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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of Finfish and shellfish consumed by humans around the world?

A

15%

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2
Q

Organisms harvested from the sea

A

90% of finfish (bony/cartilaginous finned fish)
Shellfish
Jellyfish, sea cucumbers, polychaetes, seaweed

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3
Q

Which nation has not significantly decreased since late 1980s due to increased efforts of fishing fleet?

A

China

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4
Q

Top marine fish harvesting nation

A

China

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5
Q

Top Marine fishing areas

A

Northwest pacific

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6
Q

Largest fish catches

A

Herrings, sardines, and other clupeiod fishes

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7
Q

Clupeiod fishes

A

Sardines, menhaden, shad, anchovies, herring
- these are lowcost
- used for fish flour, fish oil/meal, or eaten directly

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8
Q

Demersal fish

A
  • Bottom feeders (halibut/stingray)
  • mostly caught using trawls
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9
Q

Pelagic fishes

A
  • live and feed in the open water column
  • caught by drift nets, gill nets, and seine nets
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10
Q

Demersal cold water species

A

Cods, haddock, pollock, whiting
- sold fresh and frozen (lessens bacteria)
- vital source of inexpensive protein

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11
Q

Tuna

A
  • caught in open water
  • high prices
  • caught on longlines or gillnets
    Fishing boats equipped with freezers so they last at sea
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12
Q

Molluscs

A
  • 2nd most valuable catch after finfish
  • squid, octopus, and cuttlefish
  • clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, abalones important worldwide
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13
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • anything with hard exoskeleton (shrimp, lobsters, crab)
  • prized worldwide
  • high prices
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14
Q

Sharks

A

Caught for meat, fins, and liver oil
Only 10% of original population
(Angel sharks, zebra, great whites)

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15
Q

Aquaculture

A

Farming and growing of saltwater and freshwater organisms (finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants) in a water environment under controlled condition

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16
Q

Mariculture

A

Specialized wing of aquaculture that farms marine organisms in nearshore environments or in specialized structures using circulated seawater. (Cultivation of organisms in open ocean or enclosed section of ocean in ponds and tanks filled with seawater.

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17
Q

Issues with fisheries

A
  • Fish caught and processed are immature juveniles that ave never reproduced
  • survival rate of larvae is low
  • too long of a recovery time
    -spawning grounds are becoming developed
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18
Q

Trawls

A

Nets connected to the back of a boat (think our boat field trip)
- led to sink and done to any part of water column
- destroys bottom habitats and can have bycatch

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19
Q

Gill nets

A

Curtain of netting suspended by system with floats
Acts as invisible wall
Used to catch sardines, salmon, cod
Can cause entanglement and bycatch

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20
Q

Purse seine

A

Large wall of net encircling school of fish
- bottom of net pulled like a drawstring to herd fish to center
- targets schooling fish or groups gathered to spawn
- can cause bycatch

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21
Q

Long line

A

A long central line with evenly spaced hooks hanging
- bed near the surface to catch tuna or swordfish or put at bottom to catch cod and halibut
- can cause entanglement and bycatch

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22
Q

Hand line

A

Most sustainable
- catches one fish at a time

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23
Q

Dredging

A

Large metal frame baskets that digs into se floor and brings everything up with it
- disrupts sea floor and has lots of bycatch

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24
Q

Bycatch

A

Fish or other marine species caught unintentionally while targeting certain species

