Marian Foreign Policy Flashcards
What were the aims of Mary’s foreign policy? - Marian Foreign Policy
Mary’s foreign policy aimed to restore England to the papal supremacy and create an alliance with Spain by marrying Philip of Spain.
When were Philip and Mary married? - Marian Foreign Policy
Philip and Mary were married in July 1554.
When was Pope Paul IV elected as Pope? What issue was there with this? - Marian Foreign Policy
Pope Paul IV was elected as Pope in May 1555, with his anti-Spanish sentiments meaning that Mary’s foreign policy became divided between support for Spain (whom she was diplomatically close to) and the Papacy (whom she was religiously close to).
When did Mary declare war on the French? - Marian Foreign Policy
Mary declared war on France in 1557.
When was Calais lost by Mary? What were the consequences of this? - Marian Foreign Policy
Calais was lost by Mary in January 1558. This caused much humiliation as the town had been under English control for centuries. There was no attempt to retake the town.
When did Mary attempt an attack on Brest? What was the outcome of this? - Marian Foreign Policy
Mary attempted an attack on the port of Brest in 1558, although this failed dismally and no territory was taken.
How many ships were built during Mary’s reign? What happened to other ships? What does this suggest? - Marian Foreign Policy
6 ships were built during Mary’s reign, with many other functioning ships being repaired. This suggested that Mary was seeking to provide greater protections and defences for England in peacetime.
How much money did Mary grant to the navy in peacetime? - Marian Foreign Policy
Mary budgeted for £14,000 to be allocated to the navy in peacetime.
What changes did Mary make to the summoning of troops? - Marian Foreign Policy
Mary passed 2 Acts of Parliament in her reign that would allow her to more efficiently raise troops to improve her defences. This saw JPs made responsible for this.
When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis signed? What were the impacts of this on England? (Both positive and negative) - Marian Foreign Policy
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was signed in 1559, ending the Spanish and French conflict and ending England’s involvement in this. However, negotiations did not advance English interests and no attempt was made to recover Calais.
What were advantages and disadvantages of Mary’s marriage to Philip in 1554 FOR MARY? - Marian Foreign Policy
Advantages - strengthened Anglo-Spanish alliances, increased potential for an heir, Mary very keen on a Spanish alliance due to her close ties to the country.
Disadvantages - created major domestic disapproval, led to alienation from the Pope, created issues with Parliament, little compatibility with Philip.
When did Philip return to England following the commencement of Franco-Spanish conflict to call for English support? What action did Mary take? - Marian Foreign Policy
Philip returned to England in 1557 to ask for English military assistance in the Franco-Spanish conflict. Attempted to pressurise Mary but she managed to resist, instead remaining neutral in the conflict for the time being.
How important was the loss of Calais economically and territorially respectively? - Marian Foreign Policy
Economically - had been of major significance due to the trade made possible through the port. Described as being economically crippling.
Territorially - lost England’s largest territory on the French mainland, although its importance was waning.
How important was the loss of Calais militarily and in terms of morale respectively? - Marian Foreign Policy
Militarily - had become strategically irrelevant and a burden since Henry VIII’s reign.
Morale - displayed as a major defeat for Mary, had been a major source of English pride.
When did England send troops to the Netherlands? Why? - Marian Foreign Policy
England sent troops to the Netherlands in 1557 to help a trade-sensitive and important region resist French attack.
