Government and Parliament 1529-47

Question 1

How can Cromwell be said to have transformed the role of JPs? - Government 1529-47

Answer 1

Cromwell expected for JPs to be loyal to and supportive of the Supremacy and the Reformation, ensuring that people in these roles were meticulously selected. He also expanded their remit as he changed the statute book.

Question 2

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the roles of JPs? - Government 1529-47

Answer 2

Cromwell expanded the remit and authority available to JPs, yet did little to change their roles. They were still unpaid positions, appointed to administer law and order on behalf of the King.

Question 3

How can Cromwell be said to have transformed the Palatinates? - Government 1529-47

Answer 3

Cromwell abolished the semi-autonomous status of the Palatinates through the ‘1536 Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown’. This applied the King’s writ to Chester, Lancaster and Durham, creating a unitary legal state over which the crown could exercise control.

Question 4

When was the ‘Act Resuming Certain Liberties to the Crown’ passed? What impacts did this have? - Government 1529-47

Answer 4

The ‘Act Resuming Certain Liberties to the Crown’ was passed in 1536, applying the King’s writ in Palatinates (DUR,LAN,CHE) and giving the King power to appoint JPs. Created a unitary legal state through the abolition of semi-autonomous regions.

Question 5

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the Palatinates? - Government 1529-47

Answer 5

Cromwell’s reforms did little more than change who exercised power in these regions, they failed to control the rebellious and recalcitrant regions. This was especially evident after the break from Rome.

Question 6

How can Cromwell be said to have transformed the governance of Calais? - Government 1529-47

Answer 6

Cromwell decided to double Calais’ HoC representation to 2 MPs, strengthening its position as an English outpost and creating a more unitary state.

Question 7

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the governance of Calais? - Government 1529-47

Answer 7

Cromwell did little to further bring Calais under central control or enhance its quality of administration beyond the doubling of its representation.

Question 8

How can Cromwell be said to have transformed the governance of Wales? (Multiple) - Government 1529-47

Answer 8

Cromwell united the English and Welsh legal systems in the ‘1536 Law in Wales Act’, allowed Henry to appoint JPs there, gave 7 Welsh shires the ability to elect MPs, re-established the Council of Wales as the major administrative and judicial power in the region, appointed the Bishop of Coventry to be president of the Welsh Council.

Question 9

When was the Law in Wales Act Passed? What implications did this have? - Government 1529-47

Answer 9

The Law in Wales Act was passed in 1536, unifying the legal systems of England and Wales, giving Henry the power to appoint Welsh JPs etc.

Question 10

Who did Cromwell have appointed as President of the Welsh Council? How many Welsh did he hang in 6 years? - Government 1529-47

Answer 10

Cromwell appointed the Bishop of Coventry as President of the Welsh Council in 1534, with him hanging 5000 Welsh in 6 years.

Question 11

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the governance of Wales? - Government 1529-47

Answer 11

Council of Wales had previously existed so he merely repurposed the institution, Wales still seen as a threat and required the presence of Marcher Lords to reaffirm English control of the region.

Question 12

How can Cromwell be said to have transformed governance of the North? - Government 1529-47

Answer 12

Cromwell repurposed the Council of the North in 1537 following the Pilgrimage of Grace, giving it power of administration of areas North of the River Trent. This issued royal proclamations and ensured justices and JPs were loyal to political and religious policy.

Question 13

When were the Council of the North’s power increased? What were these powers? - Government 1529-47

Answer 13

The Council of the North’s powers were increased in 1537, giving it supreme authority over areas North of the River Trent. Issued Royal proclamations.

Question 14

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the governance of the North? - Government 1529-47

Answer 14

Magnate control was still required over the North due to the expenditure of dictating governance from Westminster. Meant that the Earl of Northumberland was appointed Lieutenant of the North.

Question 15

How can Cromwell be said to have transformed the governance of the South West? - Government 1529-47

Answer 15

Cromwell established the Council of the West to oversee the governance of the area given its lack of major landowners for magnate control after the death of the Marquess of Exeter.

Question 16

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the governance of the South West? - Government 1529-47

Answer 16

The Council of the West was overwhelmingly unsuccessful, lacking any real authority and only really succeeded in establishing its President as the region’s major landowner.

Question 17

How can Cromwell be said to have reformed the governance of Ireland? - Government 1529-47

Answer 17

Sir Thomas Cusack introduced a constitutional method declaring Henry as King of Ireland and allowing native and Anglo-Irish to live together. Created the surrender and Regrant policy, whereby the Irish Lords would have their property seized, have to pay tax, perform military service, and submit to Henry to regain land.

Question 18

How can Cromwell be said to have NOT transformed the governance of Ireland? - Government 1529-47

Answer 18

Cromwell initially adopted very conservative policies and relied on traditional solutions to Irish problems (initially the Earl of Kildare). Cromwell oversaw a rebellion in 1535 and Lord Grey oversaw a ruined administration. The Cusack initiative was also later abandoned.

Question 19

When did Cromwell pass the Act in Restraint of Appeals? What were the terms of this and what were its impacts? - Government 1529-47

Answer 19

Act in Restraint of Appeals passed in 1533, asserting the monarch’s legal authority over that of the Pope. This prevented individuals from appealing to the Pope over judgements in religious cases. Created a SOVERIGN REALM.

Question 20

What were the impacts of the 1540 Act to Abolish Sanctuary? - Government 1529-47

Answer 20

The 1540 Act to Abolish Sanctuary further infringed upon the powers of the church and enhanced Henry’s supremacy over the Pope on clerical legal matters.

