Marriage & Divorce Flashcards by Honour ROGERSON

MARRIAGE

What does the General Marriage Rate mean?

marriages per 1000 men/women over the age of 16 per given year

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MARRIAGE

What does secularisation mean?

Society becoming secular, less religious.

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What does monogamy mean?

One partner at a time.

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MARRIAGE

What does serial monogamy mean?

Only ever been with one person at a time, but marrying more than once.

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MARRIAGE

What does polygamy mean?

Marriage to more than one person at a time (two types).

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MARRIAGE

What does polygyny mean?

A type of polygamy - when a religion or culture allows a man to have multiple wives.

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MARRIAGE

What does polyandry mean?

A type of polygamy - when a culture allows a woman to have multiple husbands.

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MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believe marriage encourages?
What does this result in?

Loyalty.

People are more motivated to provide as high of an income as possible.

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MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believes marriage betters?
How?

The socialisation of children.

Two parents, male and female, can socialise children more effectively from separate viewpoints.

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MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believe marriage promotes?
How?

The sharing of parental responsibilities

It enforces its importance.

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MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

What does the New Right believe marriage discourages?
How?

The reliance on benefits.

It encourages both partners to be employed, providing more of an income.

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MARRIAGE
NEW RIGHT Perspective

NR COUNTER ARGUMENT - __% of families are headed by a ______ couple. This suggests that _______ is not in as great of a _______ as the NR suggests.

a) 67%
b) married
c) marriage
d) decline

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MARRIAGE

__% of all marriages are ________ - ___ remarry more than ______ do because women’s _________ for _______ reduces their opportunities.

Men can ________ at any ___ whilst women have a ________ _______.
Women have a more _______ experience of ________ than men.

a) 40%
b) remarriages
c) men
d) women
e) responsibility
f) children

h) reproduce
i) age
j) biological deadline
k) negative
l) marriage

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MARRIAGE

What can decline in marriage be partially blamed on?
Give a specific statistic.

It’s very expensive.

7.5% decline in marriage rates for social class 7 (unskilled manual workers) since 2001.

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MARRIAGE
ASIAN FAMILY LIFE

According to R_____ B______, _______ families are common in ________ and _______ British families.

________ ________ families are common amongst British _____.

________ ________ families are common amongst British _____ _______ ______.

a) Richard Bertraled
b) nuclear
c) Bangladeshi
d) Pakistani

e) extended horizontal
f) Sikhs

g) extended vertical
h) East African Indians

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MARRIAGE
ASIAN FAMILY LIFE

According to R_____ B_______, Asian families have/are:

less _______ and _________.
often ________.
little ________ between _____.
_____ at a _______ age.
often have _______ at a _______ age.

a) Richard Bertraled
b) cohabitation and divorce
c) arranged
d) intermarriage between faiths
e) marry at a younger age
f) children at a younger age

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MARITAL BREAKDOWN

African Caribbean families - ____ likely to be in a ______ marriage.

__% of British born African Caribbean adults are in ______ marriages, compared to __% of _____ adults.

a) less
b) formal
c) 39%
d) formal
e) 60%
f) white

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MARITAL BREAKDOWN

African Caribbean families - C_______ and G________ argue the main reason for more lone-parent households in AC families is because _______ chose to live ________ e.g __% of AC lone-parent households compared to __% of _____ households.

WHY?
AC women are ____ likely to be _______ than AC men - they prefer ________ independence.
There is a _____ extended ______ network.
Often have ‘_______ ___’.

a) Chamberlain and Gulbourne
b) mothers
c) independently
d) 24%
e) 10% of white households

f) more
g) employed
h) economic
i) strong
j) kinship
k) ‘fictive kin’

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MARITAL BREAKDOWN

Mixed-race families - African Caribbean families are ____ likely to ______, especially with _____ people.
_____ of UK children with AC parents also have a ____ parent.

a) more
b) intermarry
c) white

d) half
e) white

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DIVORCE

Divorce Law - divorces were virtually _________ and only obtainable through an ____ of _______ which was very _____.

In 18__, men could divorce _______ wives which was very ______ and had to be _____.
Made ______ for women in 19__.

a) non-existent
c) Act of Parliament
d) costly

e) 1857
f) unfaithful
g) costly
h) proved
i) easier
j) 1923

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DIVORCE

Divorce Law - what did the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 mean?
3

Neither partner had to prove fault.

You had to prove you had been a couple for at least 2 years.

You had to prove the marriage had irretrievably broken down.

