abstract works
Wassily Kandinsky
Showed objects in their basic geometric shapes
Cubism
French painter and leader of Cubism; works incorporated the Cubist aim of representing the world as seen from a number of different viewpoints
Georges Braque
Spanish painter and sculptor; co-founder of Cubism; father of collage
Pablo Picasso
Textural effects using paper and other materials in composition
Collage
Picasso’s concurrent presentation of 2/3 side of an object
Simultaneity in art
Period in Picasso art where he painted beggars and miserable humanity
Blue period
Period in Picasso art where he painted circus subjects
Rose period
More associated with Dadaism and Surrealism; first forayed in Cubism; Nude Descending a Staircase
Marcel Duchamp
Early phase of cubism founded by Picasso and Braque; chiefly characterized by pronounced use of geometric shapes and tendency toward monochromatic use of color; artists invented specific shapes and characteristic details that would represent the whole object or person
Analytic
Symbolic style of art that is more colorful than earlier analytic form of Cubism; wide variety of extraneous materials; particularly associated with Picasso’s novel technique of collage and Braque’s papier colles
Synthetic
School of art founded in Netherlands in 1917 marked especially by use of black and white with primary colors, rectangular forms and asymmetry; from name of magazine published by participants in the movement
De Stijl
Founders of De Stijl
- Architect Gerrit Rietveld
- Theo Van Doesburg
- Piet Mondrian
Recognized as the purest and most methodical of the early abstractionists; radically simplified the elements of his art; black, white and three primary colors as color palette; asymmetrical balance and a simplified pictorial vocabulary
Piet Mondrian
By Gerrit Rietveld; facades are collage of planes and lines whose components are purposely detached from and seem to glide past one another; no static accumulation of rooms but a dynamic, changeable open zone
Schroder House
Deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement from the past occurring in the course of 20th century; rejection of historical styles; form follows function
Modernism/ Modern Style
School of design established in Neimar, Germany in 1919 by Walter Gropius; moved to Dessau in 1926 and closed in 1933 as a result of Nazi hostility; emphasis on functional design; asymmetry and regularity; 1919-1933
Bauhaus Design
German architect and founder of Bauhaus School; one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture
Walter Gropius
Principal exponent of the International style; pioneer for skyscrapers; extreme clarity and simplicity
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
Director of cabinetmaking workshop at Bauhaus; reputation based on invention of tubular steel furniture, one big residence, two apartment houses, some shop interiors and several competition entries
Marcel Breuer
By Peter Behrens; founded in Berlin in 1883; pioneered modern, large-scale industrial development
AEG Turbine Factory
Designer of Bauhaus buildings
Walter Gropius
First project of Walter Gropius; rectilinear volume with glazed facade
Fagus Shoe Factory
Architectural style that is minimalist in concept, devoid of regional characteristics, stresses functionalism and rejects all non-essential decorative elements; emphasizes horizontal aspects of building
International Style
Pioneer of International Style
Philip Johnson
Established the credo “Form follows function”; father of modernism
Louis Sullivan
Defined a North American style of architecture which was rich in emotion and sensitive to its surroundings; apprentice of Sullivan
Frank Lloyd Wright
Architecture as an extension of the environment
Organic architecture
Style of American domestic architecture characterized by two-story height with wings and/or porches of one story; low, horizontal appearance, central portion usually higher than the adjacent flanking wings
Prairie style
Kauffman residence; built on waterfalls; harmony between man and nature
Falling Water, Pennsylvania
Created as a series of organic shapes; circular forms spiral down like the interior of a nautilus shell; visitors begin on the upper level and follow a sloping ramp downward
Guggenheim Museum, New York
Aka administration building; constructed of more than 200 sizes and shapes of bricks; light shines into building through several layers of glass tubes that cannot be seen through
