Marketing Exam 2 Flashcards
5 Reasons that Firms Create New Products
- ) Changing Customer Needs
- ) Market Saturation
- ) Managing Risk Through Diversity
- ) Fashion Cycles
- ) Improving Business Relationships
What are the 5 Groups in Diffusion of Innovation?
- ) Innovators
- ) Early Adopters
- ) Early Majority
- ) Late Majority
- ) Laggards
What are the 1st 2.5% of People to Purchase a New Product called?
Innovators
What are the 2nd 13.5% of People to Purchase a New Product?
Early Adopters
What are the 3rd 34% of People to Purchase a New Product?
Early Majority
What are the 4th 34% of People to Purchase a New Product?
Late Majority
What are the 5th 16% of People to Purchase a New Product?
Laggards
The first year they were offered, John wanted a tablet computer, but he did not know which one to choose. He waited until there were more choices, lower prices, and improved quality. John is part of the _____________ diffusion of innovation group.
Early Majority
Tiffany always asks Samantha about beauty supply products. She considers her a well-informed friend who always knows the latest trends. For Tiffany, Samantha is a(n) ______________ in the diffusion of innovation curve.
Innovators
Denise and Janet attend a large university in Texas. Denise asked for Janet’s e-mail address, but Janet said she didn’t have one. Janet would probably be considered a(n) ____________ in the diffusion of innovation process.
Laggards
Breakthroughs
Products that are new to the world and establish a completely new market or change the rules of completion
On Average, what percentage of new consumer products fail?
95%
What are the 4 Stages of the Product Life Cycle?
- ) Introduction
- ) Growth
- ) Maturity
- ) Decline
What are the 6 Ways that Firms Develop New Products?
- ) Idea Generation
- ) Concept Testing
- ) Product Development
- ) Market Testing
- ) Product Launch
- ) Evaluation of Results
What happens in Idea Generation While Firms are Developing New Products?
Development of viable new product ideas
What Happens in Concept Testing While Firms are Developing New Products?
Testing the new product idea among a set of potential customer
What Happens in Product Development While Firms are Developing New Products?
Development of prototypes and/or the product
What Happens in Market Testing While Firms are Developing New Products?
Testing the actual products in a few test markets
What Happens in Product Launch While Firms are Developing New Products?
Full-scale commercialization of the product
What Happens in Evaluation of Results While Firms are Developing New Products?
Analysis of the performance of the new product and making appropriate modifications
What are 2 Benefits of Internal R&D?
- ) Often the source of technological products
2. ) Often the source of breakthrough products
What is a negative aspect of Internal R&D?
High product development costs
What are the 4 Benefits of R&D Consortia?
- ) Lower Costs and Risks
- ) Firms Join Together
- ) Form Research Consortiums
- ) Benefits Spread to All Firms
What is Licensing?
Firms purchase the rights to technology or ideas from other research-intensive firms
What is Brainstorming?
Groups working together to generate ideas
What is Outsourcing?
Hiring an Outside Firm conduct research or develop a new product
What is Reverse Engineering?
Analyzing another product and changing it slightly and calling it your own
What percentage of new business or new products come from customers?
85%
What is a Concept?
A brief written description of the product
What Role do Customers Play in Concept Testing?
Customer reactions determine whether or not it goes forward
What are the 4 Parts of the Basic Concept Format?
- ) Concept Name
- ) Accepted Consumer Belief (ACB)
- ) Consumer Benefit
- ) Product Description
What is a Concept Name?
A short and descriptive handle for the idea
What is an Accepted Consumer Belief (ACB)?
It expresses the consumer relationship with the brand, category, or product. It also answers “how will this idea fir into my life?”
What is a Consumer Benefit?
The promise of the “job” the product will perform for the consumers. It identifies emotional dimensions of the benefit and answers “what’s in it for me?”
What is a Product Description?
Relevant product features that support the benefit. Includes sizing and pricing and answers “what is it?”
If You are Going to Fail, How Should You Go About It?
Fail Fast, Fail Small
What are the 3 Stages of Product Development?
- ) Prototype
- ) Alpha Testing
- ) Beta Testing
What are the Two Types of Market Testing?
