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marxism Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sociologists for media

A

Marsh and Keating
Marcuse
Miliband

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2
Q

sociologists for education

A

Althusser

Bowles and Gintis

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3
Q

sociologist for family

A

Zaretksy

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4
Q

What did Althusser argue about institutions

A

Institutions are a form of ideological state apparatus to socialise the working class into accepting inequality

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5
Q

What did Althusser argue about education

A

Role of education is dominated by the hidden curriculum - taught informally - teaches the ruling class ideology to encourage acceptance of capitalism

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6
Q

How would functionalists evaluate the role of the education system

A

They would disagree with marxist views

they believe that education socialises all individuals into a common culture based on a value consensus

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7
Q

marxist argument for education

A

education socialises students into an uncritical acceptance of hierarchy, obedience and failure

working class taught to see failure as their own fault rather than the result of processes that benefit the ruling classes as they require a workforce

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8
Q

How would interactionists evaluate education

A

Dennis Wrong

socialisation is not passive but a negotiated process where the individual actively engages in the process

Neo-marxists also agree - Willis ‘The Lads’ study highlights the rebelling of the capitalist ideology in education and created an anti-school subculture

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9
Q

How would radical feminists evaluate education

A

socialisation process is not legitimating and reinforcing class inequalities but reinforce patriarchal oppression

such as - hidden curriculum, school uniform, language differences from teaches, subject choice

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10
Q

Economic base

A

Marx

Determines everything in society
Consists of -
means of production
relations of production
relationship between owners and workers
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11
Q

Superstructure

A

Marx

The superstructure is shaped by the economic base of society (infrastructure)
Holds the institutions, such as education system, media ect that pass down the dominant ideology of the ruling class

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12
Q

Ideological State apparatus

A

Althusser

Institutions such as education system that transmit a ruling class ideology to the working class

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13
Q

How would interactionists evaluate the superstructure

A

argue that Marxists ignore the freedom of choice that people have creating their identity

people ‘choose’ rather than being ‘brainwashed’

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14
Q

How would functionalists evaluate the superstructure

A

do believe that society can be understood in terms of a structural approach, but they do not agree with Marxism that this structure is based on a class conflict but rather a value consensus

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15
Q

How would Max Weber evaluate the superstructure

A

the model neglects the role of ‘ideas’

for example, he argues that it was the emergence of a new set of ideas, those of Calvinistic Protestantism which helped to bring modern capitalism into being

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16
Q

How did Marx argue for class conflict

A

The ruling class own the means of production which puts them in a position of power to exploit the working class by making profit

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17
Q

Surplus value

A

The difference between what it costs to produce a good and what that product is sold for is known as surplus value and goes to the employer by means of profit

18
Q

How would radical feminists evaluate class conflict

A

the main conflict in society is not between class, but between gender with men systemically exploiting women for their own benefit through patriarchy

19
Q

How would marxist feminists evaluate class conflict

A

believe in the principles of the marxist argument, but see the working class as women in society, being exploited at the hand of men

20
Q

What does Marcuse argue?

A

‘false needs’ are created through the media so that we buy material goods as these are seen as ‘making us happy’

popular culture such as TV and advertising has had a negative effect on culture because it creates these false needs

21
Q

how is false class consciousness created through the media

A

soaps deflect the attention of exploitation away from the working class and re-directs their attention to the issues within the programme

22
Q

how do marxists argue that socialisation is an ideological process

A

the aims of it are transmitting ruling class ideas that society is meritocratic - myth of meritocracy

23
Q

how would neo-marxists evaluate ideology and socialisation

A

argue that not all working class are passively indoctrinated into the dominant ideology and some can demonstrate a resistance by rebelling through creating oppositional subcultures seen in Willis’s study

24
Q

how would radical feminists evaluate ideology and socialisation

A

they believe that socialisation of the dominant ideology can be a form of indoctrination but this is an indoctrination into patriarchal ideology rather than capitalist ideology