Johnson Wax Administration Building, Wisconsin
Made up from easy to assemble, pre-fabricated wood sandwich panels designed to be erected in a simple construction
Usonian houses
Known universally as “Corbu” (raven); described house as a machine for living in
Le Corbusier
Real name of Le Corbusier
Charles Edouard Jeanneret
Column of iron, steel or reinforced concrete supporting a building above an open ground level
Pilotis
By Le Corbusier; weekend house known for allowing sunlight to pour into the main living quarters and the windows and roof terraces afford views out across the French countryside
Villa Savoye, Poissy
By Le Corbusier; housing block described as “great ocean liner”
Unite d’Habitation
Chapel with a structure that is made mostly of concrete and is comparatively small, enclosed by thick walls with upturned roof supported on columns like a sail billowing in the windy currents
Notre Dame-du-Haut Ronchamp
By a committee of architects headed by Wallace K Harrison; largest of four buildings; the 39 story, 544 ft (166m) tall slab has become a worldwide symbol of the United Nations; green-glass curtain tower was first of its kind in New York
UN Headquarters
Movement aimed at ridiculing and destroying the idea of art; importance lies in its break with outmoded ways to gain new freedom for the artist in his search for new meaning and fun
Dadaism
Artistic movement in hunt of science of expression of the subconscious; as a movement it came to begin after French poet Andre Breton after he published Manifesto de Surrealisme (1924)
Surrealism
Works: Persistence of Memory, The Temptation of St. Anthony
Salvador Dali
Movement in which artists typically applied paint rapidly and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions
Abstract Expressionism
Term coined by critic Harold Rosenberg to describe work of certain members of the New York School
Action Painting
Most significant style to emerge in America in the 60s whose popular imagery was derived from commercial resources, mass media and everyday life
Pop Art
Startled the art world in 1962 by exhibiting paintings based on a comic book cartoons
Roy Lichtenstein
Leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art; works explore relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement that flourished in the 1960s
Andy Warhol
Works: Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing?
Richard Hamilton
Recognizable object is totally eliminated in favor of geometric abstraction; artists produce kinetic effects
Op Art
1970s; Movement in reaction to principles and practices of modernism, encouraging the use of elements from historical vernacular styles and often playful illusion, decoration and complexity
Post Modernism
Published the manifesto, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966) that announced “less is a bore”
Roberto Venturi
Developed a wide-ranging eclecticism in which he abstracted historical forms and emphasized use of color; generates ironic, vision of Classicism
Michael Graves
Man who brought Van der Rohe to the States and introduced New York to the Modern Style; dubbed International Style
Philip Johnson
Style that goals to liberate the maximum volume of space inside by positioning all its working stairs, lifts, escalators etc. outside the interior envelope of the building
High Tech
Other term for High Tech
Structural Expressionism
Uncompromising exploration of technological innovations and forms; designs emphasize repetition of industrialized “modular” units in which prefabricated off-site manufactured elements are frequently employed
Norman Foster
Interest is in uninterrupted interior spaces; total flexibility and obvious technical imagery termed as Late Modern
Richard Rogers
Investigated the world of machine and the properties of timber, brick and plywood
Renzo Piano
First High Tech monument; modern art gallery; by Richard Rogers
Pompidou Center, Paris
Curved structures made of glass, stainless steel and laminated timber; by Renzo Piano
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center
Movement in architecture emphasizing the aesthetic use of basic building processes especially of cast-in-place concrete, with no apparent concern for visual amenity; 1950s; shaped and molded forms of concrete, thick masonry
Brutalism
French term where Brutalism was derived from