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DIVORCE

Divorce Law - The 19__ F______ L___ Act encourages ______ to seek ________ but allows ______ after a period of ________.

a) 1996 Family Law Act
b) couples
c) mediation
d) divorce
e) reflection

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DIVORCE

Divorce Law - what did the 1996 Family Law Act encourage?

It encouraged couples to seek mediation but allows divorce after a period of reflection.

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DIVORCE

Divorce Law - In 20__, both individuals in the couple had to leave with _____ of all ______ including _______ and ______ rights.

a) 2007
b) 50:50
c) assets
d) salaries
e) pension

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DIVORCE Divorce Law - What happened in 2007?

It was stated that both individuals in the couple had to leave with 50:50 of all assets including salaries and pension rights.

DIVORCE Divorce Alternatives - ________ is where one _____ leaves the other but remains _______ ______.

a) desertion b) partner c) legally married

DIVORCE Divorce Alternatives - ________ ________ is when the ______ separates the _______ and ______ affairs of the couple but they remain _______ and are not free to ______.

a) legal separation b) couple c) financial d) legal e) married f) remarry

DIVORCE Divorce Alternatives - ______ _____ ________ is when the ______ continue to live _______ but remain ______ in _____ only.

a) empty shell marriage b) couple c) together d) married e) name

DIVORCE Divorce Alternatives - Since divorce became more ________, these solutions have become more ________.

a) available | b) unpopular

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE According to Patricia Morgan (2000), why is marriage important to society? (3)

Better workers - married men are more likely to be employed & earn 10-20% more due to higher sense of duty to partners. Moral society - people are less likely to be sexually deviant as they feel loyalty to family & partners. Men's health - men have longer lifespan when married & more likely to survive diabetes & heart attacks.

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE According to Patricia Morgan (2000), why is marriage in decline? (3)

Welfare state - substitutes husbands so single parenthood is viable as husband's income not needed. Increased secularisation - less likely to see wedding vows as sacred & adultery/divorce as shameful. Cohabitation - doubled in last 2 decades, replacing marriage.

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE What are criticisms of the New Right perspective on why marriage is declining? (2)

It's not declining but delayed due to higher expectations. Women now insist on egalitarian partnerships, demonstrated by higher divorce rates.

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms - The B______ S_______ A________ Survey indicates _______ is still the '_____ ________' that people ____ towards. - __% of all marriages are _______, showing people are not ______ up on it.

a) The British Social Attitudes Survey b) marriage c) 'gold standard' d) aim e) 40% f) remarriages g) giving

What does egalitarian mean?

Equal

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms - __% of marriages end in _______. - Many people cannot _______ marriage (______ _____ __)

a) 42% b) divorce e) afford f) social class 7

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms List 3 criticisms of the New Right perspective on cohabitation & marriage.

Childbearing may lead cohabitating couples to marriage. Cohabitation is rarely long-term; often leads to marriage or separation. Couples use cohabitation to test marriage.

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms What are criticisms of the New Right's perspective on arranged marriages? (2)

It's popular with British Asians & Orthodox Jews. Robert Epstein interviewed 100 couples of arranged marriages & found their love grew over time.

MARRIAGE NEW RIGHT PERSPECTIVE - Criticisms How do feminists criticise the New Right perspective on marriage?

The 1763 reported cases of forced marriage in the UK in 2019 doesn't even reflect the size of the problem as victims are unlikely to come forward.

DIVORCE Who are 'silver-splitters'?

People over 60 who are divorcing - 45% rise in 2002.

DIVORCE Increase 1972-1993 How did the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 make divorce more accessible, causing an increase?

Easier & cheaper - everyone who wanted a divorce but couldn't afford it got divorced after 1970.

DIVORCE Increase 1972-1993 How have expectations of marriage changed, causing an increase in divorce?

They're higher - people aren't willing to accept empty-shell marriages & demand emotional & sexual compatibility & equality.

DIVORCE Increase 1972-1993 Outline how WOMEN'S expectations have changed.

In 2012, 65% of divorces were initiated by women - it's argued women value friendship & emotional gratification more.

DIVORCE Increase 1972-1993 How did the entry of women into the labour force contribute to an increase in divorce?

Independent wage gave them more choice & financial security after a marriage.

DIVORCE Increase 1972-1993 How was women being less likely to take full responsibility for domestic tasks increased divorce? (2)

Some wives feel they're expected to take responsibility for domestic work. Tensions result from women taking over traditional male role of breadwinning.

DIVORCE Increase 1972-1993 How does the secularisation of society contribute to increasing divorce?

It's now less associated with shame.

DIVORCE Increase 1972-1993 How has the declining influence of the extended family contributed to increased divorce?

