Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the 1880 Education Act

A

Education made compulsory for 5-10 year olds.

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2
Q

When was the first Education Act?

A

1880

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3
Q

Explain the 1918 Fisher Education Act

A

Education made compulsory for 5-14 year olds.

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4
Q

When was the Fisher Education Act?

A

1918

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5
Q

Why was there a truancy problem in schools in the INDUSTRIAL PERIOD?

A

Children were working for their families.

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6
Q

Childhood is a social construction.

What is a social construction?

A

Something built/made up by society.

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7
Q

PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

P_____ A___ (19__) studied ________ paintings and found children were _______ like _____.

WHY? People didn’t ____ their _____ and there was a high _______ _______ rate so people didn’t want to _____ time in ______.

A

a) Philippe Aries (1962)
b) Medieval
d) treated
e) adults

f) know
g) age
h) infant mortality
i) waste time in childhood

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8
Q

PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

When did current ideas of childhood develop and for who?
Why?

A

End of 17th century for middle/upper class children.

Their infant mortality rate decreased & people spent more time with family, giving more attention to children.

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9
Q

PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

CRITIQUE OF ARIES:

  • There is limited _______.
  • Paintings were normally of _______ _____ so they don’t reflect _______ _________.
A

a) evidence
b) wealthy elite
c) ordinary experience

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10
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

It was an _______ necessity for children to _____ for their ____ families.

A

a) essential
b) work
c) poor

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11
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

What kind of work did children do?

A

Physical work in factories, mines, mills ect.

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12
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

What age did children start working?

A

Age 5 approx

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13
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

Children _________ their _______ if they were too ____ and/or _____.

A

a) supported
b) parents
c) old
d) sick

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14
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

The F______ Act 18__ meant children _______ work in ________ under the age of __.
Children aged __ - __ couldn’t work more than ____ hours a ____.
Children aged __ - __ couldn’t work more than ____ hours a ____.

A

a) Factory Act 1833
b) cannot
c) factories
d) 9

e) 9-13, 9 hours a day
h) 13-18, 12 hours a day

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15
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

T_____ B______ was set up in 18__.

____ B_______ Home’s were founded for _______ and _____ children.
Girls were taught _______ things.
Boys were _______ for _____.

A

a) Thomas Bernardo 1870
b) 112 Bernardo’s Homes
d) infants and young children

f) teen
g) domestic

h) teen
i) domestic
l) trained for trades

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16
Q

THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

The C_____ C_____ 18__ meant the ____ could now ______ _______ in relations with _____ and _______.

_____ could enter a home by _____ if they thought a ____ was in ______.
______ could ______ anyone found _______ a child.

A

a) The Children’s Charter 1889
b) state
c) legally intervene
d) parents and children

e) police
f) force
g) child
h) danger

i) police
j) arrest
k) ill-treating

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17
Q

THE 20th CENTURY

Cunningham (2006) said society now had 3 major features regarding childhood.
What are they?

A

Seen as innocent, vulnerable & need of protection.
Adults & children have separate social world/spheres
Have rights eg right to safety.

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18
Q

THE 20th CENTURY

Who stated that society now 3 major features regarding childhood?

A

Cunningham (2006)

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19
Q

THE 20th CENTURY
Children and governmental policies.

  • The ____ shows support for _______.
  • _________ state education ages __ - __.
  • The ____ interferes with family ______.
A

a) NHS
b) mothers

c) compulsory
d) 4-18

e) state
f) neglect

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20
Q

THE 20th CENTURY
Children and governmental policies.

  • The ____ pays _____ _______ and ______ ____ credit.
  • The ____ protects children from _________ in certain activities i.e ________, drinking _______, _______ and ____.
A

a) state
b) Child Benefit
c) Child Tax credit

d) state
e) participating
f) smoking, drinking alcohol, marriage and sex.

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21
Q

THE 20th CENTURY

The C____ S______ Act 19__ stated that in the event of _________ _________, the ______ of children is the _____ main ________.

________ must pay child ______ in this event.

A

a) The Child Support Act 1991
b) parental separating
c) welfare
d) state’s main priority

e) parents
f) support

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22
Q

THE 20th CENTURY

When was the Child Support Act?

