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BL1102 > Marine biology > Flashcards

Marine biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 modes of life in the sea?

A
  1. Pelagic
  2. Shifting & Ephermal
    - Plankton - drift
    - Nekton - swim
  3. Benthic/demersal (bottom)
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2
Q

How do pleagia maintain buoyancy?

A

Through spines/hairs, trailing threads, flattened body, inclusion of oils/fats and gas chambers

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3
Q

Give 4 examples of plankton

A
  • larvae
  • cnidarians such as jellyfish
  • zooplankton
  • phytoplankton
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4
Q

Give 4 examples of nekton

A
  • bony fish
  • elasmobranchs (sharks and rays)
  • marine mammals
  • cephalopods (octopi and squid)
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5
Q

What is a characteristic of benthic dwellers?

A

Often have attachments to the surface

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6
Q

What are interface animals?

A

Animals that exploit the interface between the sea and the air, often have sail appendages for dispersal

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7
Q

What are porifera?

A

Parazoa (sponges) refers to ostia (pores)

Circulate water via special cells, and are the most primitive of marine multi-cellular organisms

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8
Q

Describe the anatomy of the eumatazoa/cnidarians

A
  • Radially symmetrical
  • Diploblastic (2 types of tissue)
  • Mesoglea is invaginated between endoderm (making the enteron/gut) and ectoderm
  • Has an incomplete digestive tract
  • stinging cells (nematocysts) on marginal tentacles
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9
Q

What are the 3 main body parts of molluscs?

A
  1. Muscular foot
  2. Visceral mass
  3. Mantle
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10
Q

What are the 4 types of molluscs (with examples)?

A
  1. Bivalves (2 shells) - clams, oysters
  2. Gastropods (single shell) - sea snail
  3. Polyplacophoran - chitons
  4. Cephalopods - octopus, squid, cuttlefish
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11
Q

What are 3 features of anthropods?

A
  • segmented bodies
  • jointed appendages
  • exoskeleton
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12
Q

Name 6 features of echinoderms

A
  1. Spiny skin
  2. Radial anatomy
  3. Pentamorous (5 parts)
  4. Water vascular system
  5. Endoskeleton
  6. Tube feet
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13
Q

What are the features that must be present in chordates?

A

NOT NECESSARILY A SPINE

  • Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
  • Notochord
  • Pharygeal slits
  • Post anal tail
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of cnidarians?

A

Polyps - sat on the ground with mouth up

Medusa - swimming with mouth down

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of polyps?

A

Hard case - calcified skeleton provide protection and support, live individually
Soft case - proteinaceous case and live colonially

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16
Q

How do adaptations for swimming differ with body size?

A

smaller - need to maintain buoyancy therefore high surface area
larger - inertia, torpedo shapes

17
Q

What are the advantages of burrowing?

A

Good for responding t osmotic/thermal/respiratory stress

18
Q

Describe the mechanism echinoderms use to move

A
  • Central ring canal extends out into radial canal
  • Water flows through radial canal, into lateral canal and ampullae which then contracts
  • Causes extension in tube feet
19
Q

What are passive suspension feeders?

A

animals that expose a large surface area to currents to feed on suspended particles using cilia/filtration/sticky mucus

20
Q

How are sponges active suspension feeders?

A
  • Actively generate currents using flagella to force water out of the osculum and in through the ostia
  • Food trapped by the flagella flows down the collar into the cell body
21
Q

What are deposit feeders?

A
  • Feed on sediment of microalgae and particulate organic matter
  • Either at surface or under sediment
22
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of internal fertilisation?

A
  • Higher chance of fertilisation

- Lower chance of finding a mate

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of external fertilisation?

A
  • Do not have to find a mate

- Gametes at risk of predation and dilutiojn

24
Q

Which 5 ways can improve the odds of external fertilisation?

A
  1. Ensuring sperm transfer
  2. Volume of gametes
  3. Reduce distance between sexes
  4. Minimal water turbulance
  5. Gamete behaviour (active swimming)
  6. Timing
25
Q

Describe gonochoristic fertilisation

A
  • Form aggreagations and take up spawning posture

- One individual releases spawning hormone triggering spawn of all other individuals

26
Q

Give an example of a simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

Aplysia (sea hare) forms mating chains either laying eggs or depositing sperm alternatively

27
Q

What are protandrous hermaphrodites?

A

Male first

28
Q

Explain the mating systems of

a) Crepidula fornicata
b) Amphiprion ocellaris

A

a) form a stack where bottom most male becomes female

b) oldest and largest male becomes the female

29
Q

What are the 3 different reproductive systems of crustanceans?

A
  1. Simultaneous hemaphrodites
  2. Androdioecy - hemaphrodites and dwarf males
  3. Dioecy - females and dwarf males
30
Q

How do barnacles reproduce?

A

Female barnacle broods eggs which released as cyprid larvae which metamorphose head down on a suitable surface

31
Q

What are the 3 methods of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. Fission - one idividual separates into 2 individuals
  2. Budding - new organism growing off the original organism
  3. Fragmentation (pedal laceration) - New organism forms off fragment of parent

BL1102 (16 decks)

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