Marriage & Divorce Flashcards

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1
Q

MARRIAGE

What does the General Marriage Rate mean?

A

marriages per 1000 men/women over the age of 16 per given year

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2
Q

MARRIAGE

What does secularisation mean?

A

Society becoming secular, less religious.

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3
Q

What does monogamy mean?

A

One partner at a time.

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4
Q

MARRIAGE

What does serial monogamy mean?

A

Only ever been with one person at a time, but marrying more than once.

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5
Q

MARRIAGE

What does polygamy mean?

A

Marriage to more than one person at a time (two types).

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6
Q

MARRIAGE

What does polygyny mean?

A

A type of polygamy - when a religion or culture allows a man to have multiple wives.

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7
Q

MARRIAGE

What does polyandry mean?

A

A type of polygamy - when a culture allows a woman to have multiple husbands.

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8
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believe marriage encourages?
What does this result in?

A

Loyalty.

People are more motivated to provide as high of an income as possible.

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9
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believes marriage betters?
How?

A

The socialisation of children.

Two parents, male and female, can socialise children more effectively from separate viewpoints.

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10
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believe marriage promotes?
How?

A

The sharing of parental responsibilities

It enforces its importance.

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11
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believe marriage discourages?
How?

A

The reliance on benefits.

It encourages both partners to be employed, providing more of an income.

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12
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

NR COUNTER ARGUMENT - __% of families are headed by a ______ couple. This suggests that _______ is not in as great of a _______ as the NR suggests.

A

a) 67%
b) married
c) marriage
d) decline

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13
Q

MARRIAGE

__% of all marriages are ________ - ___ remarry more than ______ do because women’s _________ for _______ reduces their opportunities.

Men can ________ at any ___ whilst women have a ________ _______.
Women have a more _______ experience of ________ than men.

A

a) 40%
b) remarriages
c) men
d) women
e) responsibility
f) children

h) reproduce
i) age
j) biological deadline
k) negative
l) marriage

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14
Q

MARRIAGE

What can decline in marriage be partially blamed on?
Give a specific statistic.

A

It’s very expensive.

7.5% decline in marriage rates for social class 7 (unskilled manual workers) since 2001.

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15
Q

MARRIAGE
ASIAN FAMILY LIFE

According to R_____ B______, _______ families are common in ________ and _______ British families.

________ ________ families are common amongst British _____.

________ ________ families are common amongst British _____ _______ ______.

A

a) Richard Bertraled
b) nuclear
c) Bangladeshi
d) Pakistani

e) extended horizontal
f) Sikhs

g) extended vertical
h) East African Indians

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16
Q

MARRIAGE
ASIAN FAMILY LIFE

According to R_____ B_______, Asian families have/are:

  • less _______ and _________.
  • often ________.
  • little ________ between _____.
  • _____ at a _______ age.
  • often have _______ at a _______ age.
A

a) Richard Bertraled
b) cohabitation and divorce
c) arranged
d) intermarriage between faiths
e) marry at a younger age
f) children at a younger age

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17
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

African Caribbean families - ____ likely to be in a ______ marriage.

__% of British born African Caribbean adults are in ______ marriages, compared to __% of _____ adults.

A

a) less
b) formal
c) 39%
d) formal
e) 60%
f) white

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18
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

African Caribbean families - C_______ and G________ argue the main reason for more lone-parent households in AC families is because _______ chose to live ________ e.g __% of AC lone-parent households compared to __% of _____ households.

WHY?
AC women are ____ likely to be _______ than AC men - they prefer ________ independence.
There is a _____ extended ______ network.
Often have ‘_______ ___’.

A

a) Chamberlain and Gulbourne
b) mothers
c) independently
d) 24%
e) 10% of white households

f) more
g) employed
h) economic
i) strong
j) kinship
k) ‘fictive kin’

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19
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

Mixed-race families - African Caribbean families are ____ likely to ______, especially with _____ people.
_____ of UK children with AC parents also have a ____ parent.

A

a) more
b) intermarry
c) white

d) half
e) white

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20
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Law - divorces were virtually _________ and only obtainable through an ____ of _______ which was very _____.

In 18__, men could divorce _______ wives which was very ______ and had to be _____.
Made ______ for women in 19__.

A

a) non-existent
c) Act of Parliament
d) costly

e) 1857
f) unfaithful
g) costly
h) proved
i) easier
j) 1923

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21
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Law - what did the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 mean?
3

A

Neither partner had to prove fault.

You had to prove you had been a couple for at least 2 years.

You had to prove the marriage had irretrievably broken down.

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22
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Law - The 19__ F______ L___ Act encourages ______ to seek ________ but allows ______ after a period of ________.

A

a) 1996 Family Law Act
b) couples
c) mediation
d) divorce
e) reflection

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23
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Law - what did the 1996 Family Law Act encourage?

