Evolutionary Developmental Biology

Question 1

How are segments in arthropods determined?

Answer 1

segment polarity gene ‘engrailed’ in the germ band stage

Question 2

Which genes code for AP positional information?

Answer 2

Hox gene clusters

Question 3

Which genes code for Dorso/Ventral positional information?

Answer 3

Dpp (dorsal) / Sog (ventral)

Question 4

Which gene is responsible for eyes?

Answer 4

Pax6

Question 5

Which gene is responsible for the heart?

Answer 5

Tinman/NK2.5 genes

Question 6

What are the 4 types of mutations?

Answer 6

1. Point mutations
2. Insertions/deletions
3. Duplications
4. Rearrangements

Question 7

What is the DCC model?

Answer 7

1. A gene is duplicated
2. One of the genes degenerates
3. Complementation occurs wither via subfunctionalisation (each takes on different function), neofunctionalisation (one takes on a new function) or nunfunctionalisation (where one becomes non-functional)

Question 8

What is pleiotropy?

Answer 8

When one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.

Question 9

What is heterotropy?

Answer 9

Evolution via changing topological arrangements of structures.

Question 10

What is heterometry?

Answer 10

Evolution via changing sizes (metrics) of structures.

Question 11

What is heterotypy?

Answer 11

Evolution by changing the types of structures e.g novelties on butterfly wings via co-option

Question 12

What is heterochrony?

Answer 12

Evolution via changing the timing of evolutionary events