- ) Premarket Tests
2. ) Test Marketing
What are the 3 Stages of Premarket Tests?
- ) Customers Exposed
- ) Customers Surveyed
- ) Firm Makes Decision
What are the 3 Stages of Test Marketing?
- ) Mini Product Launch
- ) More Expansive than Premarket Tests
- ) Market Demand is Estimated
What are the 3 Parts of the New Product Marketing Mix?
- ) Promotion
- ) Price
- ) Place
What are the 3 Stages of Evaluation of Results?
- ) Satisfaction of technical requirements
- ) Customer Acceptance
- ) Satisfaction of the firm’s financial requirements
What does AIDA stand for in the AIDA Model?
A - Awareness
I - Interest
D - Desire
A - Action
What is the Lagged Effect?
A delayed response to a marketing communication campaign.
What are the 7 Different Steps in the Communication Process?
- ) The Sender
- ) The Transmitter
- ) Encoding
- ) The Communication Channel
- ) The receiver
- ) Noise
- ) Feedback Loop
What is the most visible element of IMC?
Advertising
What does IMC Stand For?
Integrated Marketing Campaign
What is Advertising good at?
Creating Awareness and Generating Interest
What is “free” Media Attention?
Public Relations (PR)
What are 3 Benefits of Sales Promotions?
- ) Can be aimed at both end user consumers or channel members
- ) Used in conjunction with other forms of IMC
- ) Can be used for both short-term and long-term objectives
What is a negative aspect of Personal Selling?
It is more expensive than other forms of promotion
What is a positive aspect of Personal Selling?
Salespeople can add significant value, which makes the expense worth it
What are 3 Benefits of Direct Marketing?
- ) It is growing
- ) Good for multicultural groups
- ) Database technology improves
What are 3 Types of Online Marketing?
- ) Websites
- ) Blogs
- ) Social Media
What are the Different Elements of an IMC Program?
- ) Advertising
- ) Sales Promotion
- ) Public Relations (PR)
- ) Personal Selling
- ) Electronic Media
- ) Direct Marketing
What Are the 3 Steps for Planning for and Measuring IMC Success?
- ) Understand the outcome they hope to achieve
- ) Short-term or long-term
- ) Should be explicitly defined and measured
What are 2 Methods for Setting and Allocating the IMC Budget?
- ) Objective-and-task method
2. ) Rule-of-thumb methods
What are the 4 Methods for Measuring Success Using Marketing Metrics?
- ) Frequency
- ) Reach
- ) Gross Rating Points
- ) Web Tracking
Why is the Objective-and-task method of setting an IMC budget better than the rule-of-thumb methods?
The objective-and-task method determines the budget required to undertake specific tasks to accomplish communication objectives
How do Firms use GRP to evaluate the effectiveness of traditional media?
When measuring IMC success, the firm should examine when and how often consumers have been exposed to various marketing communications.
How would a firm evaluate the effectiveness of its Google advertising?
Using Google AdWords, a firm can assess the effectiveness of his advertising expenditures by measuring the reach, relevance and return on investment for each of the keywords that were used
What are used to assess the effectiveness of advertising expenditures?
Mouse Clicks
What is Click Through Rate (CTR)?
The number of clicks divided by the number of impressions
What is Frequency?
How often the audience is exposed to a communication within a specified period of time
What represents reach multiplied by frequency?
GRP - Gross Rating Points
What are Impressions?
The number of times an ad appears in front of a user
What does the Objective-and-Task Method determine?
The budget required to undertake specific tasks to accomplish communication objectives
What is Online Couponing?
A promotional Web technique in which consumers print a coupon directly from a site and then redeem the coupon in a store
What is Online Referring?
When consumers fill out an interest or order form and are referred to an offline dealer or firm that offers the product or service of interest
What is Reach?
The percentage of the target population exposed to a specific marketing communication at least once
What is ROI (Return on Investment)?
The difference of the sales revenue and the advertising cost divided by the advertising cost
What are Rule-of-Thumb Methods?
They use prior sales and communication activities to determine the present communication budget
What is Social Media?
Media content distributed through social interactions
What is Web Tracking Software?
It indicates how much time viewers spend on particular Web pages and the number of pages they view
What are the 7 Steps in Planning and Executing an Ad Campaign?
