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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Percentage of Finfish and shellfish consumed by humans around the world?

A

15%

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2
Q

Organisms harvested from the sea

A

90% of finfish (bony/cartilaginous finned fish)
Shellfish
Jellyfish, sea cucumbers, polychaetes, seaweed

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3
Q

Which nation has not significantly decreased since late 1980s due to increased efforts of fishing fleet?

A

China

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4
Q

Top marine fish harvesting nation

A

China

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5
Q

Top Marine fishing areas

A

Northwest pacific

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6
Q

Largest fish catches

A

Herrings, sardines, and other clupeiod fishes

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7
Q

Clupeiod fishes

A

Sardines, menhaden, shad, anchovies, herring
- these are lowcost
- used for fish flour, fish oil/meal, or eaten directly

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8
Q

Demersal fish

A
  • Bottom feeders (halibut/stingray)
  • mostly caught using trawls
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9
Q

Pelagic fishes

A
  • live and feed in the open water column
  • caught by drift nets, gill nets, and seine nets
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10
Q

Demersal cold water species

A

Cods, haddock, pollock, whiting
- sold fresh and frozen (lessens bacteria)
- vital source of inexpensive protein

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11
Q

Tuna

A
  • caught in open water
  • high prices
  • caught on longlines or gillnets
    Fishing boats equipped with freezers so they last at sea
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12
Q

Molluscs

A
  • 2nd most valuable catch after finfish
  • squid, octopus, and cuttlefish
  • clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, abalones important worldwide
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13
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • anything with hard exoskeleton (shrimp, lobsters, crab)
  • prized worldwide
  • high prices
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14
Q

Sharks

A

Caught for meat, fins, and liver oil
Only 10% of original population
(Angel sharks, zebra, great whites)

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15
Q

Aquaculture

A

Farming and growing of saltwater and freshwater organisms (finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants) in a water environment under controlled condition

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16
Q

Mariculture

A

Specialized wing of aquaculture that farms marine organisms in nearshore environments or in specialized structures using circulated seawater. (Cultivation of organisms in open ocean or enclosed section of ocean in ponds and tanks filled with seawater.

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17
Q

Issues with fisheries

A
  • Fish caught and processed are immature juveniles that ave never reproduced
  • survival rate of larvae is low
  • too long of a recovery time
    -spawning grounds are becoming developed
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18
Q

Trawls

A

Nets connected to the back of a boat (think our boat field trip)
- led to sink and done to any part of water column
- destroys bottom habitats and can have bycatch

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19
Q

Gill nets

A

Curtain of netting suspended by system with floats
Acts as invisible wall
Used to catch sardines, salmon, cod
Can cause entanglement and bycatch

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20
Q

Purse seine

A

Large wall of net encircling school of fish
- bottom of net pulled like a drawstring to herd fish to center
- targets schooling fish or groups gathered to spawn
- can cause bycatch

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21
Q

Long line

A

A long central line with evenly spaced hooks hanging
- bed near the surface to catch tuna or swordfish or put at bottom to catch cod and halibut
- can cause entanglement and bycatch

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22
Q

Hand line

A

Most sustainable
- catches one fish at a time

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23
Q

Dredging

A

Large metal frame baskets that digs into se floor and brings everything up with it
- disrupts sea floor and has lots of bycatch

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24
Q

Bycatch

A

Fish or other marine species caught unintentionally while targeting certain species

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25
Q

Cod population

A

They are overfished
- numbers considerably low and expected to never recover

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26
Q

Renewable resource

A

Replenishes itself and can be used without causing any damage (sunlight, water, wind, heat)

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27
Q

Non-renewable resource

A

Cannot replenish itself and will dissipate if continued use (fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, oil, natural gas)

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28
Q

problems within aquaculture

A
  • disease and parasites can spread within population
  • diff food requirements
  • maintains water quality difficult
  • may breed with wild stocks and dilute genome of wild population
  • pollution from these can leak into nearby waters (spreads disease)
  • mangroves + other estuarine communities destroyed to create far ponds
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29
Q

Maximum sustainable yield

A

Max amount of species that can be harvested without affecting future yield

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30
Q

Sustainable yield

A

Amt that can be caught and maintained at constant population size

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31
Q

Results of continued fishing above max sustainable yield

A

Around 70% of fish overfished (true or large species like tuna, swordfish, sharks)
Fish today half the size of those harvested 20 years ago.

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32
Q

Overfished

A

Status assigned to fish stocks that have been harvested so there is not enough breeding stock left for replenishment

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33
Q

Commercial extinction

A

Depletion of species to the point it is no longer profitable to harvest

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34
Q

Fishing Effort

A

A measure of the amount of fishing

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35
Q

Fish stock appearing to be experiencing growth due to conservation efforts

A

North Sea herring

36
Q

Below what percentage is when a fishery is regarded as collapsed?

A

10%

37
Q

Marine Protected areas (MPA)

A

Areas of the oceans that are protected for conservation purpose

38
Q

What percentage of fisheries are fully exploited?

A

52%

39
Q

Why do we fish down the food chain?

A

We are exploiting all the resources available
Overfishing from big fish (whales and sharks) to small fishes

40
Q

Percentage of the ocean affected by human activities?

