Childhood Flashcards by Honour ROGERSON

Explain the 1880 Education Act

Education made compulsory for 5-10 year olds.

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When was the first Education Act?

1880

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Explain the 1918 Fisher Education Act

Education made compulsory for 5-14 year olds.

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When was the Fisher Education Act?

1918

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Why was there a truancy problem in schools in the INDUSTRIAL PERIOD?

Children were working for their families.

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Childhood is a social construction.

What is a social construction?

Something built/made up by society.

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PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

P_____ A___ (19__) studied ________ paintings and found children were _______ like _____.

WHY? People didn’t ____ their _____ and there was a high _______ _______ rate so people didn’t want to _____ time in ______.

a) Philippe Aries (1962)
b) Medieval
d) treated
e) adults

f) know
g) age
h) infant mortality
i) waste time in childhood

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PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

When did current ideas of childhood develop and for who?
Why?

End of 17th century for middle/upper class children.

Their infant mortality rate decreased & people spent more time with family, giving more attention to children.

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PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

CRITIQUE OF ARIES:

There is limited _______.
Paintings were normally of _______ _____ so they don’t reflect _______ _________.

a) evidence
b) wealthy elite
c) ordinary experience

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THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

It was an _______ necessity for children to _____ for their ____ families.

a) essential
b) work
c) poor

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THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

What kind of work did children do?

Physical work in factories, mines, mills ect.

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THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

What age did children start working?

Age 5 approx

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THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

Children _________ their _______ if they were too ____ and/or _____.

a) supported
b) parents
c) old
d) sick

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THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

The F______ Act 18__ meant children _______ work in ________ under the age of __.
Children aged __ - __ couldn’t work more than ____ hours a ____.
Children aged __ - __ couldn’t work more than ____ hours a ____.

a) Factory Act 1833
b) cannot
c) factories
d) 9

e) 9-13, 9 hours a day
h) 13-18, 12 hours a day

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THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

T_____ B______ was set up in 18__.

____ B_______ Home’s were founded for _______ and _____ children.
Girls were taught _______ things.
Boys were _______ for _____.

a) Thomas Bernardo 1870
b) 112 Bernardo’s Homes
d) infants and young children

f) teen
g) domestic

h) teen
i) domestic
l) trained for trades

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THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

The C_____ C_____ 18__ meant the ____ could now ______ _______ in relations with _____ and _______.

_____ could enter a home by _____ if they thought a ____ was in ______.
______ could ______ anyone found _______ a child.

a) The Children’s Charter 1889
b) state
c) legally intervene
d) parents and children

e) police
f) force
g) child
h) danger

i) police
j) arrest
k) ill-treating

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THE 20th CENTURY

Cunningham (2006) said society now had 3 major features regarding childhood.
What are they?

Seen as innocent, vulnerable & need of protection.
Adults & children have separate social world/spheres
Have rights eg right to safety.

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THE 20th CENTURY

Who stated that society now 3 major features regarding childhood?

Cunningham (2006)

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THE 20th CENTURY
Children and governmental policies.

The ____ shows support for _______.
_________ state education ages __ - __.
The ____ interferes with family ______.

a) NHS
b) mothers

c) compulsory
d) 4-18

e) state
f) neglect

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THE 20th CENTURY
Children and governmental policies.

The ____ pays _____ _______ and ______ ____ credit.
The ____ protects children from _________ in certain activities i.e ________, drinking _______, _______ and ____.

a) state
b) Child Benefit
c) Child Tax credit

d) state
e) participating
f) smoking, drinking alcohol, marriage and sex.

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THE 20th CENTURY

The C____ S______ Act 19__ stated that in the event of _________ _________, the ______ of children is the _____ main ________.

________ must pay child ______ in this event.

a) The Child Support Act 1991
b) parental separating
c) welfare
d) state’s main priority

e) parents
f) support

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THE 20th CENTURY

When was the Child Support Act?

