Marcos Flashcards
Had immediately been erected to protect domestic industry
High tariffs
Had inherent limitations as a development strategy
Import substitution industrialization
Depended on imported capital inputs for which entrepreneurs had enjoyed privileged access to dollars,this had encouraged capital intensive rather than labor intensive production
Early-stage industrialization
ISI promoted ____ which had limited domestic market
Light industry
Had run its own course as a source of employment growth and stimulus to economic development.
Import substitution
Ferdinand Marcos defeat of Macapagal was accomplished by the usual pattern of
Elite interdependence
Promised that this nation can be great again
Marcos
Corruption of Macapagal and Garcia presidencies has nurtured
Public cynicism
Marcos switched from Liberal to ___ justifying his turn against erstwhile ally Macapagal by a commitment to fight corruption and reform the bankrupt political system.
Nacionalista party
Split the Nacionalistas to run against Sergio Osmena as a Liberal in 1946
Manuel Roxas
Also switched parties to run against Elpidio Quirino
Ramon Magsaysay
Was dominated by liberals
Congress
It took Marcos 2 years to gain a majority despite his skill as a
Backroom dealer
Three instruments at Marcos disposal were
- Public spending
- Executive agencies staffed with “apolitical” technocrats
- Use of the army to implement development programs
The rural strategy received a big boost when high yielding rice varieties were introduced by the
International Rice Research Institute at the UP
Marcos upgraded education with the construction of __ , prefab buildings signed for public elementary and secondary education.
Marcos schoolhouses
To lessen dependence on agricultural exports, Marcos pushed the___. This legislation encourage investors of foreign capital to participate in domestic industrial development and to use the country as a base for export production.
1967 Investment Incentives Act
Marcos revived Macapagal’s __ PIA
Program Implementation Agency
Marcos drew an economic aid to reactivate Magsaysay’s __PACD
Presidential Assistant for Community Development
Economists, lawyers, finance and management specialist and engineers
Technocrats
Marcos deployed __ in development projects particularly in areas where civilian agencies lacked the resources to undertake projects themselves.
Armed Forces of the Philippines
regarded AFP as a close and permanent partner in the pursuit of development and declared that it’s manpower, material and equipment resources plus it’s organizational cohesiveness should be exploited to the maximum considering that the problem besetting the country is socioeconomic rather than military and that the resources available to solve this problem are scarce and limited.
Marcos
Two further advantage of Marcos
- Green Revolution
- Anti Marcos was not yet mobilised in large numbers
Helped the country attain rice self sufficiency in 1968
Green Revolution
Did not address the basic need to increase the ratio of income tax to general tax revenue
Omnibus tax
Contributed up to three quarters of tax revenues
Indirect taxation
Left Philippine state with insufficient resources to pursue it’s development projects
- Distorted tax structure
- Poor collection efforts
- Loss of funds to corruption
Spiked in May 1967 when the military shot and killed members of a millenarian group marching to Malacañang Palace to demand “true justice” , true equality and true freedom for the country
Public antipathy
A historian that explained that the election was decided by the question of greater and lesser power. Millions was disbursed for billboards and outdoor propaganda materials, print publicity, campaign gifts and the virtual monopoly of radio and television time
Resil Mojares
Filed with the Presidential Election Tribunal charged maximum use of Marcos of the power of his office through organized terrorism, massive vote buying and rampant fraud.
Sergio Osmena Jr.
A sense of unease spread in urban areas of as the middle class feared a
Economic tailspin
It was only in the 1960s that the issue of ___within the church was finally addressed in conjunction with the call of Rome’s Vatican II council to indeginize the postcolonial churches
Filipinization
Young priests, nuns and lay members become directly involved with peasants and workers through the Church sponsored __
Federation for Free Farmers and the National Social Action Secretariats
Renewed organizing for parliamentary struggle
Partido Komunista Ng Pilipinas (PKP)
Recruited students at UP and the Lyceum in Manila who were already attracted to Marxism
PKP
Became the most vocal and dynamic of the PKP’s new front organizations
Jose Maria Sison’s Kabataang Makabayan (KM, Nationalist Youth)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Mao Tse-Tung
Wrote a critical evaluation of PKP history in which he indicted the older generation for having destroyed the party. This led to the young comrades expulsion and their re-establishment of the party in 1968 as the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)
Sison
The youth faces two basic problems according to Sison. These two are the principal causes of poverty, unemployment, inadequate education, I’ll health, crime and immorality which afflict the entire nation and the youth.