A

It encouraged couples to seek mediation but allows divorce after a period of reflection.

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24
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Law - In 20__, both individuals in the couple had to leave with _____ of all ______ including _______ and ______ rights.

A

a) 2007
b) 50:50
c) assets
d) salaries
e) pension

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25
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Law - What happened in 2007?

A

It was stated that both individuals in the couple had to leave with 50:50 of all assets including salaries and pension rights.

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26
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Alternatives - ________ is where one _____ leaves the other but remains _______ ______.

A

a) desertion
b) partner
c) legally married

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27
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Alternatives - ________ ________ is when the ______ separates the _______ and ______ affairs of the couple but they remain _______ and are not free to ______.

A

a) legal separation
b) couple
c) financial
d) legal
e) married
f) remarry

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28
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Alternatives - ______ _____ ________ is when the ______ continue to live _______ but remain ______ in _____ only.

A

a) empty shell marriage
b) couple
c) together
d) married
e) name

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29
Q

DIVORCE

Divorce Alternatives - Since divorce became more ________, these solutions have become more ________.

A

a) available

b) unpopular

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30
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE

According to Patricia Morgan (2000), why is marriage important to society?
(3)

A

Better workers - married men are more likely to be employed & earn 10-20% more due to higher sense of duty to partners.

Moral society - people are less likely to be sexually deviant as they feel loyalty to family & partners.

Men’s health - men have longer lifespan when married & more likely to survive diabetes & heart attacks.

31
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE

According to Patricia Morgan (2000), why is marriage in decline?
(3)

A

Welfare state - substitutes husbands so single parenthood is viable as husband’s income not needed.

Increased secularisation - less likely to see wedding vows as sacred & adultery/divorce as shameful.

Cohabitation - doubled in last 2 decades, replacing marriage.

32
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE

What are criticisms of the New Right perspective on why marriage is declining? (2)

A

It’s not declining but delayed due to higher expectations.

Women now insist on egalitarian partnerships, demonstrated by higher divorce rates.

33
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms

  • The B______ S_______ A________ Survey indicates _______ is still the ‘_____ ________’ that people ____ towards.
  • __% of all marriages are _______, showing people are not ______ up on it.
A

a) The British Social Attitudes Survey
b) marriage
c) ‘gold standard’
d) aim

e) 40%
f) remarriages
g) giving

34
Q

What does egalitarian mean?

A

Equal

35
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms

  • __% of marriages end in _______.
  • Many people cannot _______ marriage (______ _____ __)
A

a) 42%
b) divorce

e) afford
f) social class 7

36
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms

List 3 criticisms of the New Right perspective on cohabitation & marriage.

A

Childbearing may lead cohabitating couples to marriage.

Cohabitation is rarely long-term; often leads to marriage or separation.

Couples use cohabitation to test marriage.

37
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms

What are criticisms of the New Right’s perspective on arranged marriages? (2)

A

It’s popular with British Asians & Orthodox Jews.

Robert Epstein interviewed 100 couples of arranged marriages & found their love grew over time.

38
Q

MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms

How do feminists criticise the New Right perspective on marriage?

A

The 1763 reported cases of forced marriage in the UK in 2019 doesn’t even reflect the size of the problem as victims are unlikely to come forward.

39
Q

DIVORCE

Who are ‘silver-splitters’?

A

People over 60 who are divorcing - 45% rise in 2002.

40
Q

DIVORCE
Increase 1972-1993

How did the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 make divorce more accessible, causing an increase?

A

Easier & cheaper - everyone who wanted a divorce but couldn’t afford it got divorced after 1970.

41
Q

DIVORCE
Increase 1972-1993

How have expectations of marriage changed, causing an increase in divorce?

A

They’re higher - people aren’t willing to accept empty-shell marriages & demand emotional & sexual compatibility & equality.

42
Q

DIVORCE
Increase 1972-1993

Outline how WOMEN’S expectations have changed.

A

In 2012, 65% of divorces were initiated by women - it’s argued women value friendship & emotional gratification more.

43
Q

DIVORCE
Increase 1972-1993

How did the entry of women into the labour force contribute to an increase in divorce?

A

Independent wage gave them more choice & financial security after a marriage.

44
Q

DIVORCE
Increase 1972-1993

How was women being less likely to take full responsibility for domestic tasks increased divorce? (2)

A

Some wives feel they’re expected to take responsibility for domestic work.

Tensions result from women taking over traditional male role of breadwinning.

45
Q

DIVORCE
Increase 1972-1993

How does the secularisation of society contribute to increasing divorce?

A

It’s now less associated with shame.

46
Q

DIVORCE
Increase 1972-1993

How has the declining influence of the extended family contributed to increased divorce?

A

Close-knit families traditionally put pressure on couples to stay together to avoid shameful labels associated with divorce.

47
Q

DIVORCE
The Postmodernist Theory

How has individualism influenced divorce?