1991

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THE 20th CENTURY

The 20__ C______ Act was influenced by the ________ ______ case.
Anyone working with ______ must make a ______ of anything worth _______ about them.
The government has an ________ record for every child in the UK, making it ______ to _____ them.

a) 2004 Children’s Act
b) Victoria Climbie

c) children
d) record
e) noting

f) electronic
g) easier to trace

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What is relativity?

People’s experience of social life isn’t the same - differs on class, ethnicity, gender, location etc.

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Childhood is a _______ experience as it can be experienced both ________ and ________ and not all _______ construct it as a ______ and _______ experience. In some parts of the world, childhood is a ________ and ______ period of life.

a) relative b) positively and negatively c) cultures d) sacred and special e) dangerous f) risky

GENDER O_____ (19__) said they are ________ into a set of behaviours based on _______ expectations about _________ and _________. According to ________, this is to teach the ________ skills and ________ needed to perform the _____ role of _______ and _______.

a) Oakley (1985) b) socialised c) cultural d) masculinity and femininity e) feminists f) feminine g) attitudes h) adult i) home-maker and mother

GENDER M______ (20__) suggests girls and boys have different experiences because _______ see girls as in _______ need of ________ from the world. This means that they are ________ to _______ controls from _______ and consequently spend more time with _______ than their _______.

a) McRobbie (2000) b) parents c) greater d) protection e) subjected f) stricter g) parents h) families i) brothers

SOCIAL CLASS L______ (20__) stated that the ______ class experience of _________ was ________ constructed by parents who were engaged in a '________ _________' of children.

a) Lareau (2011) b) middle class c) childhood d) socially e) 'concerted cultivation'

SOCIAL CLASS What is 'concerted cultivation'?

Parents enroll children at a young age in activities/courses.

SOCIAL CLASS L_____ (20__) found that _______ class parents emphasised the '______ ______' of their children. If they provide their children with ____, _____ and ______ they would grow up ______ and __________.

a) Lareau (2011) b) working class c) 'natural growth' d) love, food and safety e) healthy and well-rounded

SOCIAL CLASS V______ and B____ (20__) found ______ class parents raise '________ children' - they are provided with _________ activities surrounding ______, ____ and ______.

a) Vincent and Ball (2007) b) middle c) 'renaissance children' d) enrichment e) music, art and drama

SOCIAL CLASS Vincent and Ball (2007) - a '_________' child might experience more ______ later in life as they can acquire _______ ______ to make _______ choices in life & realise their ________, unlike _________ children.

a) renaissance b) success c) cultural capital d) better e) potential f) working class

SOCIAL CLASS N______ (20__) identified '________ _________' which is a ________ where ____ parents excessively ________ in their children's lives eg _________ daily _______. This stifles _________ and creates ______ children.

a) Nelson (2010) b) 'helicopter parenting' c) parenting d) rich e) interfering f) constructing daily schedules g) development h) spoilt

SOCIAL CLASS According to The C____ P______ A______ G____, children in _______ don't experience childhood _______/______ that most take for _______ i.e going on ______ ____ or _______.

a) The Child Poverty Action Group b) poverty c) activities/events d) granted e) school trips f) holidays

RELIGION/ETHNICITY A _____ child's experience differs from a _____ child's experience of childhood as _____ children feel a _______ sense of ________ & _____ to _______ & share their _______ view of not bringing ______ to the _______.

a) muslim b) white c) muslim d) greater e) obligation f) duty g) parents h) parents i) shame j) family

RELIGION/ETHNICITY ______ children spend _______ _______ at _______, learning the ______ whilst _____ children generally don't have this ________.

a) muslim b) saturday mornings c) mosques d) Qur'an e) white f) commitment

RELIGION/ETHNICITY C_____ and J________ (19__) found _______ whose children suffered ______ _________ or ______ didn't give them _________ to move about _________ by _________ - demonstrating how children of _______ ________ experience _________ differently.