U.S. Imperialism and feudalism
Exemplified by land tenancy, social injustice,the too wide gap between the poor and the rich
Feudalism
The use of armed might to suppress civil liberties
Fascism
Continued existence of US bases in the Philippines
Imperialism
Sison teamed up with a dissatisfied young Huk commander ___ through mediation of anto-marcos politicians Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. And Congressman Jose Yap. Their meeting led to the formation in 1969 of the New People’s Army which began to receive young urban recruits ready to go to the mountains.
Bernabe Buscayno
Symbolize the death of democracy
Effigy of a coffin
Police and presidential security forces responded by beating students with
Truncheons
Days of violence and inaugurated a year of pitched street battles
First Quarter Storm of 1970
Swelled the ranks of the radicals and along with Mao’s call for revolution among youth worldwide turned CPP cadres and their supporters into romantic heroes
FQS
Got a great boost when Marcos discarded allies notably the Lopez and Laurel families, sensing that he was faltering announced their sympathy with the revolution and opened their media outlets to student radicals
Radical propaganda
Filipino landlords
Feudalism
Use of public agencies for the accumulation of private wealth
Bureaucrat capitalism
Makibaka wag matakot
Dare to struggle
Most famous bridge in modern history
Mendiola bridge
Marcos declared a state of emergency on the basis of a rightist-leftist plot to overthrow the government
September 23,1972
New York times called him the symbol and the person of strength in a nation of uncertainty
Marcos
The greatest dominance of state over society the Philippines has seen endured until 1986
Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship
Devastated Marcos opponents
Declaration of martial law
What enabled Marcos to consolidate swiftly
- Popular acquiesce
- Unified military
- American consent
In January 1973, Marcos staged ___to approve the new constitution
National referendum
1973 constitution called for a ____to be popularly elected and a president and a prime minister to be elected by the assembly
Single-chamber National assembly
Symbolic head of the state
President
Head of the government
Prime minister
Also allowed Marcos a term extension as a president
Transitory provision
During the course of martial law rule Marcos issued ___ presidential decrees, ___ letters of instructions and ___ executive orders
1,941
1,331
896
Martial law as an instrument for creating __
New society
Two powerful centralising agencies
Military and technocrats
Technocrats who believed in the ___ of governance were given a free hand in expanding executive power
Fundamental restructuring
The budget process was also linked closely to economic planning through two new superagencies
- Planning, Programming, Budgeting System
- Development Budget Coordinating Committee
Declared the entire country subject to land reform and the peasantry henceforth free from bondage
Presidential decree no. 2
Practitioners of the new, more rigorous science and art become known as
Technocrats
Recruited the earliest team of economists, finance, statistics and accounting specialists.
Governor Miguel Cuaderno
Organized Department of Economic Research in 1949, became the premier center of applied economic and statistical research and attracted cream of local talent
Leonides Virata
Author of the earliest economics textbook still in use in local colleges and universities
Dr. Andres Castillo
Succeeded Miguel Cuaderno with two assistants
Dr. Horacio Lava
Two assistant of Dr. Horacio Lava
- Fanny Cortez Garcia
- Benito Legarda
Some of the technocrats that served in the Marcos government
- Armand Fabella
- Placido Mapa Jr.
- Vicente Paterno
- Rafael Salas
5.Cesar Virata - O.D. Corpus
- Jaime Laya
Gained tremendous momentum after Marcos declared Martial law and abolished congress
Technocratic revolution
Announced the start of “Operation Land Transfer” on tenant occupied holdings more than seven hectares (17.5 acres) on rice and corn lands.