Beton brut
Meaning of beton brut
Rough concrete
Evolved from the work of avant garde artists and designers in Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the 20th century; distorted shapes, fragmented lines, organic or biomorphic forms, massive sculpted shapes, extensive use of brick and concrete, lack of symmetry
Expressionism
Avant-gardist, modernist approach; first used by architectural theorists Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivrelt
Regionalism
Architect of Sydney Opera House
Jon Utzon
Approach to building design that attempts view architecture in bits and pieces; basic elements dismantled; ideas borrowed from French philosopher Jacques Derrida
Deconstructivism/ Deconstruction
Emphasizes form; architecture interested in visual relationships; focused in shape, often in monumental scale; lines and rigid geometric shapes predominate
Formalism
Arts of Mohammedan countries
Islamic Arts
5 Pillars of Islam
Shahadah Salat Zakat Sawm Hajj
5 Pillars of Islam
Sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith
Shahadah
5 Pillars of Islam
Performing ritual prayers in the proper way; 5 times each day
Salat
5 Pillars of Islam
Paying an alms or charity tax to benefit the poor and the needy
Zakat
5 Pillars of Islam
Fasting during the month of Ramadan
Sawm
5 Pillars of Islam
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Hajj
Arabic text; most highly regarded and most fundamental element of of Islamic art
Calligraphy
Most primarily used to cover the floors of mosque
Carpet
Considered as the Golden Age of carpet production
16th century
Produced in Egypt and Iraq; influenced by the Chinese white and porcelain stoneware
Tin-glazed
Type of pottery with an over-glaze finish containing copper and silver or other materials that give the effect of iridescence
Luster-painter/ Lustreware
Form of decoration made by scratching through a surface to reveal a lower layer of contrasting color, typically done in plaster or stucco on walls or in slip on ceramics before firing
Sgraffito ware
Ornamentation attached to ridge of roof, cornice/ parapet; usually metal (iron/copper)
Crestings
“A place to prostate”; principal place of worship for Friday prayer
Mosque/Masjid
What does a neighborhood mosque or big mosque called?
Jami masjid
Theological school; generally arranged around a courtyard
Madrasah
Courtyard of a mosque
Sahn
Covered area in front of qibla wall
Haram
Niche oriented towards Mecca
Mihrab
Tribune raised upon columns from which the Koran is recited and prayers are intoned by the Imam of a mosque; like an altar
Dikka
Enclosure in a mosque which includes the praying niche made usually of an openwork screen; originally meant for the sultan during public prayers
Maqsura
Raised platform for ceremonial announcement
Minbar
Open-fronted vault facing a court
Iwan, ivan
Tower from which a call to prayer is made
Minaret
Axis oriented towards Mecca
Qibla wall
Gateway in a mosque
Bab
Central area for prayer in a mosque; literally “place for prayer”
Musalla
Women’s or private chamber of a house or palace
Harem
Men’s or guest’s quarters
Selamlik
Originally used as a high point from which to make the call to prayer
Minaret
Meaning of adhan
Call to prayer
Characterized by multi-patterned ceramic exterior facings; octagonal structure topped with glittering dome that rises over two internal colonnades; believed to be the place to which Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven during the Night Journey to heaven; oldest Islamic monument
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
Known for its prayer hall comprised of double arcades with which the lower arches are of horseshoe form and have voussoirs of white stone and red brick
Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
White-splendored tomb built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his favorite wife, Arjumand Banu Begum aka Mumtaz Mahal
Taj Mahal, India
Largest mosque ever built; has cone-shaped minaret encircled by an outer ramp on the form of a spiral
Great Mosque, Iraq
Center of Islamic world and birthplace of both Prophet Muhammad and religion he founded
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Focal point of Mecca; “House of God”; believed to be built by Abraham and his son Ishmael; covered in gold-embroidered black fabric
Ka’aba
How many times do pilgrims circle Ka’aba?