a) Chanal and Julienne (1999) b) parents c) racist harassment or attacks d) freedom e) neighbourhoods f) themselves g) ethnic minorities h) childhood

GLOBAL LOCATION According to _____, ______ & lack of basic ________ meant children are _____ likely to contract _______. EXAMPLE = _____ notes _______ kills _______ children a _____ in ______, while ______ kills ________ children a _____, most younger than ___.

a) UNICEF b) poverty c) healthcare d) more e) diseases f) UNICEF g) malaria h) 500,000+ a year in Africa i) measles j) one million+ a year younger than 5

GLOBAL LOCATION According to ______, _______ children don't attend _____ in the _________ world. For every ____ boys in education in ____, ___ aren't. Girls' education is seen as _________ to _______, looking after ____ & _____ & other ________ responsibilities.

a) UNESCO b) 67.4 million c) school d) developing e) 100 f) Chad g) 22 h) secondary i) childcare j) sick and elderly k) domestic

GLOBAL LOCATION What is 'social stigma'?

Social disapproval individuals or groups receive when being deviant /immoral. Stigma is negative label attached to the individual or group.

GLOBAL LOCATION Barriers to girls' education: COST - Can be _______ to maintain cost of ________, _______ & _______ etc. ______ often rely on girls' ______ to ______ the _______. If families cannot _____ school, they're ____ likely to send ____. They'll also enter girls into _____ ________ if they can no longer _____ to provide for them.

a) difficult b) transportation, textbooks and uniforms c) parents d) income e) support f) family g) afford h) more i) boys j) child marriages k) afford

GLOBAL LOCATION Barriers to girls' education: MENSTRUATION - When a girl starts her _____, she may miss ______ or _____ for a ________ portion of her ____. It's ________ around the world & _______ _____ makes girls feel _________ to participate in society. In _____, women are ________ to ___ during cycles. Some girls can't ______ _________ products & have no access to _____ _____.

a) period b) school or work c) significant d) life e) stigmatised f) cultural shame g) embarrassed h) Nepal i) banished to huts j) afford sanitary products k) clean water

GLOBAL LOCATION Barriers to girls' education: GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE - takes place in many forms eg _______ & _______ _____. _________ it affects _________, _________ & _________ - increases ______ rates. Estimated ________ girls & boys are _______ on their way to _____ (more so ____). Parents are ____ likely to let daughters travel to _____ if it involves ____, ______ distances.

a) physical & sexual abuse b) surviving c) enrollment, participation and achievements d) dropout e) 246 million f) attacked g) school h) girls i) less j) school k) long, unsafe

GLOBAL LOCATION Child labour Worldwide, there's _________ victims of _____ ______ & ____ are in ________ & ________ labour. Among all of them, ________ are boys & _________ are girls & almost ____ are _ - _ years old.

a) 152 million b) child labour c) half d) hazardous and dangerous e) 88 million boys f) 64 million girls g) half h) 5-11

GLOBAL LOCATION How war affects childhood: ________ ____ children are in need of _________ aid & more than ________ can't ______ it as they live in areas ________ to reach or under ______. Some are forced to become child _______ & others are pushed into the _______ to provide for _______ & become _________.

a) 6 million b) Syrian c) humanitarian d) 2 million e) access f) difficult to reach or under siege h) soldiers i) workforce j) families k) breadwinners

GLOBAL LOCATION How war affects childhood: Before war, _____ had almost ___% _______ school & __% _______ school enrollment rate. In 20__, ______ reports ________ children in ____ and ______ ______ refugee children don't have access to _________.

a) Syria b) 100% c) primary school d) 70% e) secondary f) 2016 g) UNICEF h) 2.1 million i) Syria j) 700,000 k) Syrian l) education

GLOBAL LOCATION The life of street children: Who are street children?

Children growing up in landfills, train stations or under bridges etc of major cities. They can't/don't want to go home due to family conflict.

