Mary's Foreign Policy

Question 1

Where is Calais?

Answer 1

France

Question 2

What is Papal Supremacy?

Answer 2

The Pope is the Head of the Church.

Question 3

What is Royal Supremacy?

Answer 3

Monarch is the Head of the Church.

Question 4

What were Mary’s Foreign Policy aims?

Answer 4

• To ally with Habsburgs through marriage to Philip of Spain (married in July 1554).
• To restore Papal Supremacy (ties with Rome).

Question 5

When did Pole welcome England back into the Roman Catholic Church in the Pope’s name?

Answer 5

November 30th 1554 - after the 2nd Act of Repeal which went through parliament in January 1555.

Question 6

Why is Papal Supremacy not fully restored until the 2nd Act of Repeal of January 1555?

Answer 6

The 2nd Act of Repeal undid the Henrician Reformation.

Question 7

Who was Pope Julius III?

Answer 7

The Pope when Mary came to the throne.

Question 8

Who was Pope Julius III replaced by in 1555 and why was this significant?

Answer 8

Julius III replaced by Paul IV ~ fiercely anti-Habsburg ~ brought England into conflict with Papacy.

Question 9

When did Charles V abdicate?

Answer 9

January 1556.

Question 10

Who are Habsburg-Valois?

Answer 10

Two leading families (France and Spain).

Question 11

What effect did the abdication of Charles V have on Philip’s opinion of the importance of England?

Answer 11

He had little time for England.

Question 12

Why was the Netherlands worth defending?

Answer 12

Trading partner.

Question 13

Why did England finally declare war on France?

Answer 13

Thomas Stafford came back to England and capture of Calais Pale ~ looks like an invasion.

Question 14

When did Philip leave England?

Answer 14

September 1555.

Question 15

What did the abdication of Charles V lead to in October-January 1556?

Answer 15

Splitting of Charles V’s Empire between Philip II and Ferdinand (brother of Charles).

Question 16

What did the Treaty of Vaucelles of February 1556 mean and when was it broken?

Answer 16

• Peace between France and Spain ~ broken September 1556.

Question 17

What reopened the Habsburg-Valois war in July 1556?

Answer 17

Alliance between France and the Papacy

Question 18

In January 1557, how many troops did England send to the Netherlands and why?

Answer 18

• 6,000.
• Netherlands = trading partner.

Question 19

When did Philip return to England and why?

Answer 19

March 1557- to press for support in the war.

Question 20

Who landed at Scarborough in April 1557?

Answer 20

Thomas Stafford (exiled English Protestant).

Question 21

When did England declare war on France?

Answer 21

June 7th 1557

Question 22

When did Scottish raids on England begin?

Answer 22

July 1557

Question 23

In January 1558, how many troops did England have and how many troops did France have during the capture of Calais Pale?

Answer 23

• 2,000 English.
• 27,000 French.

Question 24

When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis passed?

Answer 24

April 1559 (Elizabeth).

Question 25

How significant was the loss of Calais - economically?

Answer 25

Loss of Trade that came through the port ~ however, the importance of the staple merchants in Calais had been brought down to an end by the long-term decline in the traditional markets.

Question 26

How significant was the loss of Calais - image and morale?

Answer 26

• Kings of England had claimed this land since 1347 ~ its final surrender could be seen as a humiliating abandonment of sovereign English territory.
• Morale was shaken by the loss ~ propagandists helped the sense of humiliation not last for long.

Question 27

How significant was the loss of Calais - territorially?

Answer 27

• Calais = last territory on the French mainland controlled by England ~ gained importance by this status.

However, little could be achieved by maintaining it ~ only a matter of time before the French took it back.

Question 28

How significant was the loss of Calais - militarily?

Answer 28

• (The Calais Pale had been used as a springboard to launch Henry VIII’s attacks in the 1520s and 1540s ~ but was a strategic irrelevance).
• Was difficult and expensive to maintain a permanent garrison there ~ became a burden to defend.

Question 29

How significant was the loss of Calais - diplomatically?

Answer 29

• The loss of Calais has often been seen as the result of the failed Anglo-Habsburg alliance.
• Mary depended on Spanish advisers and her slavish pursuit of Spanish Habsburg policy ~ seen as betraying England’s interest.
• Philip abandoned England by allowing France to keep Calais under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ~ Mary died in November before the treaty was signed.