Seven
Corner stone of Ka’aba
Black stone
Richly decorated and elaborate palace and fortress
Alhambra, Spain
Known as the “Middle Kingdom” because it was thought to be the center of the universe
China
Four main social classes in China
Scholar gentry
Peasants
Artisans
Merchants
Known as the bronze period for casting bronze or manufacture of medal using clay models; first to bring order/rule over warring states
Shang Dynasty
The King was renamed Shi (first) Huangdi (emperor and divine ruler)- unified China by implementing strict laws, taxing everyone and introducing one script for writing, one standard for money, weights and measurements; ordered burning of scholarly books
Qin dynasty
3000 life-size foot soldiers buried in the tomb of Qin
Terracotta warriors
Founded by Lui Bang; control of the Silk road that linked Asia and Europe; Buddhism started to spread; extension of ancient Chinese boundaries
Han Dynasty
Golden Age of Chinese Arts
Tang Dynasty
Ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1200°C and 1400°C
Porcelain
Type of white porcelain made at Dehua in the Fujian province; produced from Ming dynasty
Blanc de Chine
Symbol of vitality and authority in China
Jade
Symbol of eternal life; placed on the mouth of a deceased person
Jade cicada
Chinese writing done on silk then later paper
Calligraphy
Method of painting with pigments dispersed in an emulsion miscible with water, typically egg yolk. The method was used in Europe for fine painting, mainly on wood panels, from the 12th or early 13th century until the 15th, when it began to give way to oils
Tempera
Interlocking bracket system
Dou-gong bracket system
Principle in Chinese architecture that teaches individualism and transcendence through direct connection with the natural world
Taoism
Incomprehensible natural force which all events in the universe unfailingly follow
Tao
Principle in Chinese architecture that emphasized strict adherence to social conventions and rituals for the proper functioning of the state
Confucianism
Principle in Chinese architecture referring to a path of practice and spiritual development leading to insight into the true nature of reality
Buddhism
Upright stone slab with inscriptions
Stele
“Life force”; “energy flow”; “air”
Qi
Chinese balance and symmetry
Yin-yang
Number especially applied in imperial architecture, odd numbers were considered masculine
Number 9
Color used in China for the sole use of emperor
Yellow
Color used in palace buildings
Green
Color used as symbol of happiness and solemnity
Red
Zoomorphic symbolism for emperor
Dragon
Zoomorphic symbolism for empress
Phoenix
Zoomorphic symbolism for guardian of Chinese palatial structures
Lion
Structural member found between the top of a column and a cross beam; Chinese Architectural element
Dougong bracket
Number of layers of dougong brackets depend on what?
Importance of buildings
Ceiling where central deepest part is the round well (jing); middle is the octagonal well and outermost part a square; design symbolizes ancient Chinese belief “Heaven is above and the Earth below” and that “Heaven is round and the Earth square”
Zaojing or caisson ceiling
Tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal and other parts of Asia; erected as memorial or to hold relics; originally to hold Buddhist relics
Pagoda
Dome shaped monument
Stupa
Monumental archway or gateway with one, three or five openings; erected as memorial at the entrance to a palace, tomb or processional way; usually built of stone in imitation of wood construction
Pai-lou or Paifang
Covered structures without surrounding walls to allow observation of surroundings
Pavillion
Home of 24 Chinese emperors for nearly 500 years; composed of palace complex, Gate of Peace, Qiniandan Hall of Prayer and Hall of Supreme Justice
The Forbidden city
Fortified wall of China under Zhou dynasty to protect China against nomads from the north to serve as means of communication; 21,196km; 30 million steps
Great Wall of China
China’s largest existing complex of ancient sacrificial buildings; built in 1420 for emperors to worship Heaven; 38 meters in height; 30 meters diameter
The Temple of Heaven
Residence for Dalai Lama; rises 200 meters against a hillside; has 9 storeys and is colored white, red and gold leaf
Potala Palace
For _____ years, Japan was closed to the outside world; free from foreign influence
200
National style of Japan painting based on geometric forms rather than fluid forms of China
Yamato
Painting executed on vertical silk rolls
Kakemono
Painting executed on horizontal silk rolls
Makimono
Genre of Japanese woodblock prints and paintings produced between 17th and 20th centuries featuring motifs of landscapes, tales from history, the theater and pleasure quarters; main artistic genre of wood block printing in Japan
Ukiyo-e
Delicate angular flowering branches painted with iron red, two tones of green and blue and subtle touches of gold; Japanese ceramics
Kakiemon-de pattern
Strong floral and brocade design painted in heavily saturated colors; Japanese ceramics
Imari pattern
Layer upon layer added to base material then polished to a smooth, brilliant surface; gold and silver dust or particles introduced into the top layer before finishing
Lacquerwork
Sword of the samurai; characterized by distinctive appearance; curved, single-edged blade with circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands
Katana
Sword guards
Tsuba
Pommels
Kashira
Ring bands
Fuchi
Ornate pegs
Menuki
Dagger
Kozuka
Japan tea ceremony
Chanoyu, sado or ocha
What tea is served in Japanese tea ceremonies?