A

40%

41
Q

Ecological pressures

A

Habitat destruction
Overfishing
Climate change
Ocean acidification
Water pollution

42
Q

Why do most habitat destructions happen close to shore?

A

They are results of poorly/unplanned developments

43
Q

Dredging

A

Removing material from an aquatic environment to
- move land
- allow passage for ships
- alter canals and drainage
- create dams
- recover sand and other material

44
Q

Coral reef destruction causes

A

1/4 of all coral reefs are lost or at risk
Pollution from
- sewage
- sedimentation
- temperature rising
Corals also lost due to collection for aquarium trade and sale and souvenirs

45
Q

Trawling

A

Major threat to subtidal habitats
Resuspension of sediment kills suspension feeders
Breaks off attached organisms

46
Q

Pollution

A

Human introduction of substance that reduces quality of environment
- heavy metals from mining
- most pollutants come from land-based substances

47
Q

Sources of pollution

A

Fertilizers
Sewage
Oil
Persistent toxic substances

48
Q

Fertilizers

A

Wash into streams and carried into coastal waters

49
Q

Eutrophication

A

Influx of nutrients which causes phytoplankton numbers to rise (blooms)
- this blocks light so sea grass and corals cannot grow
- eventually creates DEAD ZONE because of the dead algae and oxygen deprived water
Hypoxia - low or depleted oxygen in water

Dead zones in
- Gulf of Mexico
- Great Lakes
- Baltic Sea
- east coast of US

50
Q

Sewage

A

Domestic sewage comes from homes, city buildings, and runoff
Industrial sewage comes from factories and continental variety of substances including disease causing organisms, heavy metals, and toxic substances

51
Q

Oil

A

Destroys insulating ability of fur bearing mammals
Destroys repellency of bid feathers
Poisons animals when ingested
Fish experience reduced growth, enlarged livers and more

52
Q

Persistent toxic substances

A
  • chlorinated hydrocarbons - dissolve in the fats of organisms and passed from prey to predator
    - accumulation known as Biomagnification
  • PCB’s
  • heavy metals
53
Q

As a result of pollution

A

Fish may be unsafe to eat
- chlorinated hydrocarbon not as high as before
- level of PCB and heavy metals still a problem

54
Q

Health effects of Pollution

A

Headaches
Fatigue
Respiratory illness
Cardiovascular illness
Gastroenteritis
Cancer Risks
Nausea
Skin irritation

55
Q

Other dangers to Marine Environment

A

Solid wastes
Thermal pollution
- thermal power plants
- nuclear power plants
Saline Brines from desalination plants

56
Q

Threatened species

A

Numbers of a species that are low and a species in danger of becoming endangered

57
Q

Endangered Species

A

species in immediate danger of extinction

58
Q

Conservation efforts

A

Developments at sustainable levels
Fisheries management
Marine protected areas
Habitat restoration
Artificial reefs

59
Q

Most plastic comes from?

A

Single use items

60
Q

Waste characterization

A

Sorting plastic pollution by type

61
Q

Plastic

A

Material used after WW2
Synthetic material made to be durable and last a long time
Made from fossil fuels

62
Q

Global recycling rate

A

9%

63
Q

Plastic pellets (nurdles) used for what?

A

Used for production of plastics

64
Q

Down-cycling

A

Recycling practice involving breaking an item down to component elements or materials. Materials can be reused but usually becomes lower value product

65
Q

How does plastic get into the oceans

A

From landfills
Accidental or purposeful littering
Consumer based debris

66
Q

Watershed

A

Area that drains into ocean

67
Q

Gyre

A

Circular current formed by coriolis
5 gyres

68
Q

Microfibers

A

Tiny plastics within clothing

69
Q

We only recycle 3-5% of plastic created in the U.S.

A

Low percentage bc
- recycling infrastructure old
- products created sometimes cant be recycled
Not just pieces but fibers and rubber

70
Q

Solutions to plastic recycling

A

Work for industries to redesign products
Bans on plastic bags and styrofoam
Elimination, innovation, mitigation
Rethink single use items

71
Q

Background extinction about

A

1 million species each year

72
Q

Species will be driven to extinction a thousand times faster

A
73
Q

In 100 years we will lose up to

A

50% of all species on earth

74
Q

Blue whales going extinct

A

They are down to 2% of their population

75
Q

5 major extinctions

A

KT extinction - killed the dinosaurs

76
Q

Anthropocene

A

Time of humans

77
Q

6th extinction event caused by

A

Humans

78
Q

Shark fishing method

A

Long liners

Conservation method to help save = tourism
Have survived 4 mass extinction events (predate dinosaurs)

Decimated shark population by 90%

79
Q

limited controlled by ocean

A
80
Q

Common factor in the 5 mass extinction is

A

Rapid increase in CO2

81
Q

Increased absorption of CO2 in ocean causes

A

Ocean acidity which can dissolve shells (calcium carbonate)

82
Q

Methane

A

More potent as a greenhouse gas than CO2
- livestock causes more greenhouse gas than all emissions from transportation sector

83
Q

Plankton produce 50% of oxygen

A

Lost 40% of plankton production in last 50 years

84
Q

Majority of methane

A

Stored in frozen lakes / Artic over millions of years
- melting ice causing them to come out (runaway effect)

85
Q

Permian Extinction

A

Biggest extinction on the planet that killed almost everything

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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