Close-knit families traditionally put pressure on couples to stay together to avoid shameful labels associated with divorce.

DIVORCE The Postmodernist Theory How has individualism influenced divorce?

People now have freedom to pursue individual goals (making them more 'selfish') as there's less pressure to conform to traditional collective goals set by extended family, religion or culture.

DIVORCE The Postmodernist Theory C_____ - men and women are _____ likely to enter a _______ wanting _______ things sought through _______ and __________.

a) conflict b) more c) marriage d) separate e) selfishness f) individualisation

DIVORCE The Postmodernist Theory C_____ - people have a _____ range of _______ choices available leading to _______ family _______. In the Postmodernist perspective ______ is just a ________ choice.

a) choice b) greater c) lifestyle d) increased e) diversity f) divorce g) lifestyle

DIVORCE The decline in divorce since 1993 People are getting married ______ to have _____ to focus on their ______ etc. Those that marry ______ have a _____ risk of divorce as they're more _______ and haven't rushed anything & their ______/____ being more _____.

a) older b) time c) careers d) older e) lower f) mature g) careers/lives h) stable

DIVORCE The decline in divorce since 1993 _________ before ________ has ________ as people no longer feel they have to _____ into things. This ________ the _______ rate as people are able to '____' a ________ first.

a) cohabitation b) marriage c) increased d) rush e) decreased f) divorce g) test h) marriage

MARITAL BREAKDOWN What is a reconstituted family?

A step family

MARITAL BREAKDOWN What % of families are reconstituted?

MARITAL BREAKDOWN What % of step families are 'blended' families?

57%

MARITAL BREAKDOWN What's a 'blended' family?

A couple have children together as well as their children from previous marriages.

MARITAL BREAKDOWN What kind of families do children increasingly live in?

Bi-nuclear families

MARITAL BREAKDOWN What are bi-nuclear family? What do children in these families experience?

Two separate nuclear households, one headed by fathers & one headed by mothers. Co-parenting, sometimes with their mum & sometimes with their dad.

MARITAL BREAKDOWN | What difficulties do children in bi-nuclear families face and according to who? 2

De-Atu & Slater (1992): They may feel torn between two directions with parents. Strained relationships between step-parents & children due to resentment on both halves.

MARRIAGE Describe the general trend in GMR between 1970 and 2009.

1970 = 480,000 couples married 2009 = 231,500 couples married

MARRIAGE Describe the general trend in mean marriage AGE at first marriage between 1972 and 2012.

1972 = 24.9 for men, 22.9 for women 2012 = 32.4 for men, 30.3 for women

MARRIAGE How does the Office for National Statistics suggest marriage is increasingly becoming a MIDDLE CLASS institution?

2012 - 66.3% of marriages were middle/upper class. | 44.5% of marriages were working/lower class.

MARRIAGE According to Sarah Corse, why is marriage becoming a middle-class institution in America?

Decline in factory jobs & rise in unstable casual employment means working-class couples are less likely to get married, stay married & have children in marriage.

MARRIAGE Explain the difference between arranged marriage and forced marriage.

Arranged = mutual, consensual discussion about a proposal match Forced = no consent from participants

MARRIAGE Why are arranged marriages more likely to be happy and long lasting than 'love' marriages and according to who?

Robert Epstein - love in arranged marriages tends to grow so it's stronger & more new.

MARRIAGE How many forced marriages were there in the UK in 2013? How many forced marriages were there in the UK in 2018?

2013 - 1,302 2018 - 1,764

MARRIAGE Why is it difficult to accurately assess how many marriages are forced marriages?

Victims are reluctant to come forward as they're unwilling to report parents to authorities.

MARRIAGE What is the Office for National Statistics' definition of cohabitation?

Living with a partner but not married/in civil partnership.

MARRIAGE What has happened to the number of individuals 'cohabitating' since 1996?

Doubled to 5.9 million in 2012.

MARRIAGE In 2012, how many children were born outside of wedlock? How does this contrast with 1938?

2012 = 47.5% 1938 = 4%

MARRIAGE How has the number of marriages changed?

1972 - 480,000 2009 - 231,500

MARRIAGE What did the Office for National Statistics find regarding class?

Marriage is increasingly linked to class - more middle-class people are marrying & less working class people are marrying.

MARRIAGE Why is it believed more middle-class people and less working-class people are marrying? (2)

``` Middle-class can afford weddings & divorces Middle-class culture encourages it ```

SEPARATION LAT couples are becoming increasingly popular. What are LAT couples?

Couples 'living apart together'.