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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 8-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8-9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Marine Fish

A

Vertebrates (organisms w/backbone)
Oldest/largest (species/abundance) of vertebrates

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2
Q

Class Agnatha

A

Jawless fish
- Hagfish and lampreys
- muscular/circular mouth w/ rows of teeth in rings
- tentacles w/tastebuds (sucker-like mouth) to consume blood, tissue, body fluid.
- no paired fins / scales
- secretes slime (defense)
- feed on dead/decaying animals

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3
Q

Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

A

(Cartilaginous) and (bony)
- both w/ highly efficient gills
- scales cover the body
- streamline bodies
- Paired fins
- wide variety of jaw and feeding types
- Lateral line and sensory organs

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4
Q

Lateral Line (sharks and fish)

A

Distinct line that runs from snout to tail made of pores w sensory cells (sensory capacity and communication) inside that track pressure of water and help catch prey

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5
Q

Ratfish (Chondrichthyes)

A
  • deep waters
  • mouth with plate-like grinding teeth
  • tiny tail
  • venomous spine in front of dorsal fin
  • head clasper
  • no scales
  • skin flap covers 1 gill slit
  • bottom dwellers (eats from sediment)
  • heterocercal tail like sharks
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6
Q

Eslamobranchs (Chondrichthyes (sharks/rays/skates)

A
  • movable jaws
    -skeleton of cartilage
  • paired fins
  • spongy cartilage snout
  • well developed teeth
    5-7 gill slits
    Claspers (mating)
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7
Q

Chondrichthyes respiration

A
  • ram ventilation (passive breathing while swimming)
  • buccal pumping (using cheeks to breathe)
  • spiracle breathing (opening on head used to bring water w/o mouth)
  • obligate ram ventilators
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8
Q

Scales (sharks and rays)

A
  • placoid scales - dermal denticles (skinned teeth)
    - made for drag and noise reduction
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9
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A
  • sensory organs used to detect electrical currents when sharks are close to an object
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10
Q

Sharks

A
  • diversity in fins, snout, color
  • subject to disastrous fishing (oil and fins)
  • symbiosis with fish to keep shark clean
    Internal fertilization - male claspers and female decal openings
  • no swim bladders (have liver rich in oil to maintain bouyancy)
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11
Q

Skates and rays (Chondrichthyes)

A
  • both have Dorsaventrally flattened bodies
  • spend time @ bottom covered in sand (demersal)
  • large flattened teeth to feed on invertebrates
  • long fleshy whip like tails
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12
Q

Skates

A

Fleshy tail w/ no spine on tail
- spiracles
- skates lay eggs unlike rays
- feed on crustacean

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13
Q

Rays

A
  • pectoral fins expand to wings
  • long whip like tails w/ spine at base associated w/ poison gland
  • electric rays have organs that produce electricity at side of head
  • feed on crustaceans
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14
Q

Reproduction

A

Vivipary - Live birth w/ placenta
Ovipary - Lay eggs
Ovivipary- internalized eggs that hatch in female

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15
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish
- gills used for respiration
- hinged jaws - variety of feeding
Homoceral tails (2 ones of = size) provides forward thrust

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16
Q

Fish gills

A
  • gill arch supports entire Structure
  • gill rakers on forward surface of gill arch
  • gill filaments trail behind gill arch
  • exchange of o2 an CO2 on surfaces
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17
Q

Operculum (Gastropods, worms, fish)

A
  • bony operculum covers gills ( provides protection against injury compared to gill slits
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18
Q

Swim bladder

A

Used for bouyancy control (internal gas filled organ)

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19
Q

Flat bony scales (ctenoid or cycloid) protect body

A

Ctenoid (spiny scale)
Cycloid(round scale)
Scales Overlap for more flexibility

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20
Q

Coloration

A

Countershade - ventral (belly) lighter than dorsal (top) - blends with water
Cryptic - blend w/ environment (shape/color/ texture)
Disruptive - bars/ stripes to break silhouette
Eye spot mimicry - circular patter on/near caudal fin to confuse predator on which side is the head
Warning - bright/off colors to advertise bad taste or poisonous nature

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21
Q

Body shapes

A

Fusiform - streamline / bullet/ fast
Compressiform - compressed / bursts of speed
Depression - Flattened from top to bottom / lives on bottom / flaps fins up and down
Filliform - elongated / slither / sediment

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22
Q

Fish fins

A

Pectoral (paired)
Pelvic (paired)
Dorsal
Andipose
Anal fin
Caudal (tail)

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23
Q

Caudal fin shapes

A

Homoceral (symmetric)
Heterocercal (asymmetric)

24
Q

Mouth types

A
  • beaks scrape organisms and algae off hard surfaces
  • teeth and wide mouth to capture prey
  • tube mouth to feed on coral
25
Q