A

People now have freedom to pursue individual goals (making them more ‘selfish’) as there’s less pressure to conform to traditional collective goals set by extended family, religion or culture.

48
Q

DIVORCE
The Postmodernist Theory

C_____ - men and women are _____ likely to enter a _______ wanting _______ things sought through _______ and __________.

A

a) conflict
b) more
c) marriage
d) separate
e) selfishness
f) individualisation

49
Q

DIVORCE
The Postmodernist Theory

C_____ - people have a _____ range of _______ choices available leading to _______ family _______.
In the Postmodernist perspective ______ is just a ________ choice.

A

a) choice
b) greater
c) lifestyle
d) increased
e) diversity
f) divorce
g) lifestyle

50
Q

DIVORCE
The decline in divorce since 1993

People are getting married ______ to have _____ to focus on their ______ etc.

Those that marry ______ have a _____ risk of divorce as they’re more _______ and haven’t rushed anything & their ______/____ being more _____.

A

a) older
b) time
c) careers

d) older
e) lower
f) mature
g) careers/lives
h) stable

51
Q

DIVORCE
The decline in divorce since 1993

_________ before ________ has ________ as people no longer feel they have to _____ into things.
This ________ the _______ rate as people are able to ‘____’ a ________ first.

A

a) cohabitation
b) marriage
c) increased
d) rush

e) decreased
f) divorce
g) test
h) marriage

52
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

What is a reconstituted family?

A

A step family

53
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

What % of families are reconstituted?

A

8%

54
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

What % of step families are ‘blended’ families?

A

57%

55
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

What’s a ‘blended’ family?

A

A couple have children together as well as their children from previous marriages.

56
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

What kind of families do children increasingly live in?

A

Bi-nuclear families

57
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

What are bi-nuclear family?
What do children in these families experience?

A

Two separate nuclear households, one headed by fathers & one headed by mothers.

Co-parenting, sometimes with their mum & sometimes with their dad.

58
Q

MARITAL BREAKDOWN

What difficulties do children in bi-nuclear families face and according to who?
2

A

De-Atu & Slater (1992):
They may feel torn between two directions with parents.
Strained relationships between step-parents & children due to resentment on both halves.

59
Q

MARRIAGE

Describe the general trend in GMR between 1970 and 2009.

A

1970 = 480,000 couples married

2009 = 231,500 couples married

60
Q

MARRIAGE

Describe the general trend in mean marriage AGE at first marriage between 1972 and 2012.

A

1972 = 24.9 for men, 22.9 for women

2012 = 32.4 for men, 30.3 for women

61
Q

MARRIAGE

How does the Office for National Statistics suggest marriage is increasingly becoming a MIDDLE CLASS institution?

A

2012 - 66.3% of marriages were middle/upper class.

44.5% of marriages were working/lower class.

62
Q

MARRIAGE

According to Sarah Corse, why is marriage becoming a middle-class institution in America?

A

Decline in factory jobs & rise in unstable casual employment means working-class couples are less likely to get married, stay married & have children in marriage.

63
Q

MARRIAGE

Explain the difference between arranged marriage and forced marriage.

A

Arranged = mutual, consensual discussion about a proposal match

Forced = no consent from participants

64
Q

MARRIAGE

Why are arranged marriages more likely to be happy and long lasting than ‘love’ marriages and according to who?

A

Robert Epstein - love in arranged marriages tends to grow so it’s stronger & more new.

65
Q

MARRIAGE

How many forced marriages were there in the UK in 2013? How many forced marriages were there in the UK in 2018?

A

2013 - 1,302

2018 - 1,764

66
Q

MARRIAGE

Why is it difficult to accurately assess how many marriages are forced marriages?

A

Victims are reluctant to come forward as they’re unwilling to report parents to authorities.

67
Q

MARRIAGE

What is the Office for National Statistics’ definition of cohabitation?

A

Living with a partner but not married/in civil partnership.

68
Q

MARRIAGE

What has happened to the number of individuals ‘cohabitating’ since 1996?

A

Doubled to 5.9 million in 2012.

69
Q

MARRIAGE

In 2012, how many children were born outside of wedlock?
How does this contrast with 1938?

A

2012 = 47.5%

1938 = 4%

70
Q

MARRIAGE

How has the number of marriages changed?

A

1972 - 480,000

2009 - 231,500

71
Q

MARRIAGE

What did the Office for National Statistics find regarding class?

A

Marriage is increasingly linked to class - more middle-class people are marrying & less working class people are marrying.

72
Q

MARRIAGE

Why is it believed more middle-class people and less working-class people are marrying? (2)

A
Middle-class can afford weddings & divorces
Middle-class culture encourages it
73
Q

SEPARATION

LAT couples are becoming increasingly popular.
What are LAT couples?

A

Couples ‘living apart together’.