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BL1102 > Marine Mammals > Flashcards

Marine Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 marine mammalian orders?

A
  • Cetartiodactyla
  • Sirenia
  • Carnivora (+ pinnipeds)
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2
Q

What are systematics?

A

Reconstruction of phylogeny (evolutionary history)

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3
Q

What are the 5 families in the carnivora order?

A 
Pinnipeds:
- phocidae (earless seals)
- octariidae (sea lions + fur seals)
Others:
- Mustelidae (weasels)
- Ursidae (bears)
- Odobenidae (walruses)
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4
Q

What are the 2 sub orders of the Cetacea?

A

odontoceti - toothed whales

mysticeti - baleen wales

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5
Q

Name 5 challenges of living in water

A
  1. Inability to change lung gasses at all times
  2. Increased heat loss
  3. Resistance to movement
  4. Changed sound propagation
  5. Low light levels
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6
Q

What is uni-hemispheric sleep and which sub orders of marine mammals exhibit it?

A

Where one hemisphere of the brain “sleeps” with the contra-lateral eye remaining open
Happens in odontocetes, orariids and odobenidae (no evidence for mysticetes)

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7
Q

Name 5 characteristics of cetaceans

A
  1. Large fusiform bodies
  2. Modified pectoral skeleton with no pelvis or hind legs
  3. Oil filled bones and elongated skull
  4. Nostrils positioned dorsally & dorsal fin/ridge
  5. Blubber
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8
Q

How do baleen wales feed?

A

Using baleen plates

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9
Q

What is the difference between balaenids (right wales) and balaenopterids (roquals)?

A 
right wales:
- Large and bulky with arched mouth 
- Long baleen hairs with fine hairs
- No dorsal fin, slow swimmers
roquals:
- Long and slender, little arch
- Short baleen plates with course hairs
- Dorsal fin, fast swimmers
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10
Q

How do toothed wales and baleen wales differ in blow holes?

A

toothed wales have one, baleen have 2

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11
Q

Which whales are deep divers? What other features do they exhibit?

A 
Sperm whales:
- Asymmetric skull 
- Small under slung jaw
- spermaceti organ in head
Beaked whales: 
- pronounced beak 
- 1/2 pairs of teeth 
- pair of throat grooves
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12
Q

What adaptations do delphinids have for hunting?

A
  • Large falcate dorsal fin foro high speed swimming
  • Conical teeth from prominent beak
  • Echolocation
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13
Q

Which toothed whale family is found exclusively in the arctic?

A

Monodontids

  • Bulbous heads filled with melon
  • Flexible necks
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14
Q

How do propoises differ from delphinids?

A

No beak, triangular dorsal fin, flattened spade-shaped teeth

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15
Q

Name 3 adaptations of sirenians

A
  1. Large fusiform body
  2. Nostrils on top of muzzle
  3. Dense heavy bones and thick skin counteract blubber buoyancy
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16
Q

What adaptations are necessary for pinnipeds to survive on land?

A
  1. Ability to support body weight

2. Sound production and hearing that works in air

17
Q

Name 3 characteristics of pinnipeds

A
  1. Fusiform flexible body
  2. Dense blubber/fur for insulation
  3. Modified appendicular skeleton with hindlimbs for propulsion and forelimbs for locomotion on land
18
Q

Name 3 characteristics of otariids

A
  1. Ability to rotate pelvis for walking on land
  2. Small external ears
  3. Rely more on fur for insulation
19
Q

How are phocids different?

A
  • Unable to rotate pelvis
  • No external ears
  • Use blubber and fur for insulation
20
Q

Can odobenids rotate their pelvis?

A

no

21
Q

Name 4 characteristics of sea otters

A
  1. Dense under fur
  2. Flattened hind feet
  3. Horizontally flattened tail
  4. Small ears
22
Q

What is blubber and what other functions can it have apart from insulation?

A

Adipose tissue thickened by collagen and elastic fibres

Can improve hydro-elastic shape, store elastic energy and act as an energy resevoir

23
Q

How is dense fur achieved?

A

Long guard hairs provide protection and short guard hair trap air underneath

24
Q

How do marine mammals avoid overheating?

A

furry - divert blood flow to flippers

blubbery - divert blood flow to dorsal fit, flippers or dilation of blood vessels outside blubber

25
Q

What 3 ways can marine mammals enhance oxygen stores?

A
  1. Increase lung capacity
  2. Blood volume + storage capacity
  3. Muscle volume + storage capacity (myoglobin)
26
Q

How do cetaceans avoid gas pressures and N2?

A
  • Do not allow N2 into the blood

- Terminal airways reinforced with cartilage and muscle

27
Q

Why are marine mammal lenses stronger?

A

Focussing power of air/cornea interface is lost in water

28
Q

How is sound produced by marine mammals?

A

Generated in the nasal system and transmitted + focused by the melon

29
Q

How is sound received in marine mammals?

A

Via a fatty lobe at the side of the head and fatty core in the jaw bone

BL1102 (16 decks)

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