Eyes

A

Position of lens changes like camera
Membranes cover eyeballs for protection

26
Q

Schooling

A

Behavior
Makes smaller fish appear much larger

27
Q

Marine Reptiles and Birds

A

Phylum Chordata
- Class reptilia (reptiles)
- Class Aves (birds)
- Mammalia (Mammals)

28
Q

Nekton

A

Aquatic animals able to swim and move independently of water currents
- free swimmers
- usually large
- breathe air
- adaptations for thermoregulation

29
Q

Marine reptiles (sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguana, saltwater crocodile)

A
  • uses lungs to breathe
  • cold blooded
  • body covered with scales
  • lay eggs on land
30
Q

Ectoderm (heat from outside)

A

-heat from surroundings
- thrive in warm environments
- don’t need to use much energy
- slow metabolism - don’t need to eat lots
Turtles

31
Q

Endotherm ( heat from inside)

A

-temp from own metabolism
- temp remains same all the time

32
Q

Sea turtles

A
  • all species threatened/endangered
  • upper shell (carapace)
  • bottom shell (plaston)
    Powerful jaws w no teeth
    Reproduction - breed at sea (internal fertilization (stores eggs and sperm)
  • egg hatching temp dependent and sex determined (female - warmer, male - colder)
  • eggs soft and leathery - incubation of 60 days
  • juveniles omnivorous (algae/jellies)
  • adults mostly carnivores
    Leatherback(largest)
33
Q

Sea snakes

A
  • only found in pacific and Indian Ocean
  • laterally flattened body w paddle like tail for propulsion
  • venomous and carnivorous
    Breed at sea
34
Q

Marine Iguana

A
  • Galápagos Islands
  • dive to feed on seaweed n sea grass
  • laterally flattened tails for improved swimming
  • limb bones heavier and compact to paddles
  • salt expelled from sneezes
    Blunt nose
35
Q

Sea bird

A
  • birds nest on land but feed only marine organisms
  • feathers that cover body are coated with oil to help them in water
  • most species colonial nesters near cliffs, trees, shores
  • harder shelled eggs
36
Q

Penguin

A
  • flightless wings modified into flippers to swim
  • layer of fat and traps air in feathers to keep warm
  • males and females share parenting responsibility
37
Q

Mammalia

A
  • hair/fur
    -endothermic (regulate own body temp)
  • produce milk to feed young
  • fusiform body to reduce drag
  • modified limbs for propulsion/steer
    -tails for propulsion/balance
    Thermoregulation - dense fur/blubber to reduce heat loss
38
Q

Pinnipedia

A

Seals / Sea Lions
- Sexual dimorphism - seen in reproductive organs, body size, behavior
- Males (Probocis or larger tusks)
Molting - lose their fur and is replaced with new ones

39
Q

Seals (chubs)

A

Molt once a year
Smaller rotating flippers covered by hair and nails for swimming

40
Q

Sea lions

A

External ear flaps
- limbs rotate forward for more efficient locomotion on land

41
Q

Sea otter

A

smallest marine mammal
Fine dense fur coat
Broad and webbed flipper like hind feet
Keystone predator keep kelp forests safe from urchins

42
Q

Keystone Predators

A

Keystone species that is a predator and will maintain species diversity in a community

43
Q

Polar bears

A
  • largest land carnivore
  • black skin color
    Small ears and long neck
44
Q

Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)

A
  • mammalian traits
  • breathe air
  • feed young milk
  • give birth to live young
    Fore limbs modified into flippers
45
Q

Odontocetes (tooth whales) - sperm whales

A

Simple peg like teeth
Have 1 blowhole
Predators
Highly social
Short/no migration
Temperate tropical
Sophisticated sonar

46
Q

Mysticetes (Baleen whales)

A

Rows of fibrous plates known as baleen (filter feed)
2 blowholes
Largest and endangered

47
Q

Diving adaptations

A

Heart rate slows dramatically (bradycardia)
- blood flow reduced
- lungs and ribs collapse for dive

48
Q

Artic whales

A

Lack dorsal fins cause ice
- beluga whales have melon on head that direct outgoing sound waves.
-narwhal have long tusk
- layer of blubber to keep warm

49
Q

Dolphins

A

Conical teeth
Falcate dorsal fin
Clicks / whistle

50
Q

Porpoises

A
  • spade shaped teeth
51
Q

Vocalization

A

Sperm whales - cohort clicks / codas
Baleen whales - long complicated vocal songs
Beluga - songs
Dolphins - click and whistle

52
Q

MAss standing

A

When one is injured

53
Q

Breaching

A

Jumping out of water and crashing back into water on their back

54
Q

Spyhopping

A

Pop head out of water

55
Q

Migration

A

Many migrate to warmer/colder temp for breeding

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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