Presidential Decree no. 27
Rice self-sufficiency program
Masagana 99
Oil production
Philippine National Oil Company
Power
National Power Corporation and National Electrification Administration
Mass transportation
Metro-Manila Transit Corporation
Fertilizer production
National Fertilizer Production
New investment
National Development Corporation
Two state banks
1.Philippine National Bank
2.Development Bank of the Philippines
Washington foremost interest in the Philippines was no longer it’s success in practicing “American-style” democracy, but rather the two huge military bases north of Manila
- Subic Bay Naval Base
2.Clark Air Base
Is not the most important issue for U.S foreign policy
Democracy
Marcos ,Replaced the empty shell of a two party system with a single progovernment party
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, New Society Movement
Brought together Marcos national and local allies with former members of the opposition who chose to join him rather than retire
KBL
Marcos held a series of ___ mainly for national consumption to demonstrate popular support for his New society
Referenda and Plebiscites
In 1978, Marcos held ___ at the local and legislative levels allowing small opposition parties outside Manila to win certain city and provincial positions and a tiny number of seats in the National Assembly
Demonstration Elections
Still the dominant economic sector when Marcos fell from power in 1986
Agriculture
Stated that the Philippine economy did not experience rapid structural change
James Boyce
Three aspects of Marcos development program that might have appeared to be strengths in the 1970s were actually problematic
- Agrarian land reform
- Construction boom
- Ability to borrow money to spur development
Allowed the backdated division of legal ownership to bring holdings below the seven hectare cut off
Poor land title records and corruption
Strategies employed to simply prevent tenant participation in the program
1.Physical intimidation
2.Cutting off access to irrigation
Inadvertently promoted class differentiation within the peasantry
Land reform
Most vulnerable of the poor
Landless laborers
Formulated Philippine development strategy under President Marcos did not challenge the country’s by inegalitarian economic and political order
Technocrats
These two bodies encouraged commercial lenders and private investors to put faith in the stability and investment friendly environment of the Philippines since September 1972
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
By 1983, __ was one of the top ten most indebted countries in the developing world.
Philippines
According to economist, __ the way the money is spent on bankrupt government entities structures which by themselves were not income generating, were auxiliary, which merely enlarged existing industries that catered to a volatile market.
Germelino Bautista
According to him,Martial law created many opportunities for reform but at the same time facilitated the capture of the state by new and more centralised regime interests
Paul Hutchcroft
Country’s leading sugar tycoon, was the brother of Marcos former vice president, Fernando Lopez
Eugenio H. Lopez
Loyal crony __ won full control of the sugar industry
Roberto Benedicto
Capitalism based not on competition but on monopoly, special access and brute force
Crony capitalism
Had access to millions of dollars squeezed out of small producers and billions in loans and credits from government finance institutions ultimately from foreign lenders
Cronies
Used his monopoly control of cigarette production, pricing and marketing to diversify banking, airlines and alcohol
Lucio Tan
investment incentives act signaled the start of an
Export-oriented industrialization policy
cupidity coexist with national commitment, and self interest overlaps reasons of state
Patchwork state
staged protests against anticommunist witch-hunts and curtailment of academic freedom, high tuition, incompetent faculty and the U.S. war in vietnam
Moderate and radical students
despite promotion of new crops, 70% of export value in 1967-1971 was still generated by
sugar, coconut and forestry products.
Activism was further
encouraged in the 1960s and 1970s when popes directed Catholics to be concerned with social justice as well as spiritual salvation.
John XXIII and Paul VI
should be for the whole population, not for the elite alone
Democracy
surged when the president suspended the writ of habeas corpus and again upon revelations that he and Imelda had
bribed convention delegates to oppose the third-term ban.
Public anger
belt line above the navel
hi-waist
top dance
the twist
U.S. government’s immediate response to martial law was in Raymond Bonner’s words
complete silence
After almost three years of political conflict, martial law was
to many a
welcome respite
received the largest single allocation of the national
budget. From 1972 to 1976, the military budget rose from 880 million
to 4 billion pesos.