Question 21

When Cromwell streamlined the Council, what number did he reduce it from/to? What were the impacts of this change? - Government 1529-47

Answer 21

Cromwell streamlined the Council from 70 to 20 members, creating specific departments to deal with aspects of government. Meant Cromwell could coordinate ministers rather than dominate as an individual as Wolsey did.

Question 22

When was the Court of Augmentations created? What powers and impacts did this have? - Government 1529-47

Answer 22

The Court of Augmentations was created in 1536, given power over the administration of Crown-held monastic lands.

Question 23

What was the income from Crown estates prior to the dissolution of the monasteries? What was it after the dissolution? - Government 1529-47

Answer 23

Crown estates brought in £150,000 of revenue before the dissolution, with £300,000 after.
DOUBLED THEIR INCOME.

Question 24

What was the Court of First Fruits and Tenths? What were its impacts? - Government 1529-47

Answer 24

The Court of First Fruits and Tenths was established to obtain church money that would have previously been paid to the Pope as annates. Meant a specific department was created to control Church wealth.

Question 25

What was the Court of Wards? What were its impacts? - Government 1529-47

Answer 25

The Court of Wards was established to collect feudal dues from estates of a minor who had inherited land. Another specific department established with a certain role, formalising this act as part of Cromwell’s bureaucracy.

Question 26

How did Cromwell revolutionise Parliament? - Government 1529-47

Answer 26

Cromwell began utilising Parliamentary Statutes to legislate on matters and legitimise policies. Created supreme laws made by the King-in-Parliament.

Question 27

How did Cromwell revolutionise government and administration? - Government 1529-47

Answer 27

Cromwell created specific government departments to oversee specific areas of administration, meaning a bureaucratic government was created.

Question 28

When did Henry charge the whole clergy with praemunire? How did this impact the Church? - Government 1529-47

Answer 28

Henry charged the English clergy with Praemunire in December 1530, accusing them of placing a power above that of the Crown.

Question 29

When were the Clergy pardoned of praemunire? - Government 1529-47

Answer 29

The clergy were pardoned of praemunire in February 1531.

Question 30

When was the First Act of Annates passed? What impacts did this have? - Government 1529-47

Answer 30

The First Act of Annates was passed in 1532, ending the payment of annates to the Pope and thereby mitigating Papal power.

Question 31

When was the Supplication of the Ordinaries passed? What were the impacts of this? - Government 1529-47

Answer 31

The Supplication of the Ordinaries was passed in March 1532, meaning that no Canon Law would be used without the permission of the Crown, and that all Canon Law would be subject to a review by a commission.

Question 32

When was the Submission of the Clergy passed? What were the impacts of this? - Government 1529-47

Answer 32

The Submission of the Clergy was passed in May 1532, with the Clergy recognising Henry as supreme lawmaker. THOMAS MORE RESIGNED IN PROTEST.

Question 33

When was the First Act of Succession passed? What were the impacts of this? - Government 1529-47

Answer 33

The First Act of Succession was passed in March 1534, invalidating the marriage of Henry and Catherine and confirming his marriage to Anne. Also passed the Crown to Henry and Anne’s children (Elizabeth). The country took an oath, recognising the marriage.

Question 34

When was the Act of Supremacy passed? What were the impacts of this? - Government 1529-47

Answer 34

The Act of Supremacy was passed in November 1534, establishing Henry as the right and proper Head of the Church of England, with the right to carry out ‘visitations’ of the monasteries.

Question 35

What was the Collectanea Satis Copiosa? - Government 1529-47

Answer 35

The Collectanea Satis Copiosa was a text which provided the intellectual basis for Henry’s divorce from Catherine in historic and legal principles. Partially compiled by Thomas Cranmer.

Question 36

What were the Terms of the Clergy being pardoned of praemunire in January 1531? - Government 1529-47

Answer 36

The Clergy were pardoned of praemunire in return for a fine of £120,000.

Question 37

When was Cromwell executed? How was England governed following this? - Government 1529-47

Answer 37

Cromwell was executed in 1540, with government following this overseen by a council of factions seeking to win the support and favour of the king.

Question 38

Why was Cromwell executed? - Government 1529-47

Answer 38

Cromwell was executed in part due to his failure to secure a successful marriage between Henry and Anne of Cleves. Cromwell was overthrown by a conservative revival following this failure and executed for treason.

Question 39

How was Henry involved in the later factionalism of his final conciliar government? - Government 1529-47

Answer 39

Henry largely controlled whether the conservative or reformist faction dominated government, with either group competing for his favour to dominate government.

Question 40

What led to the downfall of the conservative faction in Henry VIII’s conciliar government? - Government 1529-47

Answer 40

The Duke of Norfolk, the head of the conservatives, was the uncle of Catherine Howard. Once her adultery became apparent, she was executed and the conservatives fell out of favour.

Question 41

What were the impacts of the 1546 Act of Succession? - Government 1529-47

Answer 41

The 1546 Act of Succession secured Henry VIII’s succession as we know it today, with Edward followed by Mary and then Elizabeth taking the crown.

Question 42

What was the significance of Henry VIII’s dry stamp to his council? Which faction utilised this? - Government 1529-47

Answer 42

Henry VIII’s dry stamp allowed his council to give his ‘seal’ of approval on policy without the consultation of the King during his ailing health.

Question 43

How was Henry’s dry stamp utilised by the reformist faction? - Government 1529-47

Answer 43

Henry’s dry stamp was used to alter Henry’s will in order to strengthen the power and remit of the Regency Council which would govern on behalf of Edward following Henry’s death.