A

1991

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23
Q

THE 20th CENTURY

The 20__ C______ Act was influenced by the ________ ______ case.
Anyone working with ______ must make a ______ of anything worth _______ about them.
The government has an ________ record for every child in the UK, making it ______ to _____ them.

A

a) 2004 Children’s Act
b) Victoria Climbie

c) children
d) record
e) noting

f) electronic
g) easier to trace

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24
Q

What is relativity?

A

People’s experience of social life isn’t the same - differs on class, ethnicity, gender, location etc.

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25
Q

Childhood is a _______ experience as it can be experienced both ________ and ________ and not all _______ construct it as a ______ and _______ experience.
In some parts of the world, childhood is a ________ and ______ period of life.

A

a) relative
b) positively and negatively
c) cultures
d) sacred and special

e) dangerous
f) risky

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26
Q

GENDER

O_____ (19__) said they are ________ into a set of behaviours based on _______ expectations about _________ and _________.
According to ________, this is to teach the ________ skills and ________ needed to perform the _____ role of _______ and _______.

A

a) Oakley (1985)
b) socialised
c) cultural
d) masculinity and femininity

e) feminists
f) feminine
g) attitudes
h) adult
i) home-maker and mother

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27
Q

GENDER

M______ (20__) suggests girls and boys have different experiences because _______ see girls as in _______ need of ________ from the world.
This means that they are ________ to _______ controls from _______ and consequently spend more time with _______ than their _______.

A

a) McRobbie (2000)
b) parents
c) greater
d) protection
e) subjected
f) stricter
g) parents
h) families
i) brothers

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28
Q

SOCIAL CLASS

L______ (20__) stated that the ______ class experience of _________ was ________ constructed by parents who were engaged in a ‘________ _________’ of children.

A

a) Lareau (2011)
b) middle class
c) childhood
d) socially
e) ‘concerted cultivation’

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29
Q

SOCIAL CLASS

What is ‘concerted cultivation’?

A

Parents enroll children at a young age in activities/courses.

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30
Q

SOCIAL CLASS

L_____ (20__) found that _______ class parents emphasised the ‘______ ______’ of their children. If they provide their children with ____, _____ and ______ they would grow up ______ and __________.

A

a) Lareau (2011)
b) working class
c) ‘natural growth’
d) love, food and safety
e) healthy and well-rounded

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31
Q

SOCIAL CLASS

V______ and B____ (20__) found ______ class parents raise ‘________ children’ - they are provided with _________ activities surrounding ______, ____ and ______.

A

a) Vincent and Ball (2007)
b) middle
c) ‘renaissance children’
d) enrichment
e) music, art and drama

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32
Q

SOCIAL CLASS

Vincent and Ball (2007) - a ‘_________’ child might experience more ______ later in life as they can acquire _______ ______ to make _______ choices in life & realise their ________, unlike _________ children.

A

a) renaissance
b) success
c) cultural capital
d) better
e) potential
f) working class

33
Q

SOCIAL CLASS

N______ (20__) identified ‘________ _________’ which is a ________ where ____ parents excessively ________ in their children’s lives eg _________ daily _______.
This stifles _________ and creates ______ children.

A

a) Nelson (2010)
b) ‘helicopter parenting’
c) parenting
d) rich
e) interfering
f) constructing daily schedules
g) development
h) spoilt

34
Q

SOCIAL CLASS

According to The C____ P______ A______ G____, children in _______ don’t experience childhood _______/______ that most take for _______ i.e going on ______ ____ or _______.

A

a) The Child Poverty Action Group
b) poverty
c) activities/events
d) granted
e) school trips
f) holidays

35
Q

RELIGION/ETHNICITY

A _____ child’s experience differs from a _____ child’s experience of childhood as _____ children feel a _______ sense of ________ & _____ to _______ & share their _______ view of not bringing ______ to the _______.

A

a) muslim
b) white
c) muslim
d) greater
e) obligation
f) duty
g) parents
h) parents
i) shame
j) family

36
Q

RELIGION/ETHNICITY

______ children spend _______ _______ at _______, learning the ______ whilst _____ children generally don’t have this ________.

A

a) muslim
b) saturday mornings
c) mosques
d) Qur’an
e) white
f) commitment

37
Q

RELIGION/ETHNICITY

C_____ and J________ (19__) found _______ whose children suffered ______ _________ or ______ didn’t give them _________ to move about _________ by _________ - demonstrating how children of _______ ________ experience _________ differently.