AFP
believed in the “fundamental restructuring” of governance
were given a free hand in expanding executive power
Technocrats
The technocrats were first concentrated in the
new Central Bank of the
Philippines
assigned
to actively “interfere in various markets or to compete directly with
the private sector” in “strategic sectors” such as oil and banking or where private
sector participation was limited or halfhearted
creation of state corporations
The
most important thing is the U.S
national interest
dominant sector when Marcos fell from power in 1986
agriculture
Attesting to the failure of economic
development under Marcos, economist states, “The Philippine
economy did not experience rapid structural change.
James Boyce
UCPB’s president, used his access to over $1 billion of coconut levies
to generate hundreds of millions of dollars in personal assets. He later bought
controlling shares in the country’s most profitable company, the San Miguel
Beer Corporation
Marcos ally Eduardo Cojuangco (Benigno
Aquino’s cousin-in-law
ostensibly for the development of a coconut seed farm and other projects to
benefit smallholders
United Coconut Planters’ Bank (UCPB),
The resulting corporation,
used its market power to set a very low purchase price for unprocessed
coconuts, generating a higher-than-normal profit margin
United Coconut Oil Mills (UNICOM),
It was capitalism based
not on competition but on monopoly, special access, and brute force
“crony capitalism
Instead of relying on Marcos’s
patronage, __ used his monopoly control of cigarette production, pricing,
and marketing to diversify into banking, airlines, and alcohol.
Tan
are today two of the country’s richest and most powerful men
Cojuangco and Tan
government capital outlay shifted from infrastructure to “corporate equity
investment,” a euphemism for rescuing failing companies.
Between 1981 and1983,
The government bailed out the
Construction Development Corporation of the Philippines (CDCP), owned by
Marcos golf buddy __
Rodolfo Cuenca
Marcos ordered the ___
created in 1977, to pay CDCP 1.5 billion pesos for reclaimed land in
Manila Bay and to assume 1.5 billion pesos of CDCP’s debts and loan obligations
Public Estates Authority,
observes that Marcos “pushed the destructive logic
of the old order to its natural conclusion.
Benedict Anderson
was first expressed in the Mindanao Independence Movement,
founded in 1968, and thereafter local land clashes became infused with religious
and nationalist overtones
Separatism, or more correctly, Muslim nationalism,
In 1972, the students and politicians allied to form the
___, a vanguard movement to create a Bangsa Moro Republik
(Moro National Republic) consisting of Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and Palawan Island
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF),
gave cadres considerable leeway to experiment with
tactics based on evaluation of their own areas.
policy of “centralized command, decentralized
operations”
Despite a high rate of illiteracy, communist soldiers could explain why they
were fighting and what they were fighting for. In contrast, most government soldiers were poor peasants or slum dwellers who enlisted in the government
army not out of political conviction but because of economic deprivation
Gregg Jones,
These senators had the credibility to publicize Marcos’s human rights violations.
Lorenzo Tañada and Jose W. Diokno.
an underground party organization, and utilized Church “social action” programs to generate funds from abroad from private donor agencies dedicated to the same social issues
Christians for National Liberation
The MNLF war and the successful revival of Filipino communism spurred
a parallel effort by two nonradical anti-Marcos groups
social democrats
anti-Marcos reactionaries
leaders of the late-1960s moderate student groups
social democrats
were politicians who had not
prospered under martial law (through loss of patronage funds, for example) but were not open opponents of the regime.
anti-Marcos reactionaries
became a potent symbol
and mobilizing theme that attracted religious leaders, professional associations,
and business elites troubled by the brutality in the countryside and increasingly in the cities.
Human rights
On that day, ex-senator Benigno Aquino Jr., who had been
in the United States since 1980, returned to the Philippines. As he deplaned, he was surrounded by a military escort and shot dead.
August 21, 1983.
“How shall freedom be defended? By arms when it is attacked
by arms; by truth when it is attacked by lies; by democratic faith when it is attacked by authoritarian dogma. Always, and in the final act, by determination and faith.”
Archibald Macleish
movement to push for military reforms but quietly to sound out other officers and military units about plans
for a coup against the government.
RAM (Reform the AFP Movement
Aquino was sworn in as president of the Philippines on
February 25, 1986