Green tea
Tea caddy
Chai-re
Hemp cloth
Chakin
Whisk
Chasen
Tea bowl
Chawan
Square silk cloth used for ritual cleansing of Chashaku and Natsume and to handle a ht Kama lid
Fukusa
Potable brazier
Furo
Ladle
Hishaku
Iron pot or kettle
Kama/ Chanovugama
Waste water receptacle/ bowl
Kensui
Art of cultivating miniature trees
Bonsai
Flower arrangement in Japan
Ikebana
Art of folding paper
Origami
Japanese theater with actors wearing masks
Noh
Japanese theater plays with all-actor ensemble wearing heavy make up
Kabuki
“The way of the gods”
Shintoism
Shinto gods
Kami
Open gateway in Shinto temples with two pillars and architrave, found along the approach path to Shinto shrine
Torii gateways
Main purpose is for enshrinement and worship of a kami
Shinto temple
Building that contains the body of the goshintai
Honden
Physical objects worshipped at or near Shinto shrines; body of governing god
Goshintai
Hall of worship of Shinto shrine; usually in front of honden; open to laity
Haiden
Assembly hall for monks in Japanese buddhist temple where sacred texts are read
Kodo
Japanese Buddhist pagoda
To
Golden hall where main image of worship is kept in Japanese Buddhist temple
Kondo
Principal south gateway to Japanese Buddhist temple
Nandaimon
Inner gateway to Japanese Buddhist temple
Chumon
Tea houses
Cha-shitsu
How are tea houses measured?
Measured between 2 x 4 1/2 tatami
Traditional rice straw mat
Tatami
Traditional measurement of tatami mat
3 ft x 6 ft
Public bathing facility in Japan; known for their temple-style
Sento
Most famous and oldest Shinto temple in Japan; enshrines the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, believed to be the ancestor of Japanese imperial family
Ise Shrine
Most impressive of fortified residences, has 6 storeys with pentroofs and curving eaves; created by the samurai under the Shogunate
Himeji castle
Any product obtained through action of fire upon any material
Pottery
Found in Tabon caves of Palawan; funerary vessel with incised designs around its body; its cover had a boat containing two figures to symbolize the prehistoric Filipino’s journey to the afterlife
Manunggul Jar
Ilocano term for large earthenware, mainly used for fermentation and storage of liquid
Burnay
Southern Tagalog tern for water container for kitchen
Tapayan
Filipino cookware
Palayok
Storage for drinking water; Filipino
Banga
Red, high polished tiles associated with the Spanish colonial housing
Vigan tiles
Weaving tradition of T’boli people of South Cotabato; cloth woven from abaca fibers
T’nalak
Style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing process
Ikat
Meaning “twill” in Ilocano; variation of abel; interlocked geometric patterns that result in psychedelic optical art designs which represent waves of the sea and among indigenous peoples of Cordilleras, protection against malevolent spirits
Binacol
Woven fabric of cotton yarns with floral design created by artisans of northern provinces of Philippines
Inabel/ Abel Iloco
Yakan people technicolor geometric weaves; example is malong
Inaul
Hand woven cloth of made of silk or cotton and square in form with geometric patterns; multi-purpose headdress, may be worn on shoulder, knotted around the hilt of sword or kris or tied around the head
Pis Siyabit
Process of making basket which is a receptacle made of interwoven fibrous material
Basketry
Ifugao fertility jewelry used as necklace pendant or earring; often given as wedding gift
Ling-ling-o
Maranao ceremonial vessel for wedding gifts
Gadur
Traditional brass or bronze vessel
Galang
Betel nut containers
Lotoan
Ifugao wood carving of their rice god
Bulul
Central or king post in Ifugao house of the same carved human figure as the bulul
Kinib-bigat/ kinabagat
Ifugao wooden bench
Hagabi
Ifugao pig sculptures
Binabuy
Leaf and vine pattern associated with Mindanaon woodcarving
Ukkil (Tausug)
Okir (Maranao)
Bird or cock form; symbol of messenger
