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OS103 > Marine Inverterbrates > Flashcards

Marine Inverterbrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are Metazoa?

A

The single ancestral origin of multi celled animals

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2
Q

What percentage of animals are invertebrates

A

95%

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3
Q

Which phylum are insects, arachnids and crustaceans

A

Arthropoda

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4
Q

What are Porifera?

A 
Sponges
Simplest Metazoa
Lack tissue
Suspension feeders
Most are hermaphrodites - both genders
Diverse
Various sizes
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5
Q

Anatomy of Porifera?

A

Channel water from outside to inner cavity
Flagellum - whip like appendage
Chaanocytes - creates a current that pulls water in through the pores and out the osculum
Cavity gets bigger as the sponge grows - stagnent zone - channels allow space to be used efficiently
No skeleton - spongin supports

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6
Q

What type of sponge is a Hexactinellidia?

A
  • deep water
  • fused vase shaped structure
  • 10-30cm in height
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7
Q

What type of sponge is Calcarea?

A
  • worldwide on rocky shores
  • structure from spicules of calcium carbonate
  • tough leathery feel
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8
Q

What type of sponge is the Demospongiae?

A
  • largest class - 90%
  • structure of silicon spicules and spongin
  • huge variation in size colour and form
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9
Q

What are the three main groups of Cnidaria?

A

Hydras
Coral and Anemones
Jelly fish

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10
Q

What are the features of Cnidaria?

A

Habitat of rock pools or the open ocean
Have a gastrovascular cavity - gut
Carnivores that capture prey using stinging cells
Simple nervous system
Move using hydraulics and muscular contraction
Radial symmetry

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11
Q

What are cnidocytes?

A

Specialised stinging cells

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12
Q

What are the classes of Cnidaria?

A

Hydrozoa - hydroids
Scyphozoa - jellyfish
Anthozoa - sea anemones and coral

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13
Q

What is budding?

A

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from the old one and breaks off

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14
Q

What is fission?

A

A form of asexual reproduction where the organism splits

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15
Q

What is the lifecycle of a jellyfish?

A

Medusa
Larva
Polyp
Medusa

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16
Q

What’s different between Anthozoa and schyphozoan life cycles?

A

Anthozoa skip the Medusa stage

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17
Q

What is coral?

A

A community of polyps

Symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae - one cant survive without the other

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18
Q

What are Ctenophores?

A

Comb jellies
Don’t have cnidae
Swim using cilia
Carnivores - feed in plankton

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19
Q

What are ectoprots?

A 
Similar to coral
Hard exoskeleton 
Build colonial reefs
Mouth surrounded by tentacles
carnivores
True gut - coelom
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic

Bryozoans

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20
Q

What are Branchiopoda?

A

Resemble clams
Hinged dorsoventally
Remnants of diverse ancient group with 30,000 spp (now only 300)

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21
Q

What are Acoelomates?

A

Worms

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22
Q

What are Platyhelminthes?

A 
Flatworms 
Dorsoventrally flattened
Simple body plan
Digest prey externally
Mainly parasitic and benthic
Mouth and anus same tube
Primitive nervous system
23
Q

What are the classifications of Acoelomates?

A

3 classes

Flukes
Cestoda
Turbellaria

24
Q

What type of worms are Flukes?

A

Parasitic

  • Monogenea - ectoparasites - 1 host species
  • Trematoda - endoparasites - 2+ host species
25
Q

What type of worms are Cestoda?

A

Tapeworms

26
Q

What type of worms are Turbellaria?

A

Free living worms

Movement using muscles and cilia

27
Q

How do Acoelomates reproduce?

A

Asexual - fission

Sexual - hypodermic insemination

28
Q

What are Pseudocoelomates?

A

Rotifers

Roundworms

29
Q

What are Rotifers?

A 
Phylum - Rotifera
Small - 200 micrometers
Specialised organ structures
Mostly benthic
Can live in the water film around sand particles 
Mouth surrounded by cilia
Pathenogenesis reproduction - females producing non feeding males for reproduction during stress
Some have been asexual for 35 Ma
30
Q

What are roundworms?