- ) Identify Target Audience
- ) Set Advertising Objectives
- ) Determine the Advertising Budget
- ) Convey the Message
- ) Evaluate and Select Media
- ) Create Advertisements
- ) Assess Impact
What are the 3 Advertising Objectives?
- ) Inform
- ) Persuade
- ) Remind
What are the 2 Focuses of Advertisements?
- ) Institutional Advertisements
2. ) Product-Focused Advertisements
Is most advertising institutionally focused or product focused?
Product focused
What are the 3 Considerations that go into Determining an Advertising Budget?
- ) Role that advertising plays in their attempt to meet their overall promotional objectives
- ) Expenditures vary over the course of the Product Life Cycle
- ) Nature of the market and the product influence the size of the budget
What is a Unique selling Proposition (USP)?
A concept that conveys core benefits to the target audience.
What are the 3 ways to evaluate and select media?
- ) Media Planning
- ) Media Mix
- ) Media Buy
What are the 7 different Mediums?
- ) TV
- ) Radio
- ) Magazines
- ) Newspapers
- ) Internet
- ) Outdoors
- ) Direct Marketing
What are the advantages of advertising on TV?
- ) Wide Reach
2. ) Incorporates sound and video
What are the disadvantages of advertising on TV?
- ) High Cost
- ) Many channel and program options
- ) May increase awareness of competitor’s products
What are the advantages of advertising on Radio?
- ) Relatively Inexpensive
- ) Can be selectively targeted
- ) Wide Reach
What are the disadvantages of advertising on Radio?
- ) No video
- ) Less focused than TV
- ) Short Exposure
What are the advantages of advertising in Magazines?
- ) Very Targeted
2. ) Users pass ad from one to another
What are the disadvantages of advertising in Magazines?
- ) Relatively Inflexible
2. ) Takes some time for the magazine to be available
What are the advantages of advertising in Newspapers?
- ) Fexible
- ) Timely
- ) Local
What are the disadvantages of advertising in Newspapers?
- ) Can be expensive in large markets
2. ) Advertisements have short life span
What are the advantages of advertising on the Internet?
- ) Can be linked to detailed content
- ) Highly flexible and interactive
- ) Allows for specific Targeting
What are the disadvantages of advertising on the Internet?
- ) Becoming cluttered
2. ) The ad may be blocked by software
What are the advantages of advertising outdoors?
- ) Relatively inexpensive
2. ) Offers opportunities for repeat exposure
What are the disadvantages of advertising outdoors?
- ) Not easily targeted
- ) Placement problems in some markets
- ) Exposure time is short
What are the advantages of advertising using Direct Marketing?
- ) Highly Targeted
2. ) Personalized
What are the disadvantages of advertising using Direct Marketing?
- ) Cost varies
2. ) Traditional media more expensive than new media
What are the 3 Advertising Schedules?
- ) Continuous
- ) Pulsing
- ) Flighting
What do ads attempt to make maximum use of?
The medium’s ability to deliver the message
What are the 3 ways to assess impact using marketing metrics?
- ) Pretesting
- ) Tracking
- ) Protesting
What are the 7 steps involved in planning an ad campaign?
- ) Identify their target market
- ) Set Advertising objectives
- ) Set the advertising budget
- ) Depict their product or service
- ) Evaluate and select the media
- ) Create the ad
- ) Assess the impact of the ad
What are the differences between informational, persuasive, and reminder advertising?
Informative advertising communicates to create and build awareness, with the ultimate goal of moving the consumer through the buying cycle to a purchase. When a product has gained a certain level of brand awareness, firms use persuasive advertising to motivate consumers to take action. Persuasive advertising generally occurs in the growth and early maturity stages of the product life cycle. Reminder advertising is communication used to remind or prompt repurchases, especially for products that have gained market acceptance and are in the maturity stage of their life cycle
Why do companies utilize public relations as part of their IMC strategy?
Public relations programs are used to build and maintain a positive image of the firm, head off unfavorable stories or events, and maintaining positive relationships with the media.
What are the 8 elements of a public relations toolkit?