A

a) Chanal and Julienne (1999)
b) parents
c) racist harassment or attacks
d) freedom
e) neighbourhoods
f) themselves
g) ethnic minorities
h) childhood

38
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION

According to _____, ______ & lack of basic ________ meant children are _____ likely to contract _______.
EXAMPLE = _____ notes _______ kills _______ children a _____ in ______, while ______ kills ________ children a _____, most younger than ___.

A

a) UNICEF
b) poverty
c) healthcare
d) more
e) diseases
f) UNICEF
g) malaria
h) 500,000+ a year in Africa
i) measles
j) one million+ a year younger than 5

39
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION

According to ______, _______ children don’t attend _____ in the _________ world. For every ____ boys in education in ____, ___ aren’t.
Girls’ education is seen as _________ to _______, looking after ____ & _____ & other ________ responsibilities.

A

a) UNESCO
b) 67.4 million
c) school
d) developing
e) 100
f) Chad
g) 22
h) secondary
i) childcare
j) sick and elderly
k) domestic

40
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION

What is ‘social stigma’?

A

Social disapproval individuals or groups receive when being deviant /immoral.
Stigma is negative label attached to the individual or group.

41
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
Barriers to girls’ education:

COST - Can be _______ to maintain cost of ________, _______ & _______ etc. ______ often rely on girls’ ______ to ______ the _______. If families cannot _____ school, they’re ____ likely to send ____. They’ll also enter girls into _____ ________ if they can no longer _____ to provide for them.

A

a) difficult
b) transportation, textbooks and uniforms
c) parents
d) income
e) support
f) family
g) afford
h) more
i) boys
j) child marriages
k) afford

42
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
Barriers to girls’ education:

MENSTRUATION - When a girl starts her _____, she may miss ______ or _____ for a ________ portion of her ____. It’s ________ around the world & _______ _____ makes girls feel _________ to participate in society.
In _____, women are ________ to ___ during cycles.
Some girls can’t ______ _________ products & have no access to _____ _____.

A

a) period
b) school or work
c) significant
d) life
e) stigmatised
f) cultural shame
g) embarrassed
h) Nepal
i) banished to huts
j) afford sanitary products
k) clean water

43
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
Barriers to girls’ education:

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE - takes place in many forms eg _______ & _______ _____. _________ it affects _________, _________ & _________ - increases ______ rates.
Estimated ________ girls & boys are _______ on their way to _____ (more so ____).
Parents are ____ likely to let daughters travel to _____ if it involves ____, ______ distances.

A

a) physical & sexual abuse
b) surviving
c) enrollment, participation and achievements
d) dropout
e) 246 million
f) attacked
g) school
h) girls
i) less
j) school
k) long, unsafe

44
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
Child labour

Worldwide, there’s _________ victims of _____ ______ & ____ are in ________ & ________ labour. Among all of them, ________ are boys & _________ are girls & almost ____ are _ - _ years old.

A

a) 152 million
b) child labour
c) half
d) hazardous and dangerous
e) 88 million boys
f) 64 million girls
g) half
h) 5-11

45
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
How war affects childhood:

________ ____ children are in need of _________ aid & more than ________ can’t ______ it as they live in areas ________ to reach or under ______.
Some are forced to become child _______ & others are pushed into the _______ to provide for _______ & become _________.

A

a) 6 million
b) Syrian
c) humanitarian
d) 2 million
e) access
f) difficult to reach or under siege
h) soldiers
i) workforce
j) families
k) breadwinners

46
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
How war affects childhood:

Before war, _____ had almost ___% _______ school & __% _______ school enrollment rate.
In 20__, ______ reports ________ children in ____ and ______ ______ refugee children don’t have access to _________.

A

a) Syria
b) 100%
c) primary school
d) 70%
e) secondary
f) 2016
g) UNICEF
h) 2.1 million
i) Syria
j) 700,000
k) Syrian
l) education

47
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
The life of street children:

Who are street children?

A

Children growing up in landfills, train stations or under bridges etc of major cities. They can’t/don’t want to go home due to family conflict.

48
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
The life of street children:

Street children don’t have access to ______ & _______ _____. They sometimes don’t have _____ due to lack of ______.

