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BL1102 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What class of cells make up the immune system?

A

The Haematopoetic cells

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2
Q

What are the two lineages of the haematopoetic cells?

A
  1. Myeloid lineage

2. Lymphoid lineage

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3
Q

What % of diseases are dealt with by the innqate immune system?

A

95%

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4
Q

What soluble is used in:

a) the innate immune system
b) the adaptive immune system

A

a) Lysozyme and acute phase proteins

b) Antibody

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5
Q

What cells are involved in:

a) the innate immune system
b) the adaptive immune system

A

a) Phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells

b) T lymphocytes

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6
Q

How do neutrophils find bacterial cells?

A

Chemotaxsis:

Attracted to bacterial chemical products such as peptide fMLP

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7
Q

What are the 5 stage of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Adherance to the polymorph surface
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Phagosome formation
  4. Fusion with a lysosomal granule
  5. Killing and digestion of bacterium
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8
Q

What occurs in lysis?

A

Neutrophils kill microbes by releasing a reactive oxygen species (also called oxidative burst)

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9
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Humoral response deals with the production of antibodies via B lymphocytes
  2. Cell mediated response is involved withthe production of T lymphocytes
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells?

A
  1. T helper
  2. T cytotoxic
  3. T regulator
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11
Q

How do B cells and T cells recognise infected cells?

A

B cells - antibody on surface

T cells - T cell receptors

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12
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that elicits a response from a B or T cell. Can protrude from foreign cells such as bacteria or be secreted into extracellular fluid.

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13
Q

Describe a B cell antigen receptor

A

Y-shaped molecule containing two heavy chains and two light chains. Transmembrane region anchors the receptor in the B cell plasma membrane. Has a constant region and a variable (V) region where amino acids vary between B cells, this is where the antigen binds.

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14
Q

Describe the antigen receptor of T cells

A
  • Consists of 2 different polypeptide chains, an alpha and beta chain linked via a disulphide bridge
  • Also anchored via a transmembrane region
  • Also has variable region with an antigen binding site which only binds to fragments of antigens presented on MHC (major histonecompatability complex) molecules on host cells
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15
Q

To which class of MHC molecules do a) helper T cells and b) cytotoxic T cells respond to?

A

a) Class II

b) Class I

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16
Q

Describe the process of the Class II antigen presentation pathway

A
  • Antigen is engulfed by a macrophage and enzymes cleave it into smaller antigenic peptides
  • These attach to class II MHC complex and migrates to cell membrane to be presented
  • T cell recognises via CD4+ complex
  • Promotes the secretion of cytokines via the antigen presenting cell activating B cells and Cytotoxic T cells (with the same receptors)
17
Q

Describe the process of the Class I antigen presentation pathway

A
  • Infected cell presents antigenic peptides (transported via Golgi apparatus) on Class I MHC molecules in the membrane
  • Recognised by CD8 +ve receptor on cytotoxic T cell
  • T cell releases perforin molecules which form pores in the infected cell membrane and granzymes which break down proteins (initiates apoptosis)
18
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Cells that detect abnormal surface proteins characteristics of virus infected and cancerous cells

19
Q

What is meant by antigen receptor specificity?

A

Different antibodies can recognise different epitopes on the same antigen

20
Q

What is a primary and secondary immune response?

A

primary - first exposure to the antigen

secondary - repeated exposure to the antigen with a faster response

21
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The process by which the cell with a matching antigen will proliferate forming identical clones which will either become efector cells or long-lived memory cells.

22
Q

How is the diversity in antibodies generated (using a light chain as an example)

A
  • There are 40 V (variable) segments, 5 J (joining) segments, and 1 constant segment
  • Enzyme recombinse links a V and J segment upon differentiation
  • RNA splicing removes intervening RNA
23
Q

What feature of an antibody defines its class?

A

Heavy chain

24
Q

What are the 5 antibody classes and what are their roles?

A 
IgM - fast aggloutinator  
IgD - lymphocyte cell surface
IgG - most abundant, crosses placenta 
IgE - responsible for symptoms of allergy 
IgA - sero-mucous secretions
25
Q

What are the 3 steps in an immune response to an allergen?

A
  1. IgE bodies produced from initial exposure to allergen bind to receptors on mast cells
  2. On subsequent exposure IgE recognise and bind to the allergen
  3. Cross linking of adjascent IgE molecules triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals giving allergy syntoms
26
Q

Name 5 uses of antibodies

A
  1. Diagnostic tests
  2. Passive immunisation
  3. Therapeutic treatments
  4. Identification and isolation of different cell populations
  5. Purification and functional analysis of proteins

BL1102 (16 decks)

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