A 
Phylum - Nematoda
Microscavengers
Found in all habitats
Advancement over flatworms
50000+ species
Various sizes
May be parasites to other animals
Tough skin
Reproduce sexually - 100,000 eggs per day
31
Q

What are coelomates?

A

Phylum - Mollusca
100,000 known species
Marine fresh water and terrestrial
Thick muscular body wall - developed into foot
Visceral hump - covered by mantle - secretes a calcium carbonate she’ll
Most have gills and central nervous system

Bivalves

32
Q

What are bivalves?

A

Clams

2 shells hinged in the middle

33
Q

What are Cephalopoda?

A

Squid / octopus

34
Q

What are the features of Cephalopoda?

A 
She’ll reduced or lost
Mobile and fast
Masters of colour change - chromatophores
Highly intelligent 
Well developed eye - no blind spot
35
Q

What are Segmented worms?

A 
Phylum - Annelida 
Bilateral symmetry 
Segmented body with appendages
Distinct head - sensory and feeding
Complex organ systems
36
Q

What are the three classes of segmented worms?

A

Polychaeta - lots of bristles - marine

Ogliochaeta - few bristles - fresh/terrestrial

Hirudinea - leeches - mostly freshwater

37
Q

What are marine polychaetes?

A

Have parapodia appendages covered in setae
Mobile and sedentary
Intertidal to deep ocean trenches
Surface dwelling, burrowing, tube dwelling, pelagic, boring, parasitic
Carnivores, herbivores and omnivores scavenging

38
Q

What are the features of Arthropoda?

A

They have a hard jointed exoskeleton and they have legs and other jointed appendages

39
Q

What is an exoskeleton?

A

It is a living suit of armour so the skeleton is on the outside and the muscles on the inside

40
Q

What are the features of marine crustaceans?

A 
Segmented body - head, thorax, abdomen
Multi-articulate limbs
Carapace - protective shield
Dominate the plankton 
Important benthic consumers
40,000 species
41
Q

What are the 4 major groups of crustaceans?

A

Copepoda
Cirripedia - barnacles
Ostracoda - small Crustacea
Malacostraca - crabs and shrimp

42
Q

What are Copepoda?

A

Holoplankton
Feed on phytoplankton
Important link in the food chain

43
Q

What are Cirripedia?

A

Sessile
Planktonic larva attach to rocks and secrete calcium she’ll
Permanently attached
Common on rocky shores

44
Q

What are ostracods?

A

Clam shrimps
Planktonic / benthic
Micro predator / scavenger

45
Q

What are Malacostraca?

A

Big mobile and powerful

Commercially important

46
Q

What is the life cycle of Arthropoda?

A 
Egg 
Nauplius
Protozoea
Mysis
Post Larval stage
Adult
47
Q

What are Echinodermata?

A

Sea urchins and starfish

5 classes
Pentamorous body plan
Radial symmetry
Exclusively marine
Sensitive to pollution 
Voracious feeders
Benthic
48
Q

What are the hydraulics of Echinodermata?

A

Use hydraulics to power 1000s of tube feet

They can be used for gas exchange and locomotion

49
Q

What are Crinoidea?

A

Feather stars and sea lilies

50
Q

What are Echinoidea?

A

Sea urchins
Sea potatoes
Sand dollars

No arms, use muscles to move on spines

51
Q

What are Ophiuroidea?

A

Brittle stars

Distinct long arms and central disc

52
Q

What are Asteroidea?

A

Sea urchins

5 or more arms, tube feet
Use hydraulics to move
Capable of regeneration
Feed by averting stomach into prey

53
Q

What are Holothuroidea?

A

Sea cucumbers

Lack spines
Elongated
Move using tube feet and contractions
Expel internal organs in defence as they can be quickly regenerated

OS103 (20 decks)

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