- ) Publications
- ) Video and Audio
- ) Annual Reports
- ) Press Kits
- ) News Releases
- ) Speeches
- ) Event Sponsorships
- ) Electronic Media
What are the 10 types of Sales Promotion?
- ) Coupons
- ) Deals
- ) Premiums
- ) Contests
- ) Sweepstakes
- ) Samples
- ) Loyalty Programs
- ) POP Displays
- ) Rebates
- ) Product Placement
What are the advantages of using coupons as a sales promotion?
- ) Stimulates Demand
2. ) Allows for direct tracing of sales
What are the disadvantages of using coupons as a sales promotion?
- ) Has low redemption rates
2. ) Has high cost
What are the advantages of using deals as a sales promotion?
- ) Encourages trial
2. ) Reduces consumer risk
What are the disadvantages of using deals as a sales promotion?
1.) May reduce perception of value
What are the advantages of using premiums as a sales promotion?
- ) Builds goodwill
2. ) Increases perception of value
What are the disadvantages of using premiums as a sales promotion?
- ) Consumers buy for premium, not product
2. ) Has to be carefully managed
What are the advantages of using contests as a sales promotion?
- ) Increases consumer involvement
2. ) Generates excitement
What are the disadvantages of using contests as a sales promotion?
- ) Requires creativity
2. ) Must be monitored
What are the advantages of using sweepstakes as a sales promotion?
1.) Increases involvement with the product
What are the disadvantages of using sweepstakes as a sales promotion?
1.) Sales often decline after the sweepstakes is over
What are the advantages of using samples as a sales promotion?
- ) Encourages trial
2. ) Offers direct involvement
What are the disadvantages of using samples as a sales promotion?
1.) Has high cost to the firm
What are the advantages of using loyalty programs as a sales promotion?
- ) Creates loyalty
2. ) Encourages repurchase
What are the disadvantages of using loyalty programs as a sales promotion?
1.) High cost to the firm
What are the advantages of using POP displays as a sales promotion?
- ) Provides high visibility
2. ) Encourages brand trial
What are the disadvantages of using POP displays as a sales promotion?
- ) Is difficult to get a good location in the store
2. ) Can be costly to the firm
What are the advantages of using Rebates as a sales promotion?
- ) Stimulates demand
2. ) Increases value perception
What are the disadvantages of using rebates as a sales promotion?
- ) Is easily copied by competitors
2. ) May just advance future sales
What are the advantages of using product placement as a sales promotion?
- ) Displays products nontraditionally
2. ) Demonstrates product uses
What are the disadvantages of using product placement as a sales promotion?
- ) Firm often has little control over display
2. ) Product can be overshadowed
What are the 6 ways to evaluate sales promotions using marketing metrics?
- ) Realized Margin
- ) Cost of Additional Inventory
- ) Potential Increase in Sales
- ) Long-term Impact
- ) Potential loss from switches from more profitable items
- ) Additional sales by customers
What is an advertising plan?
A subsection of the firm’s overall marketing plan that analyzes the marketing and advertising situation, identifies the objectives of the campaign, clarifies a specific strategy for accomplishing those objectives, and indicates how the firm can determine whether the campaign was successful
What is a Continuous Advertising Schedule?
It runs steadily throughout the year and therefore is suited to products and services that are consumed continually at relatively steady rates and that require a steady level of persuasive and/or reminder advertising
What is Flighting Advertising Schedule?
Implemented in spurts, with periods of heavy advertising followed by periods of no advertising
What are Institutional Advertisements?
They inform, persuade, and remind consumers about issues related to places, politics, an industry, or a particular corporation
What is a Media Buy?
The actual purchase of airtime or print pages
What is a Media Mix?
The combination of the media used and the frequency of advertising in each medium
What is Media Planning?
The process of evaluating and selecting the media mix that will deliver a clear, consistent, compelling message to the intended audience
What are Product-Focused Advertisements?
They focus on informing, persuading, or reminding customers about a specific product or service
What are Public Service Advertising (PSA)?
They focus on public welfare and generally are sponsored by nonprofit institutions, civic groups, religious organizations, trade associations, or political groups
What is a Pull Strategy?
A strategy in which the goal is to get consumers to pull the product into the supply chain by demanding it
What is a Pulsing Advertising Schedule?