Sarimanok
Considered to have sheltered the earliest men of the Philippines
Tabon cave, Palawan
Earliest known Philippine mural
Cave dwellings in Angono, Rizal
2000 year old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao
Cordillera Rice Terraces
Botanic windscreen with a windpole support
Lean-to dwelling
Style of dwelling of the lowland areas comprised of triangular roof, free-standing support and elevated house cube
Bahay kubo
Front porch in bahay kubo
Balkon
Multi-purpose main room in in bahay kubo
Bulwagan
Bedroom in bahay kubo
Silid
Roofless back porch that serves as cleaning area and wash room in bahay kubo
Batalan
Ivatan traditional house of stone and mortar, 1 1/2 m thk cogon thatch roof and a big roof net (“panpet”); Batanes type housing
Rakuh
Isneg one-room abode with a large concave roof that resembles an inverted traditional Isneg boat
Binuron
Kalinga octagonal house
Binayon
Ifugao house for the affluent whose pyramidal hipped roof covers the floor of the house
F/ Bale
Tukud
Post
Halipan
Cylindrical rat guard
With a detachable A-frame roof and is supported by a “katig” that allows the boat to float steadily
Badjao House boat
Traditional Tausug house on stilts supported by a pitched roof; distinguished by carved wooden finials tadjuk pasung placed on one or both ends of the roof
Bay sinug
Built on six foot stilts; about 50ft long and nearly 30ft wide; typically constructed of bamboo, wood and palm fronds
T’boli long house
“Sleeping place”; royal house; house of sultan known for its colorful panolong
Torogan
Butterfly wing floor beam ends with pako rabong or naga
Panolong
Pako rabong
Fern
Naga
Dragon/serpent motif
Tausug and Yakan; “to meet”; can accommodate small group of worshippers commonly built in rural areas
Langgal
Maranao; “to meet”; can accommodate small group of worshippers commonly built in rural areas
Ranggar
Larger, more permanent structure that includes dome and minare
Masjid or masked
One of the earliest recorded painters in PH art history; Langit, Lupa at Impierno
Jose Luciano Dans
Most popular artist who worked in the tipos del pais style; opened the first formal fine arts school in the country in his house, Academia de Dibujo y Pintura
Damian Domingo y Gabor
Watercolor paintings that show different types of inhabitants in the Philippines in their different native costumes
Tipos del pais
Developed a style that contains both tipos del pais and genre paintings by forming letters of patron’s name from figures of people in local costumes doing everyday activities; utilized landscape scenes as background
Jose Honorato Lozano
Became the first international Filipino artists when they won the gold and silver medals in the 1884 Madrid Exposition
Juan Novicio Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo
Houses the tabernacle and image of the town’s patron saint; “cabinet of saints”
Retablo
Carved images in relief
Relleves
Religious images
Santos
“To enliven, to bring life”
Encarnacion
A mannequin-type intended to be dressed with clothing and accessories
Bastidor santo
Earliest known sculptor in the Philippines; few of his extent works found at San Agustin Convent museum
Juan de los Santos
First book printed in the country published by Dominicans in 1593
La Doctrina Christiana en la Lengua Española y Tagala (The Christian Doctrine in the Spanish and Tagalog Language)
Prints of miraculous images usually featured portraits of saints and religious scenes
Estampas and estampitas
Grouping and reduction in number of formerly scattered barangays into compact and larger communities to facilitate religious conversion and cultural change
Reduccion
Kind of town planning in which fort and church were integrated centrally and concentrically with the social classes
Plaza complex
Evolved bahay kubo with improved air circulation and lighting
Bahay na bato/ bahay na tisa
House with roof tiles
