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Marine Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 5-7 > Flashcards

Chapter 5-7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virus

A

(Non-living) non cellular infectious agents that are incapable of reproduction without host cell and is made of nuclei acid core

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2
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat that consists of proteins that bind receptors to host cells

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3
Q

Retrovirus

A

Store genetic energy info in from of DNA

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4
Q

Lysogenic viruses

A

Reproduce by their inserting DNA into DNA of host cells

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5
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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6
Q

Microbes

A

(Microscopic marine organisms) unseen to the naked eye and belongs to
- Bacteria and Archaea
- Viruses (not truly)
- Fungi
- Protozoa

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7
Q

Prokaryotes (diverse + widespread)

A
  • Archaea and Bacteria
  • no nucleus
  • single cell chromosome
  • most have cell walls
  • great metabolic diversity
    -Ubiquitous (survival anywhere, hot/cold/acidic/salty)
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8
Q

Invertebrates

A

Marine animals without a backbone

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9
Q

larva

A

Immature individual that looks different from adult animal

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10
Q

Animal organization (LDKPCOFGS)

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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11
Q

Back side

A

Dorsal

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12
Q

Bottom of organism

A

Ventral

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13
Q

Top/head

A

Anterior

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14
Q

Lower/tail

A

Posterior

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15
Q

Oral side

A

Ingest

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16
Q

Aboral

A

Anus

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17
Q

Suspension feeding

A

Food found suspended in water and collected via sucking/tentacles

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18
Q

Deposit feeding

A

Food foraged at the bottom

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19
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

(Sponges)
Asymmetric
Sessile
Suspension feeders
Choanocytes (collar cells)
Spongin (support protein)
Spicules (support structures made of silica/calcium carbonate)

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20
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

(Jellies and corals)
Radial body symmetry
Captures prey with stinging cells (nematocysts)
2 body forms (polyp and Medusa)
Carnivores
Class Ctenophora (comb jellies) - no stinging cells/ bilateral symmetry/ sticky colloblasts wo venom

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21
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

(Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes)
Bilateral symmetry
Incomplete digestive tract
Hermaphrodites
Parasitic or free living

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22
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

Segmented worms (leeches)
Free living carnivores
Some parasitic and suck blood
Anterior and posterior suckers to hold prey
Dorsal ventrally flattened
No setae

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23
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood pumped through vessels into open body cavity (mollusks and arthropods)

24
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood remains in blood vessels

25
Q

Beard worms

A

No digestive system and harbor symbiotic bacteria

26
Q

Phylum Arthropoda (jointed foot)

A

Crustacea - crabs, copepods, lobsters, shrimp, krill, barnacles, isopods
Chelicerata - horseshoe crabs, sea spiders ( pointed appendages to grasp food)
Chitin exoskeletons that are hard and reinforced with protein n calcium carbonate
Segmentation combined for specific functions
Must molt or shed exoskeleton as they grow

27
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A

Specialized for life in water
Possess gills to obtain oxygen
Herbivores/ carnivores/ scavengers
Head and thorax connected by cephalothorax

28
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

(Snails, mussels, octopus, nudibranchs)
Many have shells of calcium carbonate
Some deposit feeders/ carnivores/ or use radula to scrape prey

29
Q

Class Bivalves

A

(Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels)
Two halves
Most sedentary feeders attached by byssal threads
Water circulated with siphon
Muscular foot used to burrow and locomotion

30
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

(Snails and slugs)
Stomach foot
Coiled shells on most species (no shell on sea slugs)
Radula for grazing on plants
Deposit feeders / carnivores

31
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

(Squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish)
Head foot
Water jet propulsion
Beak like jaws w radula
Shell internal or absent
Ink sacs to escape from predators

32
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

(Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars)
Spiny skinned
Endoskeleton
Water vascular system with tube feet
Tube feet used for locomotion, gas exchange, and feeding
Radial symmetry
Active predators, herbivores, grazers, scavengers
Can regenerate body parts

33
Q

Evisceration

A

Expulsion of internal organs to escape from predators ( sea cucumbers)

34
Q

Setae

A

Bristle like appendages that are in most worms to burrow and more

35
Q

Probosis

A

Long fleshy tube used to entangle prey
(nemertea (ribbon worms))

36
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Harness sunlight for energy and CO2

37
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon

38
Q

Biomediation

A

Prokaryotes help clean the environment using this to rid environment of contaminants

39
Q

Archaea

A

Life’s extremists and oldest
Tolerate wide ranges in environmental factors
- Halophiles - archaea that thrive in salty places
- thermophiles - archaea that thrive in hot water
- methanogens - archaea living in anaerobic environment and give off methane as waste product

40
Q

Prokaryotes ( bacteria)

A

Semi rigid cell walls
Abundant worldwide
Breaks down dead organic matter which form detritus
- Cyanobacteria - prokaryotes with plantlike oxygen generating photosynthesis
- anabaena - prokaryotes with specialized specks that fix nitrogen

41
Q

Protists ( not plants )

A

Algae
Photosynthetic
Phytoplankton- diatoms and dinoflagellates

42
Q

Diatoms

A

Consists of silica
Non motile
Autotrophic
Photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll A & C
Mostly unicellular and solitary
Asexual production by division

43
Q

Domoic acid

A

Toxin that diatoms produce which accumulate in tissues of organisms that eat diatoms

44
Q

Bioaccumulation (biomagnefication)

A

Accumulation of toxins through trophies levels of food chain and results in increased concentration of toxins in higher organisms
Occurs with toxins that are stores long term in the organism

45
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Mixotrophic lifestyle - sometimes photosynthesizes or heterotrophic
Motile- two flagella grooves on body (flagella motor)
Some bioluminescent

46
Q

Diel Vertical migration

A

Migrate for nutrients at night at depths
Migrate to sunlight in morning
Usually dinoflagellates

47
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Life’s in symbiotic relationship with coral/ sea anemones/ other organisms
Coral provides algae w protected environment and compounds for photosynthesis
Responsible for color in corals

48
Q

Red tides

A

Harmful algal blooms

49
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Type of chemiluminescence
Takes place inside living organism like algae, protists, crustaceans
They light up to capture prey, deter predators, attract mates, or find food

50
Q

Coccolithophores

A

Ornate shells of calcium carbonate
Thrive in water w low pH created by raising concentrations of CO2

51
Q

Protozoa Foraminiferas

A

Exclusively found in marine community in sandy n rocky bottoms

52
Q

Protozoa Radiolarians

A

Planktonic and mostly microscopic but can grow to large sizes

53
Q

Protozoa Ciliates

A

Cilia present for locomotion
Solitary cells
Live on hard substrates
Some planktonic
Make shells from organic debris

54
Q

Cilia vs flagella

A

Differentiated based on function or length

55
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic and mostly multicellular
Heterotrophic
Break down dead organic matter into detritus
Live in symbiosis with Cyanobacteria and are known as lichens

Marine Bio Exam 1 (5 decks)

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