GLOBAL LOCATION The life of street children: Street children don't have access to ______ & _______ _____. They sometimes don't have _____ due to lack of ______.

a) healthy b) sufficient diets c) food d) money

GLOBAL LOCATION The life of street children: Street children don't have access to _______ _______ - they are often ____, infested with ____ & exposed to different _______ but must take ____ of themselves.

a) sanitary facilities b) dirty c) fleas d) diseases e) care

GLOBAL LOCATION The life of street children: Street children lack an ________ & are ________ from finding a ____ & leaving the ______.

a) education b) hindered c) job d) streets

GLOBAL LOCATION The life of street children: According to the ____, a child in the UK's childhood experience may be ________ as they may experience ______ & _______/_______ abuse. Each ____, at least ____ child ____ as a result of an _______ neglect.

a) NSPCC b) negative c) neglect and emotional/physical abuse d) week e) one f) dies g) adults

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: Who follows the conventional approach?

Functionalist and the New Right

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: It claims ________ is the most ________ factor in ________ childhoods as it parents ________ children into ________ ______ values such as good _______.

a) parenting b) important c) successful d) socialise e) positive social f) manners

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: Claims parents seek to ensure ________ _________ don't _______ a child's _________. ________ child-rearing consists of ____ parents of the _______ sex. _______ _______ also ____ children ____ family ______.

a) negative influences b) undermine c) upbringing d) successful e) two f) opposite g) h) working mothers i) deny j) key k) values

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: M______ P_____ (19__) argues that parenting ______ and ________ childhoods have _______ down because _______ ideas/______ have ________ parenting as too much _______ has been given to _______ - parents are _______ for using ________ etc.

a) Melanie Phillips (1997) b) culture c) successful d) broken e) liberal ideas/policies f) distorted g) power h) children i) penalised for using smacking

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: What does 'sexualisation' mean?

The imposing of adult models of sexual behaviour/dress etc onto children at too early of an age e.g certain media and advertising may encourage young girls to see themselves as objects of sexualisation.

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: M_______ P_____ (19__) thinks the period of childhood had ________ due to _________ and _________ impact on __________.

a) Melanie Phillips (1997) b) shortened c) adulthood d) sexualisation's e) childhood

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: M_______ P_____ (19__) thinks there is an _______ in poor _______ health amongst __________ as they do not have the ________ maturity to cope with the ______ and ______ they have today or the ________.

a) Melanie Phillips (1997) b) increase c) mental d) adolescents e) emotional f) rights g) choices h) sexualisation

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: P______ (19__) says childhood is under _____ because the _________ of TV means there are no _______ from ________ and they are ________ to the real world.

a) Postman (1982) b) threat c) popularity d) secrets e) children f) exposed

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: P______ (19__) says childhood is under _____ because '_______ ________' means there is little _________ between _____ and ________. Children's _____ are __________ and now play more ______ video games. They act in more _____ ways and are more ________ independent.

a) Postman (1982) b) threat c) 'social blurring' d) distinction e) adults and children f) games g) disappearing h) adult j) adult k) economically

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: D_____ B_____ (20__) CONTRADICTS P______ (19__) by stating parents are now more than ever ________ with ______ and more ________ with ________ boundaries for their ________ and widening the _______ ____ around them.

a) David Brooks (2001) b) Postman (1982) c) obsessed d) safety e) concerned f) defining boundaries g) children h) safety net

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Conventional Approach: Children act as ________ more today than in the past as ________ have ________ children to encourage '_______ _______'. Consequently, children ages _-_ are worth about £_______ a year as consumers.

a) consumers b) advertisers c) targeted d) 'pester power' e) 7-11 f) £20 million

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Feminist Approach: What is objectification?

Treating mostly women as objects and disregarding their own bodies and lives as individuals.