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25
Cod population
They are overfished - numbers considerably low and expected to never recover
26
Renewable resource
Replenishes itself and can be used without causing any damage (sunlight, water, wind, heat)
27
Non-renewable resource
Cannot replenish itself and will dissipate if continued use (fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, oil, natural gas)
28
problems within aquaculture
- disease and parasites can spread within population - diff food requirements - maintains water quality difficult - may breed with wild stocks and dilute genome of wild population - pollution from these can leak into nearby waters (spreads disease) - mangroves + other estuarine communities destroyed to create far ponds
29
Maximum sustainable yield
Max amount of species that can be harvested without affecting future yield
30
Sustainable yield
Amt that can be caught and maintained at constant population size
31
Results of continued fishing above max sustainable yield
Around 70% of fish overfished (true or large species like tuna, swordfish, sharks) Fish today half the size of those harvested 20 years ago.
32
Overfished
Status assigned to fish stocks that have been harvested so there is not enough breeding stock left for replenishment
33
Commercial extinction
Depletion of species to the point it is no longer profitable to harvest
34
Fishing Effort
A measure of the amount of fishing
35
Fish stock appearing to be experiencing growth due to conservation efforts
North Sea herring
36
Below what percentage is when a fishery is regarded as collapsed?
10%
37
Marine Protected areas (MPA)
Areas of the oceans that are protected for conservation purpose
38
What percentage of fisheries are fully exploited?
52%
39
Why do we fish down the food chain?
We are exploiting all the resources available Overfishing from big fish (whales and sharks) to small fishes
40
Percentage of the ocean affected by human activities?
40%
41
Ecological pressures
Habitat destruction Overfishing Climate change Ocean acidification Water pollution
42
Why do most habitat destructions happen close to shore?
They are results of poorly/unplanned developments
43
Dredging
Removing material from an aquatic environment to - move land - allow passage for ships - alter canals and drainage - create dams - recover sand and other material
44
Coral reef destruction causes
1/4 of all coral reefs are lost or at risk Pollution from - sewage - sedimentation - temperature rising Corals also lost due to collection for aquarium trade and sale and souvenirs
45
Trawling
Major threat to subtidal habitats Resuspension of sediment kills suspension feeders Breaks off attached organisms
46
Pollution
Human introduction of substance that reduces quality of environment - heavy metals from mining - most pollutants come from land-based substances
47
Sources of pollution
Fertilizers Sewage Oil Persistent toxic substances
48
Fertilizers
Wash into streams and carried into coastal waters
49
Eutrophication
Influx of nutrients which causes phytoplankton numbers to rise (blooms) - this blocks light so sea grass and corals cannot grow - eventually creates DEAD ZONE because of the dead algae and oxygen deprived water Hypoxia - low or depleted oxygen in water Dead zones in - Gulf of Mexico - Great Lakes - Baltic Sea - east coast of US
50
Sewage
Domestic sewage comes from homes, city buildings, and runoff Industrial sewage comes from factories and continental variety of substances including disease causing organisms, heavy metals, and toxic substances
51
Oil
Destroys insulating ability of fur bearing mammals Destroys repellency of bid feathers Poisons animals when ingested Fish experience reduced growth, enlarged livers and more
52
Persistent toxic substances
- chlorinated hydrocarbons - dissolve in the fats of organisms and passed from prey to predator - accumulation known as Biomagnification - PCB’s - heavy metals
53
As a result of pollution
Fish may be unsafe to eat - chlorinated hydrocarbon not as high as before - level of PCB and heavy metals still a problem
54
Health effects of Pollution
Headaches Fatigue Respiratory illness Cardiovascular illness Gastroenteritis Cancer Risks Nausea Skin irritation
55
Other dangers to Marine Environment
Solid wastes Thermal pollution - thermal power plants - nuclear power plants Saline Brines from desalination plants
56
Threatened species
Numbers of a species that are low and a species in danger of becoming endangered
57
Endangered Species
species in immediate danger of extinction
58
Conservation efforts
Developments at sustainable levels Fisheries management Marine protected areas Habitat restoration Artificial reefs
59
Most plastic comes from?
Single use items
60
Waste characterization
Sorting plastic pollution by type
61
Plastic
Material used after WW2 Synthetic material made to be durable and last a long time Made from fossil fuels
62
Global recycling rate
9%
63
Plastic pellets (nurdles) used for what?
Used for production of plastics
64
Down-cycling
Recycling practice involving breaking an item down to component elements or materials. Materials can be reused but usually becomes lower value product
65
How does plastic get into the oceans
From landfills Accidental or purposeful littering Consumer based debris
66
Watershed
Area that drains into ocean
67
Gyre
Circular current formed by coriolis 5 gyres
68
Microfibers
Tiny plastics within clothing
69
We only recycle 3-5% of plastic created in the U.S.
Low percentage bc - recycling infrastructure old - products created sometimes cant be recycled Not just pieces but fibers and rubber
70
Solutions to plastic recycling
Work for industries to redesign products Bans on plastic bags and styrofoam Elimination, innovation, mitigation Rethink single use items
71
Background extinction about
1 million species each year
72
Species will be driven to extinction a thousand times faster
73
In 100 years we will lose up to
50% of all species on earth
74
Blue whales going extinct
They are down to 2% of their population
75
5 major extinctions
KT extinction - killed the dinosaurs
76
Anthropocene
Time of humans
77
6th extinction event caused by
Humans
78
Shark fishing method
Long liners Conservation method to help save = tourism Have survived 4 mass extinction events (predate dinosaurs) Decimated shark population by 90%
79
limited controlled by ocean
80
Common factor in the 5 mass extinction is
Rapid increase in CO2
81
Increased absorption of CO2 in ocean causes
Ocean acidity which can dissolve shells (calcium carbonate)
82
Methane
More potent as a greenhouse gas than CO2 - livestock causes more greenhouse gas than all emissions from transportation sector
83
Plankton produce 50% of oxygen
Lost 40% of plankton production in last 50 years
84
Majority of methane
Stored in frozen lakes / Artic over millions of years - melting ice causing them to come out (runaway effect)
85
Permian Extinction
Biggest extinction on the planet that killed almost everything

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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