Bahay na tisa
Apartment dwellings; single or two-storey with multiple units defined by common party walls
Accesoria
Screened gallery with entry from second floor of convent
Tribunas
Parish house or rectory
Convento
Roman Catholic Minor Basilica in Manila; Romanesque style
Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception or Manila Cathedral
Known for its sinking bell tower; by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
Laog Church, Ilocos Norte
Largest bell; probably best-known “earthquake Baroque”; distinguished by enormous size buttresses with scroll-like bases
Paoay Church
Current design by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa
Quiapo church
First religious structure built in Luzon; only stone church of its size standing as initially built; true barrel vaulting; by Fr. Macias
San Agustin Church
Supposedly by Gustav Eiffel; one of the first steel buildings- steel from Belgium
San Sebastian
Biggest Spanish church in the country; by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Taal Church, Batangas
Unusual aztec-like bas relief in facade depicting St. Christopher carrying baby Jesus through a tropical forest
Miag-ao Church, Iloilo
European styled fortifications characterized by heavy stone walls, moats and grid road layouts
Forts/ military structures
First fort in PH
Fort San Pedro, Cebu
First stone fort in PH
Nuestra Senora de Guia, Intramuros
Fort named after patron saint of Spain; built at a sharp angle between a river and bay; formed a citadel
Fort Santiago
Residence of the highest official of the land
Palacio de Gobierno or Palacio Real
Seat of colonial governance in the country
Ayuntamiento
Trial court
Real Audiencia or Tribunal
Aduana
Customs house
Smaller version of Ayuntamiento in provincial towns; design looks like oversized bahay na bato
Municipio/ Casa de Municipal/ Casa Real
Housed the administration of hacienda
Casa hacienda
Oldest university in Asia founded by Dominicans in 1611; Royal and Pontifical University
Universidad de Santo Tomas
Precursor of University of San Carlos
Colegio de San Ildefonso
First painter of note in the 20th century; noted for realistic portraits, genre and landscapes in subdued colors; first dean of UP Fine Arts School
Fabian dela Rosa
First and among the few Filipino painters who have captured the different striking colors and character of the country’s magnificent sunlight; Dalagang Bukid, The Offering; Planting Rice
Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto
Trained in the classical style in Rome; Oblation in UP; Bonifacio monument in Caloocan; Filipinas in Bondage
Guillermo Tolentino
A grandiose architectural style as taught at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris primarily in the 19th century, widely applied until 1930 to large public buildings; elaborate, historic, eclectic, monumental scale
Beaux Arts
Single storey raised slightly above ground, reinforced concrete and wood with an extended veranda in front
Chalet
Father of the City Beautiful Movement
Daniel H. Burnham
Filipino architects sponsored by colonial officials to study architecture and engineering in US
1st generation architects
1st generation architect; PGH; UP University Hall at Padre Faura; Manila Hotel
William Parsons
1st generation architect; Sent to US as one of the pensionados in architecture; UP Palma, Benitez, Malcolm Hall; The Legislative Building; Jones Bridge; BPI; Manila Post Office; Villamor Hall of UPM (now Supreme Court); Rizal Memorial Stadium; Metropolitan Theater
Juan Arellano
1st generation architect; One of the pioneer professors of Mapua Institute of Technology; Manila City Hall; Bureau of Customs
Antonio Toledo
1st generation architect; First registered architect f the PH; founded first architectural association in PH (PH Institute of Architects); DLS College; CEU; Mapua; Nurses’ Home a PGH; Pier 7
Tomas Mapua