25
Q

How do marxists criticise functionalist views on the family

A

they do not agree that children are socialised into shared cultural norms and values which will ultimately benefit all of society as a whole

argue that socialisation benefits the interests of the ruling class

26
Q

what does Zaretksy argue

A

family instils capitalist values such as obedience, respect for authority - allows for the ruling class to maintain dominance

ensures the individual can be exploited later in life but won’t understand that they are being exploited

27
Q

what does the capitalist values in family lead to

A

it reduces conflict, increases conformity which therefore means that exploitation can occur unchallenged

28
Q

how would functionalists evaluate the role of the family

A

Parsons - disagrees that the family passes down a capitalist ideology, thus reinforcing a class-based conflict
argued that the family actually builds solidarity

29
Q

how would radical feminists evaluate the role of the family

A

the main ideology being socialised within the family is not capitalist values, but actually patriarchal values

30
Q

how would interactionism evaluate the role of the family

A

the individuals are not ‘passive’ victims of socialisation, but ‘active’ in the process of socialisation

31
Q

how would postmodernists evaluate the role of the family

A

argue that there is a choice within the family in terms of socialisation - we can teach non-capitalist values if we want
argue that Marxism ignore the wide and increasing variety of family structures that exist in the contemporary UK

32
Q

What does Althusser argue

A

the role of education as an agent of socialisation is dominated by the hidden curriculum

this is taught informally to students

the ruling class ideology is taught through the hidden curriculum - acceptance of the capitalist system and conformity

students are not provided with educational knowledge that challenges the existence of capitalism

33
Q

what do marxists argue about the role of the education system

A

education socialises students into an uncritical acceptance of hierarchy, obedience and failure

the working class - taught to see failure as their own fault rather than seeing it as the result of certain processes that benefit the ruling classes as they require an unskilled, uneducated manual labour force

34
Q

how would functionalists evaluate the role of the education system

A

disagree with the marxist views that education socialises the working class into accepting social inequalities and argue that it actually socialises all individuals into a common culture based on a value consensus

35
Q

how would interactionists evaluate the role of the education system

A

Dennis Wrong
socialisation through the education system is not ‘passive’ but a negotiated process whereby the individual actively engages in the process

Neo-marxists agree with this - Willis study highlights the rebelling of the capitalist ideology in education and created an anti-school subculture

36
Q

how would radical feminists evaluate the role of the education system

A

socialisation process in education is not legitimating and reinforcing class inequalities but reinforce patriarchal oppression

sites of oppression - hidden curriculum, school uniform, language differences from teachers, subject choices

37
Q

what does Miliband argue

A

the ruling class use the media to transmit the dominant ideology to the working class

creates a harmful mass culture

we learn out class identities through the media

the media is the new ‘opium of the people’

38
Q

What does Marsh and Keating argue

A

popular culture is a false culture devised and packaged by capitalism to keep the masses content

39
Q

what does marxists argue about the role of the media

A

we are socialised by the media into not being able to think for ourselves

critical thought is not encouraged by the media which has undergone a process of ‘dumbing down’ - Barnett

whereby we are socialised into not being able to think for ourselves

40
Q

how would feminists evaluate the role of the media

A

criticise marxists for focusing exclusively on class and capitalist ideology, thereby failing to account for gender stereotypes that are transmitted through the media

41
Q

how would interactionists evaluate the role of the media

A

action based
active audience model

sees the audience as not passively consuming media, but actively selecting what they want to take from the messages in the media and even being critical of them

42
Q

Neo-marxist views on culture

A

Gramsci - suggested that individuals in a capitalist society possessed a ‘dual consciousness’ saw the world through the ideology of the ruling class but also through their everyday experience of low wages, poor working conditions and their own exploitation - helped them see through ideology and realise society is not fair

ruling class never have control over the ideology they promote as it will be challenged by some members of the working class

argue that not everyone will obey the ruling class ideology and there may be differences in the values and beliefs of those from different social classes

sociology (49 decks)

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