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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Percentage of ocean in Northern and Southern Hemisphere?

A

Northern hemisphere - 55%
Southern Hemisphere - 75%

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2
Q

Name the five ocean basins

A
  • Southern Ocean
  • Artic
  • Pacific
  • Indian
  • Atlantic
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3
Q

Order the Ocean basins from largest to smallest (PAIAR)

A
  • Pacific
  • Atlantic
  • Indian
  • Artic
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4
Q

What is “world ocean” ?

A

Refers to the interconnection of all five ocean basins

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5
Q

How did Earth’s crust form based on density?

A

Earth’s formation generated so much heat that the planet was mostly molten allowing materials to settle within the planet.

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6
Q

What are the earth’s main components? (Layers of the earth)

A

Inner core - solid
Outer core - liquid
Mantle - solid - Semiplastic composition
Crust - extremely thin layer

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7
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

Oceanic crust makes up the sea floor. It is denser, thinner, and younger than continental crust.

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8
Q

What is continental drift? (Alfred Wegener 1912)

A

The movement of continental masses on the surface of earth.

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9
Q

What is Pangaea?

A

Hypothesis that continents were all one.

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10
Q

Main features of Plate Tectonics?

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges - continuous chain of volcanic submarine mountains that extend around earth
Subduction - when heavy plates (oceanic plates) hits lighter plate and slides under

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11
Q

What are the trends of Plate boundaries?

A

OOT - oceanic + oceanic = Trenches and earthquakes/volcanoes.
- Volcanic chain - island arcs
CCM- continental + continental = Mountains form from the tremendous force that happens when the continental plates push against each other
Shear boundary (OCM) - two tectonic plates sliding past each other - typically causes an earthquake (San Andreas Fault)

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12
Q

What is the ring of fire?

A

The formation of a path of volcanoes along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes when oceanic plates slid under continental plates. About 90 of earthquakes occur along the ring of fire.

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13
Q

Geomagnetic Anomalies (earths magnetic field)

A

Patterns of magnetic stripes (magnetic anomalies) that run parallel to the mid ocean ridge.

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14
Q

Components of Continental margins?

A

Continental shelf - top most
Continental slope - slope/middle
Continental rise - bottommost part leading to abyssal plains

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15
Q

Passive Margin

A

Area relatively inactive geologically (not a lot of volcanoes)
- Has flat wide coastal plains (East Coast)

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16
Q

Active Margin

A

Area relatively intense geologically (lot of volcanoes and earthquakes) (West Coast)

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17
Q

Hydrothermal Vents (1977)

A

Underwater volcanoes at spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries surrounded by living organisms

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18
Q

Convergent boundaries

A

When two or more lithospheric plates collide.
O+O=T
C+C= M
O+C = E

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19
Q

Biogenous sediment

A

Derived from skeletons and shells of marine organisms and can reveal age through carbon dating

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20
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

~35% of CO2 dissolves into aquatic systems and causes a negative effect on marine life

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21
Q

Characteristics of water

A

2 hydrogen atoms for 1 oxygen atom (H2O). Any substance can exist in three different states - solid, liquid, gas. Water is the only substance that naturally occurs in all three states.

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22
Q

Water and Density

A

Lower temp causes molecules to move closer and causes higher density (heavier). Thus cold water sinks beneath warm water (cold water holds more oxygen than the same volume of warm water.)

23
Q

Water and Salinity

A

Salinity measured in PPT (parts per thousand).
The total amount of salts dissolved in seawater.
The saltier, the denser.

24
Q

Evaporation

A

Water escapes from hydrogen bonds holding them together break + become airborne.

25
Q

Water and Pressure

A

Pressure underwater increases as depth increases
- water @ bottom of the ocean has weight of water above it. With each 10m of increased depth, an atmosphere of pressure is added.

26
Q

Dissolved Gases

A

most important gases of the ocean is O2, CO2, and N2. They dissolve in the ocean at the sea surface.
Organisms in the ocean utilize O2 and mix CO2

27
Q

Transparency and light

A

Seawater is relatively transparent so sunlight can penetrate into the ocean (helps photosynthesis). Large quantity of plankton reduces water transparency

28
Q

Ocean Circulation

A

Circulation occurs as waves, tides, currents, gyres and is primarily driven by wind patterns

29
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The tendency of objects moving large distances on earths surfaces to bend to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in Southern Hemisphere. Deflects large scale motions Ike wind and currents.

30
Q

Thermohaline Circulation

A

Driven by differences in water density, due to variation in water temp and salinity rather than winds or tides.

31
Q

Ekman transport

A

In which the upper part of the water column moves perpendicular to the wind direction , to the right in northern hemisphere and to the left in Southern Hemisphere.

32
Q

Upwelling

A

When currents push up deep waters toward the surface and brings cold, nutrient rich water up.

33
Q

downwelling

A

When large volumes of water sink due to changes in temp and salinity and brings gases down. (The sinking of surface water that is denser than underlying water layers)

34
Q

Tides

A

caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun and by rotations of the earth, moon, and sun.
Spring tides - when moon and sun are aligned and cause vertical tidal bulging.
Neap tides - when moon and sun are at 90degrees and causes horizontal tidal bulging.

35
Q

Tide types

A

Semidiurnal - a tidal pattern with two high and two low tides each day
Mixed semidiurnal - tidal pattern with two successive high tides of different heights each day
Diurnal tides - tidal pattern with a high and low tide each day

36
Q

California tides

A

Predominantly mixed semidiurnal but on some days almost diurnal

37
Q

Wind patterns

A

Winds driven by sunlight - as sunlight gets air, heat rises and cooler air rushes in to take place of air that has risen
Trade winds- Major wind pattern where equator is warmer than poles (Hawaii, Bahamas) - warm air rises towards the poles

38
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

39
Q

Life’s Hierarchy (11)

A

Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Molecule
Atom

40
Q

Domains of life (3)

A

Bacteria - Prokaryotic (no nucleus, cell wall)
Archaea - Prokaryotic
Eukarya- Eukaryotic (plankton,animals,fungi) (membrane bound)

41
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration.

42
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of atoms/molecules from an area of high to low concentration. (molecules would be evenly distributed (equilibrium)

43
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulation of solute/water balance

44
Q

Taxonomic Classification (KPCOFGS)

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

45
Q

Land plants originate from?

A

Green Algae

46
Q

How is algae different from land plants?

A

Algae can be multi or unicellular while land plants are always multicellular

47
Q

Pneumatocysts

A

Gas filled bladders used to keep the blades near the water’s surface and provides bouancy

48
Q

Algal extract

A

Algin- extract of brown algae used as emulsifier
Carageenan - harvested from red algae and used as a thickening agent in non dairy products
Agar - extract from red algae to protect canned meats

49
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green pigment
Ex. Codium - branches out in pairs

50
Q

Phaeophyta

A

Brown pigment (Kelp forests)
Ex. Nereocytis - blades on small branches attached to bulb

51
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Red pigment (coralline algae mostly on rocks)
Ex. Laurencia Pacifica - blades clustered radially around branching stems from base to top

52
Q

Sea grass (angiosperms)

A

True plants - produce pollen and seeds.
Marine species reside here before maturity

53
Q

Mangroves

A

Woody trees with large root systems that filter out many things

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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