Emerged in the 1920s and 30s; introduced Art Deco characterized by exuberant exoticism and ornamentation to PH
2nd generation architects
2nd generation architect; 1st National artist for architecture; Arellano University. Manila Jockey Club; UP Admin and Library Buildings
Juan Nakpil
2nd generation architect; son of Juan Luna; used Art Nouveau style; The Crystal Arcade
Andres Luna de San Pedro
2nd generation architect; 2nd national artist for architecture; Boulevard Alhambra (now Bel-Air apartments), FEU, Ideal Theater, Manila Polo Club
Pablo Antonio
2nd generation architect; Angela Apartments; UST Chapel
Fernando Ocampo
Father of PH Modern Art
Victorio C. Edades
With his Brown Madonna, Filipinized Western canonical iconography
Galo B. Ocampo
Angono based painter; History of Manila mural at Manila City Hall; fluid lines and brilliant colors
Carlos “Botong” Francisco
Group of artists who were reacting to the academic style of Luna and Hidalgo and to the sweet style of Amorsolo;
Thirteen Moderns
Thirteen Moderns; Considered as major proponent of Cubism in PH
Vicente Manansala
Thirteen Moderns; Formed the triumvirate of neo-realists with Vicente Manansala and Cesar Legaspi; works were nationalistic and reflected harsh realities of PH after WWII and are probably first purely non representational art produced in PH
Hernando R. Ocampo
Thirteen Moderns; Neo realist; Remembered for depiction of masses
Cesar Legaspi
Thirteen Moderns; sharply outlined figures of bandanna wearing peasant women going about their daily chores; women are thin, long necks, slant eyes and flat noses
Anita Magsaysay-Ho
Winner of AAP competition; Carroza
Fernando Zobel
Country’s leading abstract expressionist; Space Transfiguration
Jose Joya
Crucifixied, Man and Woman, Fish
Ang Kiu Kok
Vivid colors; abstract representations; tropical kaleidoscope of colors; images and colors remind us of homeland
Mauro “Malang” Santos
National Artist for Visual Arts; minimalist, geometric abstracts, alluding to modernist virtues of competence, order and elegance; evoking universal reality; mirrors aspiration for an acme of true Asian modernity
Arturo Luz
Father of Philippine Modern Sculpture
Napoleon Abueva
Reduces heat gain by breaking sunlight
Brise soleil
Architects who professed the post-war doctrine; “form follows function
3rd generation architects
Use of molded concrete and folded plate technology
Space Age
Architecture that emphasized traditional building practices and methods and a pragmatic knowledge of local history
Tropical regionalism
Architecture that drew on brick, tile and other traditional materials and even on vernacular forms in a general reaction against International Modernism in the 1960s and 1970s
Neovernacular Architecture
3rd National Artist for Architecture; CCP, Folk Arts Theater, Church of Holy Sacrificee, PICC, National Arts Center, MIA, Makati Stock Exchange, Ayala Tower One
Leandro Locsin
Proponent of Filipino architecture in modern age; San Miguel Corp. Building, Coconut Palace, PH Embassy in US, Shrine of our Lady f Queen of Peace in Edsa, Ateneo Professional Schools
Francisco Mañosca
Founding museum director at CCP; pioneer of conceptual art in PH
Roberto Chabet
Art in which idea presented by artist is considered more important than the finished product
Conceptual art
National artist, pioneered the neofigurative style; Sabel series
Benedicto Cabrera
Through his works, indigenous ukkil, sarimanok and naga motifs have been popularized and instilled in Filipino nation and other people
Abdulmari Imao
Known for his bronze sheet monuments; La Pieta, Loyola Memorial Park
Eduardo Castrillo
Sculptor and architect who created sculptural form in glass as medium; Resurrection Cross at Edsa Shrine
Ramon Orlina
Tripartite division of columnar architecture
Podium, shaft, crown
Examples of master-planned micro cities
Bay City, Eastwood City, Fort BGC, Rockwell Center
