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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Marine Ecology > Flashcards

Marine Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

ecology

A

Interaction between organisms and their environment which determines survival and distribution.

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2
Q

Marine Ecology

A

Scientific study of marine life, habitats, population, interaction, and surrounding environment.

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

Abiotic - physical non-living factors that shape the ecosystem (light,salinity,temp)
Biotic - living influences on organisms within an ecosystem (disease, predator/prey, paratism)

Both determine growth and productivity

All ecosystems require constant energy
Chemicals and nutrients recycled within

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4
Q

Experimental Field

A

Observation
Recordings
Testing

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5
Q

Level of Organization

A

Biosphere - Earth
Biome - Part on earth
Ecosystem - specific (ex. Coral reef)
Community
Population - specific
Organism - individual

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6
Q

Community

A

all populations of organisms living in a defined area

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7
Q

Habitat

A

physical place where organisms live

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8
Q

Niche

A

Resources (abiotic/biotic) an organism uses for survival, growth, n reproduction
- defined by habitat, food resources, temporal behavior
Ex - feeding niche
- diff beaks = diff prey

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9
Q

Limiting Resource

A

Resources that affect growth of a population
- food/nutrients
- physical factors (light, salinity, substrate)
- space (habitat)
- o2 or CO2
- inorganic compounds

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10
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Max # of organisms a habitat can support
- factors that determine carrying capacity
- food, water, sunlight, nesting space
- overcrowding disease, buildup of waste
- inhibited reproductive capacity

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11
Q

Exceeding of carrying capacity

A

Leads to starvation, disease, and death

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12
Q

Interactions in communities (Biotic)

A

Competition
Predator- prey
Symbiosis

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13
Q

Competition

A

Occurs when organisms fight others over limiting resource that both require for survival
- intraspecific - organism compete w/ members of same species
- interspecific - when 2 or more species rely and compete on same limited resource (food, shelter, space)

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14
Q

Voracious predators

A

Shared diets between crabs and shore birds that eat epifauna and infauna

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15
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Competitors coexisting by using the same resource in diff ways or diff times

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16
Q

Symbiosis

A

When 1 species live in or on another
- facultative symbiosis - can survive w/o other
- obligate symbiosis - cannot survive w/o other
Smaller partner - symbiont
Larger partner - host

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17
Q

Types of symbiosis

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Paratism

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18
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit
Ex - clownfish and sea anemone

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19
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits w/ no effect on other
Ex - barnacles on whale

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20
Q

Paratism

A

One benefits and other is harmed
Ex - isopod on fish tongue or tapeworm in human

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21
Q

Predation

A

One species (predators) kills (prey) for food

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22
Q

Prey adaptations to avoid being eaten

A
  • warning coloration
  • camouflage
  • mimicry - diff species having (mimicking) similar appearance to harmful/aggressive species
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23
Q

Poison

A

Toxin that gets into body via ingestion, inhalation, absorption(touch) through skin (released passively)
Ex - poison ivy/ oak

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24
Q

Venom

A

Specialized poison evolved for specific purpose (actively injected via bite/sting)
Ex - snakes