It combines the continuous and flighting schedules by maintaining a base level of advertising but increasing advertising intensity during certain periods
What is a Push Strategy?
Designed to increase demand by focusing on wholesalers, distributors, or sales people
What must an offer be to excite customers?
It must be relevant to its targeted customers
How can relevancy be achieved?
By providing personalized offers
What is the golden opportunity of educating the customer?
Product’s value proposition and offered benefits
What is a benefit of engaging the customer?
Positively engaged consumers lead to more profitability
What are the 4 E’s?
- ) Excite the customer
- ) Educate the Customer
- ) Experience the Product or Service
- ) Engage the Customer
What Social Media elements best work for exciting the customers?
Social Networks like Facebook and Google+
What Social Media elements best work for educating the customers?
Blogs and Blogging tools and Youtube
What Social Media elements best work for experience the product or service?
Youtube, blogs, and retailer’s website
What Social Media elements best work for engaging the customer?
Blogging and micro-blogging
What are the 4 Different types of Social Networkers?
- ) Creators
- ) Bonders
- ) Professionals
- ) Sharers
What do Media sharing sites do?
- ) Highlight how consumers can experience
2. ) Encourage consumers to engage
What are the different types of blogs?
- ) Corporate blogs
- ) Professional Blogs
- ) Personal Blogs
- ) Microblogs
What is an example of microblogs?
What are the 3 types of social media tools?
- ) Social Network Sites
- ) Media Sharing Sites
- ) Thought Sharing Sites
What are the 4 customer segments based on their social media usage?
- ) Creators
- ) Bonders
- ) Professionals
- ) Sharers
What are some of the most popular types of mobile applications
- ) Price Check Apps
- ) Fashion Apps
- ) Location Apps
What does Sentiment Analysis do?
Provides insights into what consumers really think
What 6 things are analyzed in social media?
- ) Hits
- ) Page Views
- ) Bounce Rate
- ) Click Paths
- ) Conversion Rates
- ) Keyword Analysis
What are the 3 main categories of analysis used for understanding data collected from social media?
- ) Determine the amount of traffic using their sites, visiting blogs or tweeting
- ) Learn who the visitors are, what they are doing, and what engages and excites them
- ) Analyze data that comes from other sites
5 Steps of a Social Media Marketing Campaign
- ) Identify strategy goals
- ) Target audience
- ) Campaign: experiment & engage
- ) Budget
- ) Monitor & change
What is social reach?
How many people a person influences
What is influence?
The extent to which the person influences others
What is extended network?
The influence of the person’s cumulative network
What are the three steps in developing social media engagement strategies?
- ) Listen
- ) Analyze
- ) Do
How do firms examine customer sentiments?
Marketers can analyze the content found on sites like Facebook, Twitter, online blogs, and reviews to assess the favorableness or unfavorableness of the sentiments, using sentiment analysis
What are the steps in developing a social media campaign?
- ) Identify Strategy Goals
- ) Target Audience
- ) Campaign: Experiment and Engage
- ) Budget
- ) Monitor & Change
Why might it be important to develop a personal social media presence?
Social influence can have significant effects on elements of a person’s life, such as hiring success
What are Bonders?
Social Butterflies who use social media to enhance and expand their relationships, which they consider all-important in their lives
Who are Creators?
Hip, cool contributors, that sit at the cutting edge and plan to stay there. Social media give them new ways to post and share their creative, clever ideas
What are Hits?
Total requests for a page
What are Page Views?
The number of times any page gets viewed by any visitor
What is Bounce Rate?
The percentage of times and visitor leaves the site almost immediately
What are Click Paths?
How users proceed through the information
What are Conversion Rates?
What percentage of visitors act as the marketer hopes
What is Keyword Analysis?
What keywords people use to search on the internet for their products and services
Who are Professionals?
People who are constantly on the go and busy, want to appear efficient, with everything together, so they use social media to demonstrate just how smart they are
What is Sentiment Analysis?
Allows marketers to analyze data from these sources to collect consumer comments about companies and their products
Who are Sharers?
People who really want to help others, and the best way to do so is by being constantly well informed so that they can provide genuine insights to others