Does Mary deserve the title Bloody Mary? Flashcards
How many people did Mary burn for heresy in her 5 year reign?
Around 300.
What were the Marian Persecutions?
During Mary’s 5 year reign, she had burned over 300 religious dissenters.
Why were heretics burned at the stake?
Punishment = total destruction of the heretic’s corpse ~ prevented the use of their body parts for relics.
In 3 years, how many Protestant heretic men and women were persecuted?
220 men and 60 women were burned (including Cranmer).
How many people were executed for heresy in Henry VIII’s reign?
81.
Why could Protestant “martyrologist,” John Foxe be held responsible for Mary’s reputation?
- The Actes and Monuments (Foxe’s Book of Martyrs) = his bestselling work ~ detailed account of each and every martyr who died for his or her faith under the Catholic Church ~ first published in 1563 ~ very popular.
- 30 out of the 57 illustrations depict executions under Mary’s reign.
Why was Foxe’s Book of Martyrs so popular?
Hard to not feel emotion at this typical account of some of the early Marian martyrs, the bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley.
Where was the second edition of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs ordered to be installed and what were church officials told to do?
In every Cathedral Church and church officials were told to place copies in their houses for the use of servants and visitors.
What does heresy mean?
Having a different religion to the king/country (going against the accepted doctrine of the time).
What does persecution mean?
Mistreatment of someone on the basis of their religion etc.
What does martyr mean?
Dying for a cause
What does recanted mean?
Say that someone no longer holds an opinion or belief, especially one considered heretical.
What is a diocese?
A district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church.
What is a writ?
Legal document.
What is a seminary?
A training college for priests.
When were the Heresy Laws passed?
April 1554
What is evidence for her deserving the title of Bloody Mary?
- Many letters were sent to Justices of the Peace (JPs) in the South urging action.
- London magistrates had to order the burnings to take place early in the day so that numbers and distribution was reduced.
What is evidence against her deserving the title?
- Large numbers attended and were seen as a spectacle.
- Kent cherry pickers welcomed the increase market to sell their goods.
Why South-East?
Most Protestants and closer to London.
What does visitations mean?
Going to the church and checking on them ~ make sure everyone is behaving correctly.
What is nepotism?
Where parishes were given to priests according to whom they knew rather than on the basis of merit.
What is a catechism?
A manual of religious instruction usually arranged in the form of questions and answers used to instruct the young, to win converts, and to testify to the faith.
What did Pole realise was vital and what did this lead to?
How were visitations under Pole’s ‘top-down’ strategy used to promote Mary’s religious aims?
Pole realised that strong leadership of the Church was vital ~ encouraged the bishops to make regular visitations to their dioceses to check on finances and discipline of the clergy.
How was The London Synod of 1555 - Twelve Decrees under Pole’s ‘top-down’ strategy used to promote Mary’s religious aims?
Spelt out the necessity of all parish Priests being resident and sought to put an end to other abuses - priests having more than one parish and nepotism.
How were New Publications under Pole’s ‘top-down’ strategy used to promote Mary’s religious aims?
But, why did this fail?
- A newly edited Catholic New Testament.
- A new Book of Homilies.
- A new catechism.
However, these never had much chance to be implemented.
How was Clerical education under Pole’s ‘top-down’ strategy used to promote Mary’s religious aims?
- When bishops went on visitations, Pole wanted them to report on learning among schoolmasters and the clergy themselves.
- Pole wanted seminaries to be established in cathedrals ~ Cathedral schools were to be founded or reformed at Durham, Lincoln, Wells and York.
How did Gardiner’s death in 1555 help Pole with Clerical education under his ‘top-down’ strategy used to promote Mary’s religious aims?
Pole replaced Gardiner as Chancellor of Cambridge University, followed by Oxford University ~ provided a tangible link between the government and the universities. The latter were to present bishops with lists of men suitable for benefices ~ Pole stressed the importance of visitations of the universities, naming the humanist Nicholas Ormenetti as a visitor to the universities in 1556.
Where did burnings mainly happen?
Smithfield London.