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Feminist Approach: W_____ argues ______ womens ______ are ________ more now than in the past due to the ______ obsession with _________ like ___ ________. The association of female __________ with _________ has led to this.

a) Walter b) young c) bodies d) objectified e) media's f) celebrities g) The Kardashians h) empowerment i) sexuality

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Feminist Approach: W_____ claims objectification is a ________ impact on the childhood experiences of girls as it _______ their ________ as they enter ______ society. ______/_______ unwillingly ______ this _______ through their choice of ____ and ______ for girls.

a) Walter b) negative c) damages d) aspirations e) adult f) parents/families g) endorse h) culture i) toys and dress

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Social Action Theory: It criticises the _________ approach as childhood does not just '_____' to children - they _______ to it. Parents do not ____ over children, _________ them however they wish - children are not '______ ________' as they can _________ their parents and make _______ for themselves about their ________.

a) conventional b) 'happen' c) contribute d) rule e) socialising f) 'passive recipients' g) manipulate h) decisions i) childhood

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Social Action Theory: The battle for children to have ______ leads to ______ because children ______ be completely _____ - the state has ____ to _______ them and ______ their ________ for ______.

a) agency b) conflict c) cannot d) free e) laws f) protect g) limit their freedom for safety

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Social Action Theory: The battle for children to have ______ leads to ______ because _______ between parents and children ____ when children ____ upon their own _________ e.g ________ often involves '_____________ culture' which creates _______ when parents try to limit ______ time.

a) agency b) conflict c) tension d) arises e) insist f) independence g) childhood h) 'screen rich bedroom culture' i) tension j) screen

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Social Action Theory: What is 'screen rich bedroom culture'?

Where children spend their leisure time separated from family using a screen in their room.

THE THEORY OF CHILDHOOD The Social Action Theory: V___ R_______ and R___ (20__) argue that children's ___ of new ______ has led to families '________________'

a) Van Rompaey and Roe (2001) b) use c) media d) 'living together, but separately'

POSTMODERNIST VIEW G_____ (19__) states the family has become more ________ - the _____ family has a ____ in how it is ____. C______ claims this changes the __________ between _______ and _______ as _______ have to _______ and show _______ to them in order to be _________.

a) Giddens (1992) b) democratic c) whole d) say e) ran f) Chambers g) relationship h) parents and children i) answer and show respect j) respected

POSTMODERNIST VIEW C______ argues that childhood is a _______ experience as you cannot directly ______ the childhood of those in _______ types of ________ to those in a ______ household. Other factors also _______, such as ______ and ________.

a) Chambers b) relative c) compare d) diverse e) households f) nuclear g) contribute h) ethnicity and social class

POSTMODERNISTS VIEW Postmodernists argue that the ______ childhood experience should not be ________ everywhere as: The _______ of _______ are not the same _________ i.e it might be ________ for some children to spend their _____ in _____ work rather than _______ _________.

a) Western b) pursued c) interests d) children e) everywhere f) positive g) time in paid work h) full-time education

POSTMODERNISTS VIEW Postmodernists argue that the ______ childhood experience should not be ________ everywhere as: _________ societies may not have the level of _______ development necessary for children's _____, _______ and ________.

a) Western b) pursued c) developing d) economic e) health, education and happiness

POSTMODERNISTS VIEW Postmodernists argue that the ______ childhood experience should not be ________ everywhere as: ______ ideas of childhood may not be __________ ______ than the other ______ of childhood.

a) Western b) pursued c) western d) objectively better e) models

IMPACT OF TV ON CHILDHOOD - __% of __ year olds, __% of __ year olds and __% of __ year olds report watching more than __ hours of TV a day.

a) 62% of 11 year olds b) 71% of 13 year olds c) 68% of 15 year olds d) 2 hours

IMPACT OF TV ON CHILDHOOD - _________ screen time for children means they are _____ likely to be _________ and suffer from ________ problems and difficult ________ relations.

a) increasing b) more c) overweight d) emotional e) family

IMPACT OF TV ON CHILDHOOD - According to ______________, children who spent ____ than an _____ a day playing ________ games were _____ times _____ likely to say they were ______.

a) UK government-commissioned research b) less c) hour d) computer e) three f) more g) happy