A

a) healthy
b) sufficient diets
c) food
d) money

49
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
The life of street children:

Street children don’t have access to _______ _______ - they are often ____, infested with ____ & exposed to different _______ but must take ____ of themselves.

A

a) sanitary facilities
b) dirty
c) fleas
d) diseases
e) care

50
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
The life of street children:

Street children lack an ________ & are ________ from finding a ____ & leaving the ______.

A

a) education
b) hindered
c) job
d) streets

51
Q

GLOBAL LOCATION
The life of street children:

According to the ____, a child in the UK’s childhood experience may be ________ as they may experience ______ & _______/_______ abuse.
Each ____, at least ____ child ____ as a result of an _______ neglect.

A

a) NSPCC
b) negative
c) neglect and emotional/physical abuse

d) week
e) one
f) dies
g) adults

52
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

Who follows the conventional approach?

A

Functionalist and the New Right

53
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

It claims ________ is the most ________ factor in ________ childhoods as it parents ________ children into ________ ______ values such as good _______.

A

a) parenting
b) important
c) successful
d) socialise
e) positive social
f) manners

54
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

Claims parents seek to ensure ________ _________ don’t _______ a child’s _________.
________ child-rearing consists of ____ parents of the _______ sex.
_______ _______ also ____ children ____ family ______.

A

a) negative influences
b) undermine
c) upbringing
d) successful
e) two
f) opposite
g)
h) working mothers
i) deny
j) key
k) values

55
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

M______ P_____ (19__) argues that parenting ______ and ________ childhoods have _______ down because _______ ideas/______ have ________ parenting as too much _______ has been given to _______ - parents are _______ for using ________ etc.

A

a) Melanie Phillips (1997)
b) culture
c) successful
d) broken
e) liberal ideas/policies
f) distorted
g) power
h) children
i) penalised for using smacking

56
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

What does ‘sexualisation’ mean?

A

The imposing of adult models of sexual behaviour/dress etc onto children at too early of an age e.g certain media and advertising may encourage young girls to see themselves as objects of sexualisation.

57
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

M_______ P_____ (19__) thinks the period of childhood had ________ due to _________ and _________ impact on __________.

A

a) Melanie Phillips (1997)
b) shortened
c) adulthood
d) sexualisation’s
e) childhood

58
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

M_______ P_____ (19__) thinks there is an _______ in poor _______ health amongst __________ as they do not have the ________ maturity to cope with the ______ and ______ they have today or the ________.

A

a) Melanie Phillips (1997)
b) increase
c) mental
d) adolescents
e) emotional
f) rights
g) choices
h) sexualisation

59
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

P______ (19__) says childhood is under _____ because the _________ of TV means there are no _______ from ________ and they are ________ to the real world.

A

a) Postman (1982)
b) threat
c) popularity
d) secrets
e) children
f) exposed

60
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

P______ (19__) says childhood is under _____ because ‘_______ ________’ means there is little _________ between _____ and ________. Children’s _____ are __________ and now play more ______ video games. They act in more _____ ways and are more ________ independent.

A

a) Postman (1982)
b) threat
c) ‘social blurring’
d) distinction
e) adults and children
f) games
g) disappearing
h) adult
j) adult
k) economically

61
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

D_____ B_____ (20__) CONTRADICTS P______ (19__) by stating parents are now more than ever ________ with ______ and more ________ with ________ boundaries for their ________ and widening the _______ ____ around them.

A

a) David Brooks (2001)
b) Postman (1982)
c) obsessed
d) safety
e) concerned
f) defining boundaries
g) children
h) safety net

62
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Conventional Approach:

Children act as ________ more today than in the past as ________ have ________ children to encourage ‘_______ _______’.
Consequently, children ages - are worth about £_______ a year as consumers.

A

a) consumers
b) advertisers
c) targeted
d) ‘pester power’

e) 7-11
f) £20 million

63
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Feminist Approach:

What is objectification?

A

Treating mostly women as objects and disregarding their own bodies and lives as individuals.

64
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Feminist Approach:

W_____ argues ______ womens ______ are ________ more now than in the past due to the ______ obsession with _________ like ___ ________.
The association of female __________ with _________ has led to this.

A

a) Walter
b) young
c) bodies
d) objectified
e) media’s
f) celebrities
g) The Kardashians
h) empowerment
i) sexuality

65
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Feminist Approach:

W_____ claims objectification is a ________ impact on the childhood experiences of girls as it _______ their ________ as they enter ______ society.
______/_______ unwillingly ______ this _______ through their choice of ____ and ______ for girls.