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25
Marine Ecosystems
- salt marshes - coral reefs - mangroves - intertidal - deep sea - estuaries
26
Energy flow
Route of energy determined by ecosystems trophic structure
27
Trophic structure
From the bottom up Energy 1) primary producers (plants/plankton) photo/chemo autotrophs 2) primary consumer (copepods) 3) secondary consumers (herbivores) 4) tertiary consumers (predators) 5) Quaternary consumer (top predators)
28
Energy consumption
Around 10% energy is transferred to next level of food chain (Divide energy by 10) Top predators have least amount of energy consumption
29
Gross primary production
Total amount of primary production
30
Net primary production
Organic matter LEFT after primary producers meet own needs (base of trophic pyramid)
31
Standing stock
Total amount of phytoplankton in the water
32
Bioaccumulation
Certain elements/ compounds can’t metabolize/excrete so they accumulate in an organism - Ex - heavy metals (lead,mercury) - pesticides (non-biodegradable)
33
Biomagnification
Concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of ingesting other plants/animals where toxins are widely dispersed
34
Major Marine environments
Benthos - live in or at bottom Sessile - attached or move about the bottom Pelagic - live in water column Plankton - drift with currents Nekton - swim to oppose currents
35
Intertidal
Area between highest and lowest tides
36
Characteristics of intertidal zone
- Terrestrial conditions in higher intertidal - Marine conditions in lower intertidal Range of environmental conditions
37
Substrates of intertidal
Type of bottom present in a community Rocky - type of rock / degree of slope / height Soft bottom - sand / silt / mixture (mud)
38
Epifauna
Organisms living on surface of substrate (snails on soft bottom / barnacles in hard substrate)
39
Infauna
Organism living in substrate (clams in soft bottoms)
40
Meiofauna
Organisms so small they live between grains of soft substrate (microscopic) Ex - Crustacea , polychaete, Turbellaria
41
Desiccation
Water loss within an organism Solutions - - hiding (organisms move to an area wit more moisture or live in areas where moisture remain when tide is out) - clamming up - closing shell or walling off from environment to conserve moisture (neg effect = no exchange of gas or feeding)
42
Changing temps
Mechanisms to stay cool - sculpturing or ridges on shell-radiators for heat - light coloration reflect light - extra water supply for evaporative cooling
43
Changing salinity
Euryhaline - tolerate wide range of salinities Stenohaline - tolerate low range of salinity
44
Wave action
Dislodges organisms from habitat Solution - - orient themselves so waves don’t go against them - glue selves to substrate
45
Gas exchange
O2 exhausted when organism clams up or overpopulation CO2 build up toxic levels when organisms cannot exchange gas with environment Some organisms have evolved to exchange gas in air and water
46
Limited space
Food abundant but space is limited
47
Zonation (bio-bands)
Formation of bands created by ability of plants/algae/animals to tolerate environmental conditions of each zone
48
Intertidal zones
Spray zone (splash) - above high tide line and receives little water (acorn barnacles/limpets) High tide zone - covered by high tides (heavy wave action) (chiton, rockweed ,thatched barnacle) Middle tide zone - covered at high tides but dry at low(diverse habitats, animals adapted to extremes) (sea stars, mussels, sea anemones) Low tide zone - only dry at low tides (greatest diversity and abundance of organisms) (sea stars, urchins, sponge)
49
Subtidal zone
Area beyond intertidal Always submerged Macroalgae (Giant kelp, sea slug, sea cucumber, urchin)
50
Detritus
Dead or decaying organic matter
51
Zonation @ intertidal
Competition > in lower intertidal b/c it is more species rich
52
Succession
Pattern of recruitment in an empty area
53
Continental shelf
Biologically richest part of ocean (more species present) Area of potential natural resources (oil n gas)
54
Nutrient rich shelves from
Autotrophs Decaying matter Nutrients from estuaries or rivers
55
Estuaries
Places where fresh and salt water mix. Usually where Rivers enter the sea - salinities vary from 5-30 ppt Salt wedge estuaries are least mixed of ocean and river
56
Organisms in estuaries
Euryhaline - crabs - osmoregulators - internal organs stabilized - osmoconformer - conform to surroundings
57
Estuary characteristics
Composed of sand/mud Most areas anoxic (devoid of O2) Temperatures vary (low water = warmer) Water clarity - muddy + debris
58
Ocean depths
Pelagic- open sea past continental shelf (neretic) <200m deep Benthic - sea floor (sub neretic and sub oceanic)
59
Ocean province
Epipelagic - only zone that supports photosynthesis Mesopelagic - organisms capable of bioluminescence (contains oxygen minimum layer - dead or decayed photsynthesizers that cause bacteria respiration = no O2)
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Life in deep sea reduced b/c reduced food due to less light
Light and temp decrease Pressure increase
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Deep scattering layer
Vertical migration - go up and feed at night to avoid predators and return to depths at day
62
Thermocline
Rapid temp change - occurs in mesopelagic so migrators tolerate these changes to pressure n temp
63
Migrators
-swim bladders - strong muscles - well developed bones
64
Non-migrators
Smaller size b/c less food at depth - no swim bladder - flabby muscles - weak bones - long sharp teeth + jaws Sensitive eyes (direction of intensity of light) Bioluminescence
65
Below mesopelagic
Total darkness Uniformly cold, dark, salinity High pressure Organisms have no counter shading - photophores at top of head (lure) or under chin - small/absent eyes -no swim bladders -weak skeleton Flabby muscles - large mouths with pointed teeth
66
Deep sea hermaphroditism
Many species with both female and male organs to ensure reproduction can happen if they meet
67
Deep sea benthos
Slow decomposition (cold) Dominated by echinoderms (urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars)
68
Deep sea gigantism
Grow slow/ long life / larger Produce later in life
69
Hydrothermal vent communities
Nutrient poor Bacteria at bottom of food pyramid (chemoautotrophs) Smoker vents - Black smokers - hotter nd more common White smokers - cooler and create white chimneys Support wide varieties of organisms besides bacteria Vents come and go as geologic activity in any given area
70
Tube worms
Harbor chemoautotrophic bacteria in body to support metabolic needs
71
Coral bleaching
Increased temperatures and pollution and climate change

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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