A

a) Walter
b) negative
c) damages
d) aspirations
e) adult
f) parents/families
g) endorse
h) culture
i) toys and dress

66
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Social Action Theory:

It criticises the _________ approach as childhood does not just ‘_____’ to children - they _______ to it.
Parents do not ____ over children, _________ them however they wish - children are not ‘______ ________’ as they can _________ their parents and make _______ for themselves about their ________.

A

a) conventional
b) ‘happen’
c) contribute
d) rule
e) socialising
f) ‘passive recipients’
g) manipulate
h) decisions
i) childhood

67
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Social Action Theory:

The battle for children to have ______ leads to ______ because children ______ be completely _____ - the state has ____ to _______ them and ______ their ________ for ______.

A

a) agency
b) conflict
c) cannot
d) free
e) laws
f) protect
g) limit their freedom for safety

68
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Social Action Theory:

The battle for children to have ______ leads to ______ because _______ between parents and children ____ when children ____ upon their own _________ e.g ________ often involves ‘_____________ culture’ which creates _______ when parents try to limit ______ time.

A

a) agency
b) conflict
c) tension
d) arises
e) insist
f) independence
g) childhood
h) ‘screen rich bedroom culture’
i) tension
j) screen

69
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Social Action Theory:

What is ‘screen rich bedroom culture’?

A

Where children spend their leisure time separated from family using a screen in their room.

70
Q

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD
The Social Action Theory:

V___ R_______ and R___ (20__) argue that children’s ___ of new ______ has led to families ‘________________’

A

a) Van Rompaey and Roe (2001)
b) use
c) media
d) ‘living together, but separately’

71
Q

POSTMODERNIST VIEW

G_____ (19__) states the family has become more ________ - the _____ family has a ____ in how it is ____.
C______ claims this changes the __________ between _______ and _______ as _______ have to _______ and show _______ to them in order to be _________.

A

a) Giddens (1992)
b) democratic
c) whole
d) say
e) ran

f) Chambers
g) relationship
h) parents and children
i) answer and show respect
j) respected

72
Q

POSTMODERNIST VIEW

C______ argues that childhood is a _______ experience as you cannot directly ______ the childhood of those in _______ types of ________ to those in a ______ household.
Other factors also _______, such as ______ and ________.

A

a) Chambers
b) relative
c) compare
d) diverse
e) households
f) nuclear
g) contribute
h) ethnicity and social class

73
Q

POSTMODERNISTS VIEW

Postmodernists argue that the ______ childhood experience should not be ________ everywhere as:
The _______ of _______ are not the same _________ i.e it might be ________ for some children to spend their _____ in _____ work rather than _______ _________.

A

a) Western
b) pursued

c) interests
d) children
e) everywhere
f) positive
g) time in paid work
h) full-time education

74
Q

POSTMODERNISTS VIEW

Postmodernists argue that the ______ childhood experience should not be ________ everywhere as:
_________ societies may not have the level of _______ development necessary for children’s _____, _______ and ________.

A

a) Western
b) pursued

c) developing
d) economic
e) health, education and happiness

75
Q

POSTMODERNISTS VIEW

Postmodernists argue that the ______ childhood experience should not be ________ everywhere as:
______ ideas of childhood may not be __________ ______ than the other ______ of childhood.

A

a) Western
b) pursued

c) western
d) objectively better
e) models

76
Q

IMPACT OF TV ON CHILDHOOD

  • __% of __ year olds, __% of __ year olds and __% of __ year olds report watching more than __ hours of TV a day.
A

a) 62% of 11 year olds
b) 71% of 13 year olds
c) 68% of 15 year olds

d) 2 hours

77
Q

IMPACT OF TV ON CHILDHOOD

  • _________ screen time for children means they are _____ likely to be _________ and suffer from ________ problems and difficult ________ relations.
A

a) increasing
b) more
c) overweight
d) emotional
e) family

78
Q

IMPACT OF TV ON CHILDHOOD

  • According to ______________, children who spent ____ than an _____ a day playing ________ games were _____ times _____ likely to say they were ______.
A

a) UK government-commissioned research
b) less
c) hour
d) computer